NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JUL 15 2025 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
DORIAN KINGI; ALISON BACON; No. 24-5306 ALISON SCANNELL; ALEX KINGI; D.C. No. BRENT SEXTON; BRIAN NEAL 2:24-cv-01996-JLS-JC TAYLOR; CHRIS KIESEWETTER; ANASTASIO TIMBINARIS; ALEX MEMORANDUM* CHANSKY; ALEXANDRIA WILLIAMSON; ALEXIS CHRISTOPHER; ANNA MARIA SFORZA VILLA; ALFRED CIALELLA, Jr.; CAROLYN MINCIN; CHANDA WATTS; ANTOINETTE STANIEWICZ; BERTHA ALICIA BENAVIDES; BUFFY METLER; CLAIRE PROFT; CLINTON GRAHAM; CHRISTINE MITCHELL; DARBY GWYNN; DAN MARSHALL; DAWN MARE ANDERSON; DAVID EHRMAN; DAVIS NEVES; DAVID ROBERT GIULIANI; DAVID HENEISE; ADAM GEORGE HUTCHINSON; HAROLD G. EDER II; HEATHER LOUISES HERINGTON; GREGORY CHARLES SPOROLES; HAROLD PLAUT; HENRY ROBINSON; JAMES ANTONY DINONNO; JAMES JOSEPH AQUINO; CHARLES R. SLAVIN III; JEFFREY JONNATAN QUINTANA; JESUS TUCKER; JOAN LIZARRAGA,
Plaintiffs - Appellants,
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. v.
SCREEN ACTORS GUILD - AMERICAN FEDERATION OF TELEVISION AND RADIO ARTISTS, a labor organization and Delaware Corporation,
Defendant - Appellee,
and
DOES, 1 through 20, inclusive,
Defendant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Josephine L. Staton, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted June 5, 2025 Pasadena, California
Before: HURWITZ, MILLER, and SUNG, Circuit Judges.
Plaintiffs, members of the Screen Actors Guild - American Federation of
Television and Radio Artists (“SAG-AFTRA”), appeal the dismissal of their
complaint against SAG-AFTRA alleging breach of the duty of fair representation
and related state law claims. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291
and review the dismissal for failure to state a claim de novo and the denial of leave
to amend for abuse of discretion. See Monterey Plaza Hotel Ltd. P’ship v. Loc. 483
of Hotel Emps. & Rest. Emps. Union, 215 F.3d 923, 926 (9th Cir. 2000) (failure to
2 state a claim); Lathus v. City of Huntington Beach, 56 F.4th 1238, 1243 (9th Cir.
2023) (leave to amend). We affirm.
1. Plaintiffs have standing to pursue their claims. At the pleading stage, a
plaintiff must “clearly allege facts demonstrating each element” of constitutional
standing, including that the plaintiff suffered an injury “fairly traceable to the
challenged conduct of the defendant.” Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, 578 U.S. 330, 338
(2016) (quotation marks and citation omitted). “[A]n injury is fairly traceable to a
challenged action as long as the links in the proffered chain of causation are not
hypothetical or tenuous and remain plausible.” Idaho Conservation League v.
Bonneville Power Admin., 83 F.4th 1182, 1188 (9th Cir. 2023) (citation omitted).
Plaintiffs allege that producers enforced mandatory vaccination policies after
adoption of SAG-AFTRA’s amended return-to-work agreement, and that SAG-
AFTRA failed to intervene on Plaintiffs’ behalf during the wrongful
implementation of these policies. These allegations establish a clear and plausible
causal chain between SAG-AFTRA’s purported misconduct and Plaintiffs’
injuries.
2. Plaintiffs’ federal duty of fair representation claims, however, are barred
by the six-month statute of limitations. See DelCostello v. Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters,
462 U.S. 151, 169–70 (1983). Plaintiffs’ claims that SAG-AFTRA breached its
duty of fair representation by negotiating the amended return-to-work agreement
3 accrued when SAG-AFTRA executed the amended agreement on July 19, 2021.
See Allen v. United Food & Com. Workers Int’l Union, 43 F.3d 424, 427 (9th Cir.
1994). The statute of limitations expired six months later, on January 19, 2022,
before Plaintiffs filed these actions. The tolling rule in Galindo v. Stoody Co., 793
F.2d 1502 (9th Cir. 1986), does not apply to these claims because grievance
procedures could not have resulted in modification of the agreement. See id. at
1510 n.5; Beriault v. Loc. 40, Int’l Longshoremen’s & Warehousemen’s Union,
501 F.2d 258, 266 (9th Cir. 1974) (noting that “modification of the [labor]
contract” is “not available through the grievance procedure”).
Plaintiffs’ claims that SAG-AFTRA breached its duty of fair representation
by failing to represent Plaintiffs’ interests during the implementation of the return-
to-work agreement are similarly time-barred. These claims accrued, at the latest,
when the return-to-work agreement expired on May 11, 2023. The statute of
limitations expired six months later, on or before November 12, 2023, before
Plaintiffs filed suit. Plaintiffs are not entitled to tolling during the SAG-AFTRA
strike because, even assuming the strike created uncertainty as to the full extent of
the damages resulting from SAG-AFTRA’s purported misconduct, the “possibility
that subsequent events might influence the plaintiffs’ ultimate recovery does not
necessitate a rule postponing the accrual of duty of fair representation claims.”
Allen, 43 F.3d at 428 (quotation marks omitted).
4 3. Plaintiffs’ state law claims are preempted by federal labor law. Plaintiffs’
claims that SAG-AFTRA breached its labor contracts, including the collective
bargaining agreement, SAG-AFTRA constitution, and return-to-work agreement,
are preempted by § 301 of the Labor Management Relations Act (“LMRA”). See
Alaska Airlines Inc. v. Schurke, 898 F.3d 904, 921 & n.13 (9th Cir. 2018).
Although the membership agreement is not a labor contract for the purposes of the
LMRA, Plaintiffs’ complaint makes “no showing of [SAG-AFTRA’s] additional
duties” under the membership agreement “beyond the normal incidents of the
union-employee relationship.” Adkins v. Mireles, 526 F.3d 531, 540 (9th Cir.
2008). Consequently, Plaintiffs’ claims for breach of the membership agreement
are preempted by the federal duty of fair representation. See id. Their
corresponding claims for breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing are
likewise preempted. See Audette v. Int’l Longshoremen’s & Warehousemen’s
Union, 195 F.3d 1107, 1112 (9th Cir. 1999).
Plaintiffs’ other state law claims are also preempted by the federal duty of
fair representation. Under California law, a plaintiff alleging tortious interference
with a business advantage must establish that the defendant’s actions were
“unlawful” under “some constitutional, statutory, regulatory, common law, or other
determinable legal standard.” Korea Supply Co. v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 63 P.3d
937, 954 (Cal. 2003). Plaintiffs do not explicitly identify the relevant legal standard
5 under which SAG-AFTRA’s conduct was “unlawful,” and instead appear to rely
on SAG-AFTRA’s duties as Plaintiffs’ representative. Their interference claims
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JUL 15 2025 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
DORIAN KINGI; ALISON BACON; No. 24-5306 ALISON SCANNELL; ALEX KINGI; D.C. No. BRENT SEXTON; BRIAN NEAL 2:24-cv-01996-JLS-JC TAYLOR; CHRIS KIESEWETTER; ANASTASIO TIMBINARIS; ALEX MEMORANDUM* CHANSKY; ALEXANDRIA WILLIAMSON; ALEXIS CHRISTOPHER; ANNA MARIA SFORZA VILLA; ALFRED CIALELLA, Jr.; CAROLYN MINCIN; CHANDA WATTS; ANTOINETTE STANIEWICZ; BERTHA ALICIA BENAVIDES; BUFFY METLER; CLAIRE PROFT; CLINTON GRAHAM; CHRISTINE MITCHELL; DARBY GWYNN; DAN MARSHALL; DAWN MARE ANDERSON; DAVID EHRMAN; DAVIS NEVES; DAVID ROBERT GIULIANI; DAVID HENEISE; ADAM GEORGE HUTCHINSON; HAROLD G. EDER II; HEATHER LOUISES HERINGTON; GREGORY CHARLES SPOROLES; HAROLD PLAUT; HENRY ROBINSON; JAMES ANTONY DINONNO; JAMES JOSEPH AQUINO; CHARLES R. SLAVIN III; JEFFREY JONNATAN QUINTANA; JESUS TUCKER; JOAN LIZARRAGA,
Plaintiffs - Appellants,
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. v.
SCREEN ACTORS GUILD - AMERICAN FEDERATION OF TELEVISION AND RADIO ARTISTS, a labor organization and Delaware Corporation,
Defendant - Appellee,
and
DOES, 1 through 20, inclusive,
Defendant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Josephine L. Staton, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted June 5, 2025 Pasadena, California
Before: HURWITZ, MILLER, and SUNG, Circuit Judges.
Plaintiffs, members of the Screen Actors Guild - American Federation of
Television and Radio Artists (“SAG-AFTRA”), appeal the dismissal of their
complaint against SAG-AFTRA alleging breach of the duty of fair representation
and related state law claims. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291
and review the dismissal for failure to state a claim de novo and the denial of leave
to amend for abuse of discretion. See Monterey Plaza Hotel Ltd. P’ship v. Loc. 483
of Hotel Emps. & Rest. Emps. Union, 215 F.3d 923, 926 (9th Cir. 2000) (failure to
2 state a claim); Lathus v. City of Huntington Beach, 56 F.4th 1238, 1243 (9th Cir.
2023) (leave to amend). We affirm.
1. Plaintiffs have standing to pursue their claims. At the pleading stage, a
plaintiff must “clearly allege facts demonstrating each element” of constitutional
standing, including that the plaintiff suffered an injury “fairly traceable to the
challenged conduct of the defendant.” Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, 578 U.S. 330, 338
(2016) (quotation marks and citation omitted). “[A]n injury is fairly traceable to a
challenged action as long as the links in the proffered chain of causation are not
hypothetical or tenuous and remain plausible.” Idaho Conservation League v.
Bonneville Power Admin., 83 F.4th 1182, 1188 (9th Cir. 2023) (citation omitted).
Plaintiffs allege that producers enforced mandatory vaccination policies after
adoption of SAG-AFTRA’s amended return-to-work agreement, and that SAG-
AFTRA failed to intervene on Plaintiffs’ behalf during the wrongful
implementation of these policies. These allegations establish a clear and plausible
causal chain between SAG-AFTRA’s purported misconduct and Plaintiffs’
injuries.
2. Plaintiffs’ federal duty of fair representation claims, however, are barred
by the six-month statute of limitations. See DelCostello v. Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters,
462 U.S. 151, 169–70 (1983). Plaintiffs’ claims that SAG-AFTRA breached its
duty of fair representation by negotiating the amended return-to-work agreement
3 accrued when SAG-AFTRA executed the amended agreement on July 19, 2021.
See Allen v. United Food & Com. Workers Int’l Union, 43 F.3d 424, 427 (9th Cir.
1994). The statute of limitations expired six months later, on January 19, 2022,
before Plaintiffs filed these actions. The tolling rule in Galindo v. Stoody Co., 793
F.2d 1502 (9th Cir. 1986), does not apply to these claims because grievance
procedures could not have resulted in modification of the agreement. See id. at
1510 n.5; Beriault v. Loc. 40, Int’l Longshoremen’s & Warehousemen’s Union,
501 F.2d 258, 266 (9th Cir. 1974) (noting that “modification of the [labor]
contract” is “not available through the grievance procedure”).
Plaintiffs’ claims that SAG-AFTRA breached its duty of fair representation
by failing to represent Plaintiffs’ interests during the implementation of the return-
to-work agreement are similarly time-barred. These claims accrued, at the latest,
when the return-to-work agreement expired on May 11, 2023. The statute of
limitations expired six months later, on or before November 12, 2023, before
Plaintiffs filed suit. Plaintiffs are not entitled to tolling during the SAG-AFTRA
strike because, even assuming the strike created uncertainty as to the full extent of
the damages resulting from SAG-AFTRA’s purported misconduct, the “possibility
that subsequent events might influence the plaintiffs’ ultimate recovery does not
necessitate a rule postponing the accrual of duty of fair representation claims.”
Allen, 43 F.3d at 428 (quotation marks omitted).
4 3. Plaintiffs’ state law claims are preempted by federal labor law. Plaintiffs’
claims that SAG-AFTRA breached its labor contracts, including the collective
bargaining agreement, SAG-AFTRA constitution, and return-to-work agreement,
are preempted by § 301 of the Labor Management Relations Act (“LMRA”). See
Alaska Airlines Inc. v. Schurke, 898 F.3d 904, 921 & n.13 (9th Cir. 2018).
Although the membership agreement is not a labor contract for the purposes of the
LMRA, Plaintiffs’ complaint makes “no showing of [SAG-AFTRA’s] additional
duties” under the membership agreement “beyond the normal incidents of the
union-employee relationship.” Adkins v. Mireles, 526 F.3d 531, 540 (9th Cir.
2008). Consequently, Plaintiffs’ claims for breach of the membership agreement
are preempted by the federal duty of fair representation. See id. Their
corresponding claims for breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing are
likewise preempted. See Audette v. Int’l Longshoremen’s & Warehousemen’s
Union, 195 F.3d 1107, 1112 (9th Cir. 1999).
Plaintiffs’ other state law claims are also preempted by the federal duty of
fair representation. Under California law, a plaintiff alleging tortious interference
with a business advantage must establish that the defendant’s actions were
“unlawful” under “some constitutional, statutory, regulatory, common law, or other
determinable legal standard.” Korea Supply Co. v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 63 P.3d
937, 954 (Cal. 2003). Plaintiffs do not explicitly identify the relevant legal standard
5 under which SAG-AFTRA’s conduct was “unlawful,” and instead appear to rely
on SAG-AFTRA’s duties as Plaintiffs’ representative. Their interference claims
are therefore preempted by the federal duty of fair representation. Adkins, 526 F.3d
at 539–40.
Similarly, to assert a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress
under California law, a plaintiff must establish that the defendant’s conduct was
“extreme and outrageous.” Hughes v. Pair, 209 P.3d 963, 976 (Cal. 2009).
Plaintiffs allege that SAG-AFTRA “engaged [in] extreme and outrageous conduct
. . . by intentionally failing to adequately represent Plaintiff[s’] interest[s] in
collective bargaining.” Plaintiffs’ intentional infliction of emotional distress claims
are therefore “inextricably linked to [SAG-AFTRA’s] performance of duties owed
in [its] capacity as union representative[],” and are preempted by the federal duty
of fair representation. Adkins, 526 F.3d at 541–42.
Plaintiffs’ remaining state law claims each include the element of duty. See
Stanley v. Richmond, 35 Cal. App. 4th 1070, 1086 (1995) (breach of fiduciary
duty); Vasilenko v. Grace Fam. Church, 404 P.3d 1196, 1198 (Cal. 2017)
(negligence); Belen v. Ryan Seacrest Prods., LLC, 65 Cal. App. 5th 1145, 1165
(2021) (negligent infliction of emotional distress). Plaintiffs do not identify the
source of SAG-AFTRA’s duties beyond the union-employee relationship, and so
these claims are preempted by the federal duty of fair representation. Adkins, 526
6 F.3d at 540.
4. The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying leave to amend
because Plaintiffs have not explained how amendment could remedy the defects
identified above. See Lathus, 56 F.4th at 1243 (holding that “denying leave is not
an abuse of discretion if it is clear that granting leave to amend would have been
futile” (quotation marks and citation omitted)).
AFFIRMED.