UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
_________________________________________ ) KING & SPALDING, LLP, ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) v. ) Case No. 16-cv-01616 (APM) ) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ) HUMAN SERVICES, et al., ) ) Defendants. ) _________________________________________ )
MEMORANDUM OPINION
I. INTRODUCTION
In April 2016, Plaintiff King & Spalding LLP submitted Freedom of Information Act
(“FOIA”) requests to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”) and
the U.S. Department of Justice (“DOJ”) (collectively “Defendants”), seeking documents provided
to the government by any person or entity concerning Abiomed, Inc. Abiomed is a medical device
company represented by Plaintiff. The requests sought records for the period between January and
October 2012.
The court already has ruled on two prior rounds of summary judgment briefings. The only
remaining questions are: (1) whether the government must disclose the name of the law firm that
represented an anonymous source who, through counsel, submitted information about Abiomed to
the government, and (2) whether the court should reconsider its prior ruling permitting the
government to withhold the names of the attorneys who represented the source.
Before the court is Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment as to the first question and
Plaintiff’s combined Cross Motion for Summary Judgment as to the first question and Motion for Reconsideration as to the second. For the following reasons, Defendants’ Motion is denied, and
Plaintiff’s Motion is granted in full.
II. BACKGROUND
The court described the facts of this matter in its September 2018 decision, so it does not
repeat them here at length. See generally King & Spalding LLP v. United States HHS, 330 F. Supp.
3d 477 (D.D.C. 2018) [hereinafter King & Spalding II]. To summarize, Plaintiff King & Spalding
LLC submitted three FOIA requests in April 2016, seeking all documents received by either HHS
or DOJ from any outside person or entity (except Abiomed) concerning Abiomed, between
January 1 and October 31, 2012. Id. at 483. The request followed a 2012 investigation by the
U.S. Attorney’s Office for the District of Columbia of Abiomed centered on alleged off-label
marketing of a medical device. Id. at 482. The investigation ended three years later without
enforcement action. Id. The investigation may have commenced upon information provided from
an anonymous source who disclosed records through a private attorney. Id. at 482–83. Abiomed
suspects that Maquet, one of its competitors, was the source. Id. at 483.
Defendants initially released over 370 pages and withheld 67 pages in full in response to
Plaintiff’s requests. Id. at 484. Defendants justified these withholdings under FOIA Exemptions
6 and 7(C), which concern the privacy interests of individuals identified in agency records, and
7(D), which protects confidential sources. Id. Defendants made a supplemental release in April
2017 of 46 pages in full and 33 pages in part. Id. Defendants again justified the redactions under
Exemptions 6, 7(C), and 7(D). Id. The government also relied on Exemptions 4 and 5 to withhold
certain information from attachments to a produced email, which Plaintiff ultimately would not
challenge. Id. at 485; Plaintiff’s Combined Cross Mot. for Summ. J. and Mot. for Reconsideration,
2 ECF No. 52 [hereinafter Pl.’s Mot.]; Pl.’s Facts, ECF No. 52 at 3–9 [hereinafter Pl.’s Facts],
¶¶ 25–26.
Plaintiff filed its Complaint on August 9, 2016. See Compl., ECF No. 1. On September 6,
2017, the court denied both parties’ motions for summary judgment without prejudice and held
that the government had not sufficiently justified its withholdings under Exemptions 7(C) and (D).
See generally King & Spalding, LLP v. United States Dep’t of HHS, 270 F. Supp. 3d 46 (D.D.C.
2017) [hereinafter King & Spalding I]. The court stated that “the applicability of both exemptions
may turn on whether the source that supplied the Government with information about Abiomed is
an entity or an individual,” and found that the government’s failure to state whether its anonymous
source was an individual or entity prevented the court from “evaluat[ing] the propriety of
nondisclosure.” Id. at 48–49. The court provided Defendants an opportunity to supplement the
record.
On September 22, 2017, Defendants advised the court that they had no additional
information to offer as to whether the confidential source was an individual or entity. See Joint
Status Report, ECF No. 29, ¶ 5. Nevertheless, Defendants stated that they intended to renew their
summary judgment motion. See id. ¶¶ 7–9.
The court ruled on the parties’ second round of cross-motions for summary judgment on
September 7, 2018. See generally King & Spalding II, 330 F. Supp. 3d 477. The court held “that
Defendants have failed to justify their invocation of Exemption 7(D),” and ruled in favor of
Plaintiffs with regard to the 67 pages withheld under that exemption. Id. at 496. With respect to
Exemptions 6 and 7(C), Defendants narrowed their argument, asserting that these exemptions were
3 only in support of its withholding of the names of the attorney 1 and the law firm representing the
confidential source. Id. at 486, 488. The court granted summary judgment to Defendants as to the
attorney’s name. Focusing on Exemption 7(C), the court applied a “categorical rule permitting an
agency to withhold information identifying private citizens mentioned in law enforcement records,
unless disclosure is ‘necessary in order to confirm or refute compelling evidence that the agency
is engaged in illegal activity.’” id. at 497 (quoting Schrecker v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 349 F.3d
657, 661 (D.C. Cir. 2003)). The court reasoned that, because Plaintiff had not “come forward with
‘compelling evidence’ that would confirm or refute allegations of illegal agency activity, Plaintiff
cannot overcome application of the categorical rule in this case.” Id. at 497–98.
With regard to the law firm, the court found that Defendants had not carried their burden
to show that disclosure would risk identifying the lawyer. (As an entity, neither Exemption 7(C)
nor 6 applied directly to the law firm.). Id. at 499–500. The court nevertheless allowed Defendants
to submit additional facts to support their assertion that the disclosure of the firm’s name could
“reasonably be expected to constitute an unwarranted invasion of the lawyer’s personal privacy.”
Id. at 500. Defendants did so on October 9, 2018, providing an in camera submission to the court.
See ECF No. 40. Afterwards, the parties met and conferred, narrowing the remaining issues.
See Plaintiff’s Status Report, ECF No. 46, ¶¶ 6–9.
Both parties now move for summary judgment as to the non-disclosure of the law firm’s
name. See Defendants’ Second Renewed Mot. for Summ. J., ECF No. 51 [hereinafter Defs.’ Mot.];
Pl.’s Mot. at 16–20. Plaintiff also asks the court to reconsider its prior ruling upholding
Defendants’ withholding of the attorneys’ names under Exemption 7(C). See Pl.’s Mot. at 7–15.
1 The government previously stated that one attorney had provided the information at issue. See Defs.’ Second Mot. for Summ. J., ECF No. 32, at 4; Pl.’s Facts ¶ 21. This was the court’s understanding in its September 2018 decision. See generally King & Spalding II, 330 F. Supp. 3d 477. The government now states that there were three attorneys. See Third Decl. of Tricia Francis, ECF No. 39-2, ¶ 1. The analysis is the same regardless of the number of attorneys.
4 III. DISCUSSION
A. Motion for Reconsideration as to Attorneys’ Names
The court begins with Plaintiff’s motion asking the court to reconsider its prior ruling that
Defendants properly withheld the names of the confidential source’s lawyers under Exemption
7(C). Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(b) applies to any order that “adjudicates fewer than all
the claims or the rights and liabilities of fewer than all the parties” and provides that such an order
“may be revised at any time before the entry of a judgment adjudicating all the claims and all the
parties’ rights and liabilities.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b). Relief under Rule 54(b) may be granted “as
justice requires.” See Capitol Sprinkler Inspection, Inc. v. Guest Servs., Inc., 630 F.3d 217, 227
(D.C. Cir. 2011). “Courts in this district interpret that abstract phrase narrowly and will grant a
motion to reconsider ‘only when the movant demonstrates: (1) an intervening change in the law;
(2) the discovery of new evidence not previously available; or (3) a clear error in the first order.’”
Bernier v. Trump, 299 F. Supp. 3d 150, 156 (D.D.C. 2018) (quoting Ferrer v. CareFirst, Inc.,
278 F. Supp. 3d 330 (D.D.C. 2017)).
In its previous decision, the court applied a categorical withholding rule based on the
D.C. Circuit’s decision in SafeCard Services v. SEC. See King & Spalding II, 330 F.3d at 497
(citing SafeCard Servs., 976 F.2d 1197, 1206 (D.C. Cir. 1991)). SafeCard permits agencies to
withhold personal identifying information mentioned in law enforcement records under
Exemption 7(C), unless disclosure is necessary to “confirm or refute compelling evidence that the
agency is engaged in illegal activity.” Id. at 497. Because the court found that Plaintiff had not
provided evidence that “warrant[s] a belief by a reasonable person that the alleged Government
impropriety might have occurred,” the court applied the categorical rule to permit the agency to
5 withhold the lawyers’ names. Id. at 499 (quoting Nat’l Archives & Records Admin. v. Favish, 541
U.S. 157, 174 (2004)).
Plaintiff contends that the court “painted with too broad a brush” by applying SafeCard’s
“categorical rule.” Pl.’s Mot. at 9. The “categorical rule” is inapt in this case, Plaintiff maintains,
because that approach fails to account for the D.C. Circuit’s pre-SafeCard decision in Washington
Post v. U.S. Department of Justice, 863 F.2d 96 (D.C. Cir. 1988). In that case, Plaintiff argues,
the court held that “Exemption 7(C) protects a specific category of privacy interests” that does not
include “business and professional activities,” such as those at issue here. Pl.’s Mot. at 10. (citing
Washington Post, 863 F.2d at 100). Defendants, for their part, counter that in the thirty years since
Washington Post, “courts in this Circuit and elsewhere have expanded the types of information
that can implicate Exemption 7(C)” to withhold information regardless of “whether their names
appear in government records in their personal or professional capacity.” Defs.’ Combined Opp’n.
to Pl.’s Cross Mot. and Reply to Pl.’s Opp’n to Def.’s Mot, ECF No. 57 [hereinafter Defs.’ Opp’n.],
at 1, 6. They contend that withholding the lawyers’ names easily fits within this expanded notion
of “personal privacy.” Id. at 13; 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(C).
In Washington Post, the D.C. Circuit held that “[i]nformation relating to business
judgments and relationships does not qualify for exemption [under Exemption 7(C)]. This is so
even if disclosure might tarnish someone’s professional reputation.” Washington Post, 863 F.2d
at 100 (internal citations omitted). As Defendants point out, however, in the years since
Washington Post, higher courts have recognized that “personal privacy” protection under
Exemptions 7(C) and 6 can extend to information relating to a person acting in her business
capacity. Cases cited by Defendants highlight this pattern. For example, in McCutchen v.
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, the D.C. Circuit held that Exemption 7(C) applied
6 to the names of scientists receiving federal funds who were exonerated of wrongdoing following
an Office of Inspector General investigation. See 30 F.3d 183, 188 (D.C. Cir. 1994). The court
expressly distinguished the case from Washington Post, observing that unlike Washington Post
the case involved “the stigma that hangs over the targets of law enforcement investigations” that
“can damage a career.” Id. at 187; see also Carter v. U.S. Dep’t of Commerce, 830 F.2d 388, 390–
92 (D.C. Cir. 1987) (holding in a pre-Washington Post case that the agency properly withheld
information that might identify attorneys who were the subject of dismissed disciplinary
investigations). Judicial Watch v. FDA similarly held that there was a valid privacy interest under
Exemption 6 where there was the potential for harassment and violence towards persons who
developed a medical abortion drug or participated in the FDA approval process of the drug.
See Judicial Watch v. FDA, 449 F.3d 141, 153 (D.C. Cir. 2006). SafeCard itself dealt with the
disclosure of witnesses and litigants in various SEC stock manipulation investigations, and the
court—noting that subjects of investigations can be exposed to “embarrassment and potentially
more serious reputational harm”—held that Exemption 7(C) “affords broad[] privacy rights to
suspects, witnesses, and investigators.” SafeCard, 926 F.2d at 1205 (internal citation omitted).
And, finally, in two other cases, Department of Defense v. Federal Labor Relations Authority and
National Association of Retired Federal Employees v. Horner, the Supreme Court and the D.C.
Circuit, respectively, held that the disclosure of names and home addresses of low-level
government employees—and, in the case of Horner, whether such persons were retired, disabled,
or received an annuity from the federal Government—was exempted from disclosure under
Exemption 6 because of a privacy interest in avoiding solicitations by unions or “business or fund-
raising organization[s] for which such individuals might be an attractive market.” Horner, 879
F.2d 873, 876–78 (D.C. Cir. 1989); see also U.S. Dep’t of Def. v. Fed. Labor Relations Auth., 510
7 U.S. 487, 501 (1994) (holding, under Exemption 6, that government employees had “some
nontrivial privacy interest in nondisclosure, and in avoiding the influx of union-related mail, and,
perhaps, union-related telephone calls or visits, that would follow disclosure”).
As these cases show, for purposes of FOIA, a person’s “personal privacy” interest is not
strictly cabined to information connected to her personal capacity. But that does not mean the
limiting principle of Washington Post has lost its vitality. A recent decision from the D.C. Circuit
confirms as much. Doe 1 v. Federal Election Commission involved an investigation by the Federal
Election Commission of a $1.7 million contribution made by a trust to a political action committee
by way of two pass-through entities. See 920 F.3d 866, 868 (D.C. Cir. 2019). Following the
investigation, the Commission entered into a “conciliation agreement” with various entities
involved in the contribution, though the trust and trustee were not parties to the agreement and
were not identified in it. Id. at 869. Pursuant to its disclosure policy, the Commission announced
it would release various documents from the investigation, some of which identified the trust and
trustee. Id. The trust and trustee sought to enjoin the Commission from revealing their identities,
likening their claim to a “reverse FOIA” action. Id. at 869, 871–72. The Circuit held that “FOIA
cannot be used to prevent the Commission from publicly revealing plaintiffs’ identities,” where
there was no pending FOIA request, neither plaintiff had provided information to the Commission,
and the disclosure was pursuant to other statutory provisions. Id. at 872. The court also went on
to reaffirm the key limiting principle of Washington Post. The court observed that, “under
Exemption 7(C), the Commission would not have had discretion to withhold information
identifying the trust in response to a FOIA request.” Id. The trust itself, as an entity, had no
privacy interest. Nor was the court troubled by the assertion that disclosing the name of the trust
would reveal the name of the trustee, noting that “the trustee’s privacy interest in his
8 representational capacity is minimal.” Id. at 873 (emphasis added). Citing Washington Post, the
court emphasized the “intimate personal nature” of FOIA’s privacy protection, and that
“information relating to business judgments and relationships does not qualify for exemption. This
is so even if disclosure might tarnish someone’s professional reputation.” Id. (quoting Washington
Post, 863 F.3d at 100) (internal citation omitted). The D.C. Circuit therefore concluded that FOIA
did not require the Commission to withhold the trust’s and trustee’s names. Id.
This court draws two conclusions from these authorities. First, the court clearly erred when
it applied SafeCard without considering the limits placed on Exemption 7(C)’s “personal privacy”
interest by Washington Post. Second, the court mistakenly assumed that the lawyers had a personal
privacy interest in their names simply because their names appeared in criminal investigative files.
Upon reconsideration, the court now finds that disclosure of the lawyers’ names would not result
in “an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(C). Unlike the post-
Washington Post authorities cited by Defendants, disclosure presents none of the threats to
personal privacy that courts have recognized as “unwarranted,” even in a person’s professional
capacity. The attorneys here were not accused of any misconduct and they were not witnesses to
alleged wrongdoing. Thus, disclosing their names would not result in “embarrassment and
potentially more serious reputational harm.” SafeCard, 926 F.2d at 1205. Nor do Defendants
present any evidence (including within the in camera submission) that disclosure would place at
risk the lawyers’ personal safety or expose them to harassment. The lawyers merely represented
the confidential source in relaying information to the government, presumably at the direction of
their client. See Doe 1, 920 F.3d at 868 (“[T]he trust, presumably at the direction of its trustee,
wired $2.5 million to Government Integrity.”). Thus, the lawyers, like the trustee in Doe 1, have
little or no privacy interest in their “representational capacity” as counsel to the confidential source.
9 Id. at 873. Additionally, lawyers regularly advertise their services on law firm websites and in
other marketing material, thereby diminishing any reasonable expectation of personal privacy
when acting in their representational capacities. With no “personal privacy interest” at stake,
Defendants cannot rely on Exemption 7(C) to withhold the lawyers’ names.
Defendants attempt to distinguish this case from Doe 1, because that matter dealt not with
a FOIA request but a “reverse FOIA” action, which is evaluated under the Administrative
Procedure Act’s “arbitrary and capricious” standard of review. See Defs.’ Supp. Mem., ECF No.
60 [hereinafter Defs.’ Supp.]. “[B]ecause John Doe involved a reverse-FOIA action,” Defendants
maintain, “the Court did not engage, de novo, in an Exemption 7(C) balancing to determine
whether the information should be withheld under FOIA under the circumstances of that particular
case.” Id. at 2. Defendants also argue that, because the Circuit faced the question in the reverse-
FOIA context, it did not “engage in a thorough analysis of the full panoply of Exemption 6 and
7(C) case authority.” Id. These efforts to distinguish Doe 1 are not persuasive. To be sure, Doe
1 arose in a different procedural context than this case. But that distinction is not material. Doe 1
confirms that the limitations placed on Exemption 7(C) by the Circuit in Washington Post remain
meaningful, and that courts must evaluate whether a protectable personal privacy interest exists as
to “business judgments and relationships” on a case-by-case basis. The court did not do so before,
and it corrects that error now.
The court also now rules that Exemption 6 likewise does not protect the lawyers’ names
from disclosure. The “personal privacy” interest protected under Exemption 6 is the same as under
Exemption 7(C). See FCC v. AT&T Inc., 562 U.S. 397, 408 (2011). With no “personal privacy”
interest to protect, the lawyers’ names are not protected from disclosure under Exemption 6 either.
10 See Sims v. CIA, 642 F.2d 562, 575 (D.C. Cir. 1980) (“Exemption 6 was developed to protect
intimate details of personal and family life, not business judgments and relationships.”).
B. Motion for Summary Judgment as to Law Firm Name
The court previously allowed Defendants to supplement the record to show that disclosing
the law firm name would result in an “unwarranted invasion of the lawyer’s personal privacy.”
King & Spalding II, 330 F. Supp. 3d at 500. Given the court’s revised decision holding that the
lawyers’ names are not protected from disclosure by a FOIA exemption, there is no basis to
withhold the law firm’s name. Cf. Doe 1, 920 F.3d at 873 (holding that trust’s name should be
disclosed even if it reveals the identity of the trustee).
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 51, is
denied. Plaintiff’s Combined Cross Motion for Summary Judgment and Motion for
Reconsideration, ECF No. 52, is granted.
A separate final appealable order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
Dated: July 24, 2019 Amit P Mehta United States District Judge