NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION File Name: 19a0160n.06
No. 18-1948
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
KIMBERLY J. GUEST-MARCOTTE, ) FILED ) Apr 01, 2019 Plaintiff-Appellant, ) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk ) v. ) ) LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY OF NORTH ) ON APPEAL FROM THE AMERICA; METALDYNE SALARY ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT CONTINUATION PLAN; METALDYNE ) COURT FOR THE EASTERN POWERTRAIN COMPONENTS, INC.; SHORT ) DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN TERM DISABILITY INCOME PLAN OF ) METALDYNE, LLC, ) ) Defendants-Appellees. )
BEFORE: NORRIS, ROGERS, and THAPAR, Circuit Judges.
ROGERS, Circuit Judge. Guest-Marcotte sought short-term disability benefits from the
administrator of her former employer’s ERISA plan, Life Insurance Co. of North America
(“LINA”). After LINA denied her application for benefits, Guest-Marcotte appealed to this court,
where last year we held that LINA’s denial was arbitrary and capricious. On remand, Guest-
Marcotte sought attorneys’ fees under 29 U.S.C. § 1132(g), but the district court denied her request.
The facts of this case, however, compel the conclusion that fees should have been awarded.
Guest-Marcotte suffers from Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Type III (“EDS”), a rare genetic
disease that is “medically known to cause frequent joint dislocations and subluxations along with
chronic pain,” and which does in fact cause Guest-Marcotte considerable pain. Guest-Marcotte v. No. 18-1948, Guest-Marcotte v. Life Ins. Co. of North America, et al.
Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., 730 F. App’x 292, 303 (6th Cir. 2018). The defendants in this case do not
dispute that Guest-Marcotte has EDS and suffers severe chronic pain as a result.
Guest-Marcotte worked for Metaldyne, LLC, from 2005 to 2013 and was covered by
Metaldyne’s Salary Continuation Plan. The Plan was administered by LINA. After Guest-
Marcotte’s diagnosis and consultation with various doctors, she applied for short-term disability
benefits (“STD benefits”) under the Plan. Under the Plan, a beneficiary is considered disabled “if,
solely because of a covered Injury or Sickness, [she is] [u]nable to perform the material duties of
[her] Regular Occupation; and [u]nable to earn 80% or more of [her] Covered Earnings from
working in [her] Regular Occupation.” Id. at 294. The employee “must provide the claims
administrator, at [the employee’s] own expense, satisfactory proof of Disability before benefits
will be paid.” Id. (emphasis added). Guest-Marcotte held a desk job at Metaldyne, but she
provided evidence from her physicians that she was unable to perform the material duties of that
occupation because of her condition. For example, her physicians asserted that she needed to
“avoid repetitive stress,” could not lift, pull, or push more than five pounds, and would “have to
be able to take ‘frequent breaks.’” Id. at 295.
Despite Guest-Marcotte’s evidence of her disability, LINA denied her benefits after a
cursory review by two case reviewers. Id. In its denial letter LINA wrote that Guest-Marcotte had
failed to show a disability “of such severity that would preclude you from working in your own
occupation.” Id. This is not the language of the Plan, which defines a disability as a condition that
would render a person “unable to perform the material duties” of her occupation, not “preclude
[her] from working in [her] own occupation.”
Guest-Marcotte appealed, twice. The first time around, she provided more medical
evidence of her disability, including “numerous medical records” from her primary physician, Dr.
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Kadaj, indicating that she “consistently complained of severe chronic pain,” and that on one night
both of her shoulders had popped out of place and the next day she was “having difficulty moving
her right arm.” Id. She also provided more evidence from Dr. Tinkle, a renowned expert on EDS
who had submitted evidence in Guest-Marcotte’s initial application for benefits. In this first
appeal, Dr. Tinkle repeated his diagnosis and recommendations that Guest-Marcotte not
“lift/push/pull objects of greater than 5 pounds [and should] avoid repetitive motions.” Id. at 296.
Guest-Marcotte also submitted evidence of her disability from her acupuncturist and physical
therapist. Id. LINA again denied her application and “used the same erroneous definition of
‘disability’ that [it] had included in its first denial letter.” Id. at 297. LINA “relied on Guest-
Marcotte’s failure to provide objective medical evidence,” such as clinical examinations, when the
Plan required only “satisfactory” evidence of a disability. Id. (emphasis added).
In her second appeal, Guest-Marcotte submitted even more documentation, as well as
affidavits from Drs. Kadaj and Tinkle stating that Guest-Marcotte’s condition significantly limited
her ability to perform ordinary tasks, such as driving to work and typing. Id. at 298. For a third
time, LINA denied her request and “used the same incorrect definition of ‘disability’” in doing so.
Id. at 299. Moreover, LINA’s third denial letter relied on an incorrect reading of the Plan’s
evidentiary requirements. LINA wrote in the letter that “the clinical findings and test results do
not document her physical impairments [and] [t]here was no clinical evidence that would
demonstrate a functional loss and inability to perform her sedentary occupation.” Id. (internal
quotation marks omitted).
Meanwhile, after LINA’s second denial, Metaldyne had terminated Guest-Marcotte’s
employment. The reason, according to Guest-Marcotte’s doctors, was that she was “unlikely to
recover fully/sufficiently to perform the functions of [her] position.” Id. at 297. Thus, under
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LINA’s interpretation of Guest-Marcotte’s medical record, she was not disabled, meaning (under
a faithful interpretation of the Plan’s definition) she was able to perform the material duties of her
occupation. But according to her employer’s interpretation of the same medical record, her
employment should be terminated because she could not perform the material duties of her
occupation.
Guest-Marcotte sued LINA (and Metaldyne), arguing that she was improperly denied
benefits. After the case was removed to federal court, a magistrate judge recommended that Guest-
Marcotte’s claim be dismissed, and the district court adopted the magistrate judge’s
recommendation. See Guest-Marcotte v. Metaldyne Powertrain Components, Inc., No. 15-cv-
10738, 2017 WL 65062 (E.D. Mich. Jan. 6, 2017). Guest-Marcotte appealed that decision to this
court.
We reversed the district court and remanded. Although review of a plan administrator’s
decision is highly deferential, we concluded that “LINA’s review of Guest-Marcotte’s benefits
claim was arbitrary and capricious.” 730 F. App’x at 301. LINA had “brush[ed] aside her claims
of debilitating pain without first performing a physical exam”—an option that was plainly
available under the Plan. Id. at 302. Put differently, “LINA had the option to conduct a physical
examination; yet it elected to discount Guest-Marcotte’s claims of disabling pain without
exercising that option, even though it is undisputed that she has a hereditary disease known to
cause chronic and severe pain, and she submitted a host of evidence indicating she in fact suffers
from such pain.” Id. at 301. We rejected LINA’s legal argument for not conducting a physical
examination as one that “distorts the language of the Plan” by effectively requiring proof of
objectively observable limitations. Id. at 302. We proceeded to order a remand to “permit LINA
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another chance to conduct a deliberate and principled review of Guest-Marcotte’s claim.” Id. at
303.
After our decision, the district court remanded the case to LINA on April 27, 2018. Less
than a month later, with LINA’s decision still pending, Guest-Marcotte filed a motion for
attorneys’ fees in the district court. Under ERISA, “the court in its discretion” may award
attorneys’ fees to a party, 29 U.S.C. § 1132(g), so long as that party achieved “some success on
the merits,” Hardt v. Reliance Standard Life Ins. Co., 560 U.S. 242, 252 (2010). Although the
district court noted that it was “undisputed that [King] achieved ‘some success on the merits,’ and
therefore satisfies the threshold of eligibility for a fee award,” it declined to award fees. See Guest-
Marcotte v. Life Ins. Co. of North America, No. 15-cv-10738, 2018 WL 3436782, at *4 n.2, *7
(E.D. Mich. July 17, 2018).
In making this determination, the court weighed the five “King factors,” so named for
Secretary of Department of Labor v. King, 775 F.2d 666 (6th Cir. 1985):
(1) the degree of the opposing party’s culpability or bad faith; (2) the opposing party’s ability to satisfy an award of attorney’s fees; (3) the deterrent effect of an award on other persons under similar circumstances; (4) whether the party requesting fees sought to confer a common benefit on all participants and beneficiaries of an ERISA plan or resolve significant legal questions regarding ERISA; and (5) the relative merits of the parties’ positions.
2018 WL 3436782, at *4 (quoting King, 775 F.2d at 669). The district court noted that our ruling
suggested some culpability on the part of LINA, but the court found that there was not a “high
degree of culpability.” Id. Further, the court reasoned that this purportedly low degree of
culpability suggested that the deterrence effect of a fee award would be minimal, and that Guest-
Marcotte did not seek to confer a common benefit on all plan participants. The court concluded
that a fee award was not warranted, despite its admission that the second and fifth King factors
weighed in Guest-Marcotte’s favor. Guest-Marcotte now appeals that decision.
-5- No. 18-1948, Guest-Marcotte v. Life Ins. Co. of North America, et al.
The facts of this case represent a paradigm case for when attorneys’ fees are called for
under 29 U.S.C. § 1132(g). This is not a case in which we determined on balance that the plan’s
decision was marginally arbitrary or capricious. Instead LINA denied benefits based on repeated
and material misreading of the plan requirements. LINA did so in a case where even the employer,
by its very termination of Guest-Marcotte, recognized that her medical impairments supported her
inability to perform her duties. While LINA’s misapplication of a non-existent objective-evidence
requirement may not, on the facts of this case, have sunk to the level of bad faith, it is about as
culpable as it otherwise could get. We review the district court’s attorneys’ fee denial for an abuse
of discretion, a very deferential standard, but to the extent that an exercise of discretion inherently
includes subsidiary legal determinations, those subsidiary legal determinations are reviewed de
novo. See, e.g., Koon v. U.S., 518 U.S. 81, 100 (1996); accord Nat’l Ecological Found. v.
Alexander, 496 F.3d 466, 476 (6th Cir. 2007). In this case LINA’s error regarding the plan terms
affected each of the legally relevant factors that the district court applied to its attorneys’ fee
decision, such that the overall denial could be upheld only by applying an unduly strict standard
for granting fees. This then is one of the rare instances under § 1132(g) when a district court’s
denial of fees under this statute must be reversed.
Under the first King factor, LINA’s conduct was highly blameworthy, and the district
court’s apparent conception as to the required degree of culpability affected its overall analysis.
In three reviews of Guest-Marcotte’s medical record, LINA persisted in inexplicably discounting
the plain evidence of her disability, each time without opting to physically examine her. This was
in spite of the fact that Metaldyne apparently found the same evidence of Guest-Marcotte’s
disability so compelling that it concluded that Guest-Marcotte was unable to continue in her
employment. Moreover, Guest-Marcotte’s underlying condition is undisputed. This is not akin to
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a fibromyalgia, back pain, or chronic fatigue case where the beneficiary’s inability to offer
objective evidence raised reasonable doubt as to the beneficiary’s disability. All involved agree
that Guest-Marcotte has a serious genetic condition that is known to cause joint dislocations and
severe, chronic pain. In the face of this known condition and statements from various medical
professionals, including an EDS expert, that Guest-Marcotte would be unable to perform the
material duties of her occupation, LINA three times relied on an incorrect reading of the Plan and
the lack of “objective evidence” to deny Guest-Marcotte STD benefits.
Our previous decision did not depend entirely on the lack of a physical examination. See
Guest-Marcotte, 2018 WL 3436782, at *2. LINA’s choice to forgo a physical examination was
part of a string of actions that essentially prevented Guest-Marcotte from proving her disability.
Throughout Guest-Marcotte’s application and appeals, LINA continued to set the bar too high.
LINA repeatedly found that Guest-Marcotte’s considerable medical evidence did not show that
she was “precluded” from working, or that she could not provide “objective” evidence of her
disability, when, under the Plan, she did not need to show that she was “precluded” from working
nor did she need to provide “objective” evidence. Declining to conduct a physical examination
highlighted the unfairness of LINA’s goal-post-moving. LINA rejected Guest-Marcotte’s
application because she did not include evidence that LINA itself declined to obtain. The lack of
a physical examination was not a technical mistake that rendered a faithful decision-making
process arbitrary. It was directly based on a marked legal error in the reading of the plan
requirements.
The legally unsupportable nature of LINA’s decision-making supports fees under the
remaining King factors as well.1 The need for deterrence (third King factor) is particularly clear
1 The second King factor, defendant’s ability to pay, is not at issue in this case.
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in a case where LINA persistently applied a misreading of the applicable plan requirements to
deny disability benefits. LINA’s error implicates the fourth King factor because it rests on a
misinterpretation of the legal requirements of the plan, not on something unique to Guest-Marcotte.
Finally, the relative merits of the parties’ positions (fifth King factor) weighs particularly strongly
in favor of Guest-Marcotte in light of the clarity of her legal position under the plan.
We do not hold that fees are warranted whenever a disability denial is reversed as arbitrary
and capricious, as difficult as it is to obtain a reversal under that standard. LINA repeatedly made
a clear legal error in determining not to get a physical exam in the face of otherwise compelling
evidence of disability.
Our review of the district court’s attorney fee denial is of course for abuse of discretion, a
very deferential standard. We recognize that the district court engaged in a thoughtful analysis.
Our disagreement focuses on a legal difference as to the weight of relevant factors, and on the
legal aspect of how egregious a disability denial must be to warrant fees. In that light, the district
court’s denial of fees amounted to a clear error of judgment.
The district court’s denial of attorneys’ fees is reversed.
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THAPAR, Circuit Judge, dissenting. As a court of appeals, our main task is to review
district courts. Standards of review are instructions for that task. These standards can operate as
barriers (plain error), they can operate to cabin our review (abuse of discretion), or they can give
us permission to take a fresh look (de novo). In the world of abuse of discretion, we do not review
the district court to see if we agree with its result; rather, we simply look at whether the court
exercised its discretion in a permissible manner. We may reverse only if we have a “definite and
firm conviction” that the district court “made a clear error of judgment.” Foltice v. Guardsman
Prods., Inc., 98 F.3d 933, 939 (6th Cir. 1996).
In this case, the district court thoughtfully reviewed the ERISA plaintiff’s request for
attorney’s fees. After balancing the required factors, the district court determined that fees were
not warranted. Because the district court’s decision did not reflect a clear error of judgment,
I respectfully dissent.
We have the abuse-of-discretion standard for two fundamental reasons. First, district
courts need broad leeway to make litigation-management decisions. District courts make countless
discretionary calls in every case. If we were to review each one de novo, the wheels of justice
would come to a halt. And even if we were somehow capable of reviewing each decision, we are
not well-positioned to do so. While appellate courts get a snapshot of litigation, district courts live
with cases from beginning to end. See Cooter & Gell v. Hartmarx Corp., 496 U.S. 384, 404
(1990). District courts get to know the lawyers, the parties, and the issues in a way a court of
appeals never can. See Pierce v. Underwood, 487 U.S. 552, 559–60 (1988). We review cold
records. They interact with real people. Thus, the abuse-of-discretion standard gives the district
court the leeway it both deserves and needs to manage its cases.
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Second, district courts’ factual findings deserve deference. District courts find facts every
day, and with that experience comes expertise. See Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, 470 U.S.
564, 574–75 (1985). This fact-finding expertise also applies to questions that require weighing
several discrete facts together and drawing an overall conclusion from the whole—questions that
are deeply case-specific. U.S. Bank Nat’l Ass’n ex rel. CWCapital Asset Mgmt. LLC v. Village at
Lakeridge, LLC, 138 S. Ct. 960, 967–68 (2018). Though appellate courts have certain advantages
because they are armed with more time and a panel of judges, those assets do not equip them to
make discretionary calls from a cold factual record. Thus, for case-specific factual questions,
appellate courts should not attempt to redo district courts’ hard work by reviewing de novo—either
in principle or in practice. See Anderson, 470 U.S. at 574–75.
Both principles apply here. To start with, Congress commands we defer: the ERISA
statute says that “the [district] court in its discretion may allow a reasonable attorney’s fee.”
29 U.S.C. § 1132(g) (emphasis added); see also Pierce, 487 U.S. at 558. As long as the plaintiff
has shown “some success on the merits” (an element not in dispute here), the district court has
“broad discretion” to award, or not award, attorney’s fees. Hardt v. Reliance Standard Life Ins.
Co., 560 U.S. 242, 254–55 (2010). This court has set out five factors to guide district courts in
exercising that discretion:
(1) the degree of the opposing party’s culpability or bad faith; (2) the opposing party’s ability to satisfy an award of attorney’s fees; (3) the deterrent effect of an award on other persons under similar circumstances; (4) whether the party requesting fees sought to confer a common benefit on all participants and beneficiaries of an ERISA plan or resolve significant legal questions regarding ERISA; and (5) the relative merits of the parties’ positions.
Sec’y of Dep’t of Labor v. King, 775 F.2d 666, 669 (6th Cir. 1985) (per curiam). These factors are
not strict requirements; rather, they are “simply considerations representing a flexible approach.”
First Tr. Corp. v. Bryant, 410 F.3d 842, 851 (6th Cir. 2005); see also Hardt, 560 U.S. at 254–55, -10- No. 18-1948, Guest-Marcotte v. Life Ins. Co. of North America, et al.
255 n.8. Indeed, most of the factors are questions of degree that cannot even be answered “yes”
or “no.” Thus, the decision to award attorney’s fees in an ERISA case (1) involves the
management of litigation (attorney’s fee awards); (2) is fact-dependent (most of the King factors
are questions of fact); and (3) is made through a flexible multi-factored test (weighing the five
King factors together and drawing a conclusion from the whole). In short, this is a model case for
deferential appellate review.
Accordingly, we apply abuse-of-discretion review to the district court’s factor-by-factor
conclusions and to its ultimate weighing of those factors. See Hoover v. Provident Life & Accident
Ins. Co., 290 F.3d 801, 810 (6th Cir. 2002). Of course, if the district court makes a legal error, it
necessarily abuses its discretion—we do not defer to a district court’s erroneous interpretation of
the law. But the scope of that rule is limited. For instance, it is a legal error when the district court
misunderstands what the King factors mean or does not apply them at all. See, e.g., Gaeth v.
Hartford Life Ins. Co., 538 F.3d 524, 531–34 (6th Cir. 2008); see also Lakeridge, 138 S. Ct. at 968
n.7. It is not a legal error when we simply disagree with how the district court applied the King
factors to the facts of the case. Otherwise, the legal-error exception would swallow up the rule
and “abuse-of-discretion” deference would be meaningless.
When, as here, a district court thoroughly and thoughtfully applies the King factors to the
facts of the case, it does not abuse its discretion. A short review of the district court’s analysis
proves the point.
Degree of culpability. The first King factor is “the degree of the opposing party’s
culpability or bad faith.” 775 F.2d at 669. An ERISA defendant is not necessarily “culpable”
because it made the wrong decision or even an “arbitrary and capricious” decision—some sort of
deliberate misconduct is required. See Moon v. Unum Provident Corp., 461 F.3d 639, 643 (6th
-11- No. 18-1948, Guest-Marcotte v. Life Ins. Co. of North America, et al.
Cir. 2006) (per curiam). A defendant is culpable if it selectively reviewed the medical record or
relied on incompetent/biased medical evidence but generally is not culpable if it simply
misinterpreted the plan’s requirements. See id. at 643–44; see also Shelby Cty. Health Care Corp.
v. Majestic Star Casino, LLC, 581 F.3d 355, 377 (6th Cir. 2009). Here, the district court found the
latter; the plan administrator thoroughly reviewed Guest-Marcotte’s evidence but misinterpreted
the plan. Specifically, the plan administrator thought that under the plan, Guest-Marcotte had the
burden to show objective evidence of a “functional impairment”—i.e., evidence that she could no
longer perform her (relatively sedentary) job. R. 88, Pg. ID 3183–84. Based on that
misinterpretation of the plan’s requirements, the administrator concluded that (1) it did not need
to conduct a physical examination because Guest-Marcotte had the burden of proof, and (2) her
evidence of pain did not meet that burden, no matter how compelling and voluminous it was,
because it did not directly speak to her ability to perform her job. In a sense, Guest-Marcotte and
the plan administrator were talking past each other. Unlike some of this circuit’s previous
decisions, the plan administrator thoroughly (rather than selectively or biasedly) reviewed all of
plaintiff’s evidence, and the plan administrator’s denial relied on a misinterpretation of the plan.
Contra Moon, 461 F.3d at 643–44; Gaeth, 538 F.3d at 530–31. Thus, the district court reasonably
concluded that the plan administrator was not culpable. Even if we might view the facts differently
in the first instance, the district court’s conclusion was not a “clear error of judgment.” Foltice,
98 F.3d at 939. So the district court did not abuse its discretion.1
1 Though some parts of the district court’s analysis stated that the plan administrator was not “highly culpable[,]” it did not impose an improperly heightened culpability requirement. R. 88, Pg. ID 3184. Instead, the district court correctly stated the standard and ultimately concluded that the plan administrator’s conduct “was not sufficiently culpable for [the culpability] factor to weigh in favor of a fee award.” Id. We should not parse the district court’s language to manufacture an abuse of discretion where there is none. See Gaeth, 538 F.3d at 530 (“We are therefore unpersuaded by [Defendant’s] argument that the [district] court’s failure to use the word ‘culpability’ is enough to constitute an abuse of discretion.”).
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Ability to satisfy a fee award. The second King factor is “the opposing party’s ability to
satisfy an award of attorney’s fees.” 775 F.2d at 669. The district court correctly found that this
factor is not in dispute because the Defendants can satisfy a fee award.
Deterrent effect. The third King factor is “the deterrent effect of an award on other persons
under similar circumstances.” Id. The district court concluded that an award would not have a
deterrent effect for two reasons. First, as the district court correctly observed, this factor “generally
go[es] hand-in-hand” with culpability. R. 88, Pg. ID 3185. That is because a potential fee award
will make intentionally misbehaving plan administrators think twice but will not prevent
unintentional mistakes. See Foltice, 98 F.3d at 937. As explained above, the district court
reasonably concluded that the plan administrator made an interpretive mistake and therefore was
not culpable. So an award of attorney’s fees here would not have a significant deterrent effect in
the future. Second, the deterrent effect is less when, as here, a plaintiff’s victory depends on the
“unique facts of [her] case.” Shelby Cty., 581 F.3d at 377–78. Our prior decision in Guest-
Marcotte’s favor specifically distinguished her EDS Type III, which necessarily causes
debilitating pain, from more common problems like “fibromyalgia or back pain[,]” which “can be
difficult to diagnose objectively.” See Guest-Marcotte v. Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., 730 F. App’x
292, 302–03 (6th Cir. 2018). Because her disease necessarily causes “severe and chronic pain,”
she was not required to produce additional “evidence of how her pain impacted her ability to
work.” Id. at 303. Thus, the district court was within its discretion to conclude that an award of
attorney’s fees would not have a deterrent effect.
Common benefit or significant legal question. The fourth King factor is “whether the party
requesting fees sought to confer a common benefit on all participants and beneficiaries of an
ERISA plan or resolve significant legal questions regarding ERISA.” 775 F.2d at 669. As the
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district court correctly emphasized, the question is whether Guest-Marcotte “sought to confer a
common benefit or sought to resolve a significant legal question,” not whether she ended up doing
so. R. 88, Pg. ID 3186; see also Gaeth, 538 F.3d at 533. Guest-Marcotte’s arguments before the
district court (and still on appeal) focus on the results of her victory, not what she initially sought.
So her arguments miss the point. In any event, Guest-Marcotte sued only on her own behalf; there
is no evidence that any other plan participants are “in the same position” as her, and she did not
seek to resolve a significant legal question. Shelby Cty., 581 F.3d at 378 (quoting Gaeth, 538 F.3d
at 533). Thus, the district court reasonably concluded that this factor weighed against a fee award.
Relative merits of the parties’ positions. The fifth King factor is “the relative merits of the
parties’ positions.” 775 F.2d at 669. The district court correctly acknowledged that this factor
weighs in favor of a fee award. Guest-Marcotte prevailed by overcoming the highly deferential
arbitrary and capricious standard. That necessarily means her position was much more meritorious
than Defendants’ position. See, e.g., McKay v. Reliance Standard Life Ins. Co., 428 F. App’x 537,
546 (6th Cir. 2011).
In sum, the district court accurately described each King factor and reasonably applied each
factor to the facts of the case. It concluded that three of the five factors weighed against awarding
attorney’s fees, and that one did not apply. While another judge could have come out differently,
that is the nature of both balancing tests and abuse-of-discretion review. Standard-like balancing
tests (versus sharp legal rules) do not yield clear right and wrong answers. See Antonin Scalia,
The Rule of Law as a Law of Rules, 56 U. Chi. L. Rev. 1175, 1180–81 (1989) (explaining that,
unlike rules, “totality of the circumstances” standards have “no single ‘right’ answer” and
“[o]nly . . . at the margins can an appellate judge say that [such a] determination must come out
the other way as a matter of law”). This inevitable disagreement does not make what the district
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court did an abuse of discretion—particularly since the court’s conclusion was fact-laden and
involved the management of the litigation in front of it.
Simply put, no clear error of judgment occurred here, so the district court’s decision should
stand. We should carefully adhere to standards of deference so that “abuse of discretion” does not
become “de novo review clothed in deferential robes.” Salve Regina Coll. v. Russell, 499 U.S.
225, 235 (1991) (internal alterations and quotation marks omitted). I respectfully dissent.
-15-