The summaries of the Colorado Court of Appeals published opinions constitute no part of the opinion of the division but have been prepared by the division for the convenience of the reader. The summaries may not be cited or relied upon as they are not the official language of the division. Any discrepancy between the language in the summary and in the opinion should be resolved in favor of the language in the opinion.
SUMMARY October 24, 2019 2019COA163
No. 18CA1447, Kim v. Murray — Civil Procedure — Time Limit for Service — Relief from Judgment or Order
A division of the court of appeals holds that the district court
erroneously set aside, under C.R.C.P. 60(b), a previous dismissal of
the case for failure to timely serve process under C.R.C.P. 4(m)
because (1) the time for moving to set aside the dismissal for
excusable neglect under C.R.C.P. 60(b)(1) had expired; (2) even if
the district court failed to comply with procedural requirements for
dismissal under C.R.C.P. 4(m), the dismissal was merely voidable,
not void, so the dismissal could not be set aside under C.R.C.P.
60(b)(3); and (3) counsel’s neglect in failing to timely serve the
defendant and failing to timely move to set aside the dismissal did
not constitute extraordinary circumstances justifying reinstatement
of the case under C.R.C.P. 60(b)(5). Accordingly, the division reverses the judgment and remands for dismissal of the case with
prejudice. COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS 2019COA163
Court of Appeals No. 18CA1447 Jefferson County District Court No. 16CV31729 Honorable Margie L. Enquist, Judge
Jordan Murray,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Bum Soo Kim,
Defendant-Appellant.
JUDGMENT REVERSED AND CASE REMANDED WITH DIRECTIONS
Division VII Opinion by JUDGE J. JONES Fox, J., concurs Tow, J., specially concurs
Announced October 24, 2019
Bendinelli Law Firm, P.C., Marco F. Bendinelli, Westminster, Colorado, for Plaintiff-Appellee
Law Office of Robert B. Hunter, Christopher J. Metcalfe, Denver, Colorado, for Defendant-Appellant ¶1 Defendant, Bum Soo Kim, appeals the district court’s
judgment and in particular its order denying his motion to dismiss
the complaint of plaintiff, Jordan Murray. He argues that, under
the particular facts of this case, the district court didn’t have
discretion to reinstate the case under C.R.C.P. 60(b) after the court
had dismissed it without prejudice for failure to submit proof of
service of process. Because we agree with Mr. Kim, we reverse the
judgment and remand with directions to dismiss the case.
I. Background
¶2 Ms. Murray, through counsel, filed her complaint on
November 8, 2016, asserting claims for negligence and negligence
per se against Mr. Kim arising from a car accident. The next day,
the district court issued a “Civil Procedure Order” that said (in all
capital letters), “FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH ANY OF THE
DEADLINES SET FORTH IN THIS ORDER MAY RESULT IN
DISMISSAL WITHOUT FURTHER NOTICE.” One of those deadlines
required Ms. Murray to file a return of service of process within
sixty-three days of filing the complaint pursuant to C.R.C.P. 4(m).
Ms. Murray’s counsel didn’t submit proof of service by that time,
and the court dismissed the case for that reason without prejudice
1 on January 13, 2017. 1 The statute of limitations on the claims
expired twelve days later.
¶3 On September 13, 2017 (243 days after dismissal), Ms.
Murray’s counsel filed a motion to reinstate the case. The motion
sought relief under C.R.C.P. 60(b)(3), or alternatively under C.R.C.P.
60(b)(5), arguing that the order of dismissal was void for failure to
give Ms. Murray adequate notice in accordance with C.R.C.P. 121,
section 1-10 and C.R.C.P. 41(b)(2), and that failing to reinstate the
case would be “inequitable” because she would be “left without
remedy.”
¶4 Without giving Mr. Kim a chance to respond, the district court
granted Ms. Murray’s motion the same day:
The Civil Procedure Order, had counsel read it, indicates that failure to comply with the Order will result in dismissal without prejudice without further notice. This Court is not responsible for Plaintiff’s counsel’s failure to read or follow the Court’s Orders.
Nonetheless, this Court finds that justice would not be served by penalizing Plaintiff for [her] counsel’s oversight. Resolution on the
1The court entered the dismissal on the electronic, publicly available docket, but apparently didn’t prepare or send a written order to the parties.
2 merits will not unduly prejudice the Defense. This case is reopened; Plaintiff to serve the Defendant’s insurance company within 7 days’ hereof and to thereafter actively prosecute this case in compliance with the C.R.C.P. and this Court’s CPO.
¶5 Mr. Kim then moved to dismiss the case as barred by the
statute of limitations and asked the court to clarify the legal basis
for its reinstatement of the complaint. The district court denied Mr.
Kim’s motion to dismiss, explicitly finding that Ms. Murray had
established excusable neglect: “[T]he Court finds that Plaintiff has
met [her] burden of establishing excusable neglect for the delay,
and that this action shall be reinstated in the interest of justice.”
¶6 The case went to trial, and a jury returned a verdict in Ms.
Murray’s favor in the amount of $39,906.18.
II. Discussion
¶7 Mr. Kim contends that the district court lacked the discretion
under Rule 60(b) to vacate its earlier dismissal for failure to comply
with Rule 4(m). We agree.
A. Standard of Review and Preservation
¶8 We generally review a decision granting relief under Rule 60(b)
for an abuse of discretion. Goodman Assocs., LLC v. WP Mountain
3 Props., LLC, 222 P.3d 310, 314 (Colo. 2010). A court abuses its
discretion when it rests its decision on a misunderstanding or a
misapplication of the law. Harriman v. Cabela’s Inc., 2016 COA 43,
¶ 19.
¶9 We review de novo, however, whether a judgment is void, and
therefore eligible to be set aside under Rule 60(b)(3). Goodman
Assocs., LLC, 222 P.3d at 314; see also In re Marriage of Stroud, 631
P.2d 168, 170 n.5 (Colo. 1981) (“[W]here the motion alleges that the
judgment attacked is void, C.R.C.P. 60(b)(3), the trial court has no
discretion. The judgment either is void or it isn’t and relief must be
afforded accordingly.”).
¶ 10 We reject Ms. Murray’s assertion that Mr. Kim failed to
preserve this issue for appellate review. Mr. Kim preserved this
issue through his motion to dismiss. 2 He raised the issue, and the
district court ruled on it. See Grant Bros. Ranch, LLC v. Antero Res.
Piceance Corp., 2016 COA 178, ¶ 11 (“All that is needed to preserve
an issue for appeal is for the issue to be brought to the district
2And we observe, again, that the district court didn’t give Mr. Kim a chance to respond to Ms. Murray’s motion to reinstate the case.
4 court’s attention so that the court has an opportunity to rule on
it.”).
B. Relief Wasn’t Available Under Rule 60(b)
¶ 11 Rule 60(b) “attempts to strike a proper balance between the
conflicting principles that litigation must be brought to an end and
that justice should be done.” Canton Oil Corp. v. Dist. Court, 731
P.2d 687, 694 (Colo. 1987) (quoting 11 Charles Alan Wright &
Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2851, at 140
(1973)). It does so by providing several limited bases for granting
relief from a final judgment:
(1) Mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect; (2) fraud (whether heretofore denominated intrinsic or extrinsic), misrepresentation, or other misconduct of an adverse party; (3) the judgment is void; (4) the judgment has been satisfied, released, or discharged, or a prior judgment upon which it is based has been reversed or otherwise vacated, or it is no longer equitable that the judgment should have prospective application; or (5) any other reason justifying relief from the operation of the judgment.
C.R.C.P. 60(b).
¶ 12 Relief under subsection (b)(1) for excusable neglect is available
only if sought within 182 days of the final judgment. Id.; see also
5 Cavanaugh v. State, Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 644 P.2d 1, 5 (Colo. 1982)
(relief under Rule 60(b)(1) was unavailable because the plaintiff
waited ten months before seeking reinstatement); Atlas Constr. Co.
v. Dist. Court, 197 Colo. 66, 69, 589 P.2d 953, 955 (1979) (“The
Colorado courts have strictly adhered to this time limit.”). When
that time has lapsed, a court is “without authority to reinstate the
case or to provide further relief” for excusable neglect. Love v.
Rocky Mountain Kennel Club, 33 Colo. App. 4, 6, 514 P.2d 336, 337
(1973).
¶ 13 Though Ms. Murray didn’t expressly raise subsection (b)(1) as
grounds for relief in her reinstatement motion, the district court’s
order granting relief relied on it: the court said it wasn’t
“responsible for Plaintiff’s counsel’s failure to read or follow the
Court’s Orders,” and ruled that Ms. Murray shouldn’t be
“penaliz[ed] . . . for [her] counsel’s oversight.” And in denying Mr.
Kim’s motion to dismiss, the court said that Mr. Murray had “met
[her] burden of establishing excusable neglect for the delay.”
Contrary to Ms. Murray’s suggestion, the district court didn’t even
hint that it viewed the dismissal order as void. Nor did it indicate
that it was relying on subsection (b)(5).
6 ¶ 14 Ms. Murray wasn’t entitled to relief for excusable neglect —
indeed, she could not obtain relief for excusable neglect — because
her counsel didn’t seek reinstatement within the 182-day window.
It follows that the court erred by granting relief under subsection
(b)(1) of the Rule.
¶ 15 Nor is Ms. Murray entitled to relief under either subsection
(b)(3) or subsection (b)(5) of Rule 60.
¶ 16 Ms. Murray argues that the dismissal order was void under
subsection (b)(3) because the court didn’t give her notice as
required by Rule 121 or Rule 41(b)(2). That argument fails.
¶ 17 Subsection (b)(3) provides an avenue for relief from void
judgments. A void judgment is one rendered without subject matter
or personal jurisdiction. Nickerson v. Network Sols., LLC, 2014 CO
79, ¶ 9. The district court clearly had jurisdiction over the subject
matter and the plaintiff, and Ms. Murray doesn’t argue otherwise.
Whether the court complied with procedural prerequisites before
dismissing the case isn’t an issue that implicates the court’s
jurisdiction. In re Marriage of Stroud, 631 P.2d at 170-71 (where
the district court had subject matter jurisdiction, order vacating
property disposition order wasn’t subject to attack under Rule
7 60(b)(3) because, while the order may have been improper and thus
voidable, it wasn’t void); see also First Nat’l Bank of Telluride v.
Fleisher, 2 P.3d 706, 710-12 (Colo. 2000) (lack of notice required by
rule governing default judgments isn’t a jurisdictional defect, and
therefore doesn’t render the underlying judgment void); Monaghan
Farms, Inc. v. City & Cty. of Denver, 807 P.2d 9, 18 (Colo. 1991) (a
merely erroneous judgment doesn’t concern the court’s subject
matter jurisdiction); Davidson Chevrolet, Inc. v. City & Cty. of
Denver, 138 Colo. 171, 174-75, 330 P.2d 1116, 1118 (1958)
(distinguishing between an “irregular judgment,” which is one
entered contrary to required procedure and is not void, and a “void
judgment,” which is one “devoid of any potency because of
jurisdictional defects only”).
¶ 18 Further, the court’s dismissal of Ms. Murray’s complaint was
governed by Rule 4(m), not Rule 121 or Rule 41(b)(2). Under Rule
4(m), a district court “shall” dismiss the complaint if the plaintiff
fails to serve the defendant within sixty-three days after filing the
complaint. It can do this, according to the rule, “on motion or on
its own after notice[.]”
8 ¶ 19 Ms. Murray doesn’t argue on appeal, and didn’t argue in the
district court, that the district court failed to comply with any
requirement of this rule. We don’t need to decide whether the court
complied with Rule 4(m) because, again, any failure by the district
court to comply with any procedural requirement of that rule would
render the order voidable, not void. So subsection (b)(3) doesn’t
apply in any event.
¶ 20 Nor do the facts bring this case within the purview of
subsection (b)(5), the residuary provision. Subsection (b)(5) “has
been construed to apply only to situations not covered by the
enumerated provisions” to prevent it “from swallowing the
enumerated reasons and subverting the principle of finality.”
Davidson v. McClellan, 16 P.3d 233, 237, 239 (Colo. 2001)
(residuary provision “include[s] only extreme situations and
extraordinary circumstances”); see also Cavanaugh, 644 P.2d at 5
(provision is narrowly construed to “avoid undercutting the
preferred rule of finality of judgments”). Relief under Rule 60(b)(5)
is limited to errors that are “very rare and very serious[.]”
Harriman, ¶ 50.
9 ¶ 21 The circumstances of this case aren’t of the extraordinary
nature covered by the residuary provision. See Davidson, 16 P.3d
at 237, 239 (“Changes in decisional law, even by the Supreme Court
and even involving constitutionality, do not necessarily amount to
the extraordinary circumstances required for relief pursuant to
C.R.C.P. 60(b)(5).”). Rather, as the district court recognized, the
facts of the case show nothing more than Ms. Murray’s counsel’s
oversight: counsel failed to serve Mr. Kim with process, seek
alternative means of serving Mr. Kim, or otherwise prosecute the
case. This conduct fits (if anywhere) under the theory of excusable
neglect, and for that reason as well doesn’t fall within subsection
(b)(5). See Atlas Constr. Co., 197 Colo. at 69, 589 P.2d at 956
(where district court made a finding of excusable neglect, relief
under subsection (b)(5) wasn’t available); Cooper Drilling, Inc. v. San
Luis Valley Land Co., 743 P.2d 448, 449 (Colo. App. 1987) (a party
may not argue excusable neglect under subsection (b)(5)); In re
Marriage of Seely, 689 P.2d 1154, 1159 (Colo. App. 1984) (“[W]here
the only grounds for relief established are those covered by either
C.R.C.P. 60(b)(1) or (2), the six-month time limitation applicable to
10 these clauses may not be circumvented by reliance on other
provisions of the rule.”).
¶ 22 Lastly, Ms. Murray argues that the policy favoring resolving
cases on the merits weighs in her favor. See Todd v. Bear Valley
Vill. Apartments, 980 P.2d 973, 979 (Colo. 1999) (“[A] party should
not be denied a day in court because of an inflexible application of a
procedural rule.”). But that policy doesn’t trump the limitations of
Rule 60(b). Love, 33 Colo. App. at 6, 514 P.2d at 337.
III. Conclusion
¶ 23 We reverse the judgment and remand the case with
instructions to dismiss the case with prejudice.
JUDGE FOX concurs.
JUDGE TOW specially concurs.
11 JUDGE TOW, specially concurring.
¶ 24 I agree that none of the provisions of C.R.C.P. 60(b) provides a
basis for the trial court’s decision to vacate the dismissal of the
complaint in this case. I also agree that, because the dismissal
resulted from Murray’s counsel’s excusable (at most) neglect, any
request for relief was required to be filed within 182 days. C.R.C.P.
60(b)(1). Because the request in this case was filed sixty-one days
too late, the trial court lacked jurisdiction to grant the motion to
reinstate. Consequently, I concur in the judgment.
¶ 25 However, because I believe the circumstances of this case were
avoidable — and yet common practices engaged in by some trial
courts create similar circumstances with fair regularity — I write
separately to urge either a change in practice or a change in the
procedural rules.
¶ 26 As a threshold issue, I applaud the use of clear case
management orders in an effort to ensure compliance with C.R.C.P.
16 and C.R.C.P. 16.1. These orders, which often reiterate the
deadlines established in the procedural rules, serve to reinforce
those deadlines — at least to counsel and parties who read them.
(And those who do not read them fail to do so at their peril.)
12 ¶ 27 However, all too frequently, trial courts rely on boilerplate or
pro forma orders, issued immediately after a case is filed, and take
no further steps before dismissing the case. “A boilerplate delay
reduction order issued within a matter of days of the filing date may
not serve the rule’s intended purpose.” Taylor v. HCA-HealthONE
LLC, 2018 COA 29, ¶ 26. In contrast, a delay reduction order
issued shortly before the time period for service under C.R.C.P. 4(m)
expires can serve “to spur counsel to action, with a warning that
the window for obtaining service is closing and that a failure to
meet the deadline might have dire consequences.” Id.
¶ 28 I do not believe that a boilerplate warning that failure to
comply with the pretrial order or with the rule-based deadlines
“may result in dismissal without further notice” is sufficient notice
under C.R.C.P. 4(m). Such a warning is no more (and, indeed, may
be less) than the rule itself provides: “If a defendant is not served
within 63 days (nine weeks) after the complaint is filed, the court
. . . shall dismiss the action without prejudice . . . or order that
service be made within a specified time.” C.R.C.P. 4(m) (emphasis
added). The use of the more permissive “may” in the trial court’s
order is not notice that a particular procedural omission has
13 occurred or that dismissal is imminent. In fact, rather than provide
specific and direct notice that the trial court will soon take action,
the mere suggestion that the court “may” dismiss the case is
equally likely to give counsel the impression that nothing will
happen until some further notice is provided.
¶ 29 In my view, there is a better practice, regardless of whether the
initial generic pretrial order is used: if the trial court is considering
dismissal for lack of timely service under Rule 4(m), it should issue
an order setting a specific deadline (whether it is the sixty-third day
set forth in the rule or — as the rule permits — some later date) and
clearly indicating that failure to provide proof of service by that
deadline will result in dismissal without prejudice. 1
¶ 30 More importantly, I am greatly concerned with the practice of
dismissing a case without a written order, which the trial court did
here. When dispositive actions are taken by the trial court without
any record (whether announced in open court or memorialized in
writing and served on the appearing parties), the chances of
1 If such specific notice is not required by the clear language of C.R.C.P. 4(m), I urge the Colorado Supreme Court to consider amending the rule to make it so.
14 someone’s interests being adversely affected without recourse are
substantially increased. For example, had a written order of
dismissal been entered, counsel would have been on notice long
before he was that the matter had been dismissed and closed, and
that he needed to take steps to demonstrate good cause for
extending the deadline or challenge the adequacy of the court’s
notice. 3 Similarly, without a written order of dismissal or action
taken on the record, it becomes much more difficult to calculate the
deadline for seeking postjudgment relief, whether pursuant to
C.R.C.P. 59 or 60 or by filing an appeal.
¶ 31 The act of dismissing a case without written or oral record is
the functional equivalent of a judicial pocket veto. It defies the
transparency that lies at the foundation of our open and public
justice system and can do nothing but engender suspicion and
distrust of the judiciary among our customers and employers, the
residents of this state. The people of this state deserve better, and
3 Of course, counsel does not explain why he waited eight months to take any action on the case, or even to review the case file to check on the status of the matter. But if anything makes this neglect excusable, it is the fact that no written order of dismissal was ever issued or served.
15 whether by practice or rule, we ought to take steps to ensure that
they get it.