Kemly v. Werner Co.

151 F. Supp. 3d 496, 2015 WL 8335030, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 164112

• Court: District Court, D. New Jersey
• Decided: December 8, 2015
• Docket: Civil Action No. 13-7059 (JBS/KMW)
• Status: Published

Opinion

MEMORANDUM OPINION

SIMANDLE, Chief Judge

While using Defendant Werner Co.’s (hereinafter, “Defendant”) AP20-MPJ Work Platform, a 41” tall portable aluminum work platform supported by two collapsible legs (hereinafter, the “work platform” or “platform”), Plaintiff Robert-R. Kemly (hereinafter, “Plaintiff’) suffered injuries during dismount when his legs presumably slipped and came down across the metal locking mechanism for the platform’s collapsible legs.

As a result of these injuries, Plaintiff brought claims against Defendant under New Jersey’s Products Liability Act (hereinafter, the “PLA”), on the ground that Defendant sold its work platform “in“a defective condition.” (See Compl. at ¶¶’’5-14.) Plaintiff claims, in particular, that th¿ placement of the locking mechanism on the outside of the platform, where it was not shielded or recessed from “probable and foreseeable human contact,” constituted a design defect and the proximate cause of his injuries. (See id. at ¶¶ 9-13; see also Leshner Rep.)

Defendant now moves for summary judgment, arguing that Plaintiffs injuries resulted solely from platform misuse and, relatedly, that the placement of the locking mechanism did not, as a matter of law, proximately cause Plaintiffs injuries. (See Def.’s Br. at 6-13; Def.’s Reply at 7-9.) Defendant further claims that Plaintiffs case rests, almost entirely, upon the faulty and unreliable testimony of one engineering expert, Ervin Leshner. (See Def.’s Br. at 13-24; Def.’s Reply at 8-9.) Plaintiff, by contrast, -submits that the inherently fact-sensitive product liability issues implicated here require a “weighing of evidence precluding summary judgment.” (Pl.’s Opp’n at 6-17.) ■

The principal issues before the Court concern whether the undisputed record creates'an inference of a cognizáble defect in Defendant’s work platform, and whether this defect, if any, arguably contributed to (or, proximately caused). Plaintiffs injuries. For the reasons that follow, Defendant’s motion for summary judgment will be denied.¹

The Court finds as follows:

1. Factual and Procedural Background.² Since 1984, Plaintiff has worked as an installer of “window films” (PL’s Dep. at 10:8-12:12:25), and has required an array of ladder systems and work platforms in order to reach otherwise “unreachable” windows. (Id. at 22:1-25:3.) As a result, Plaintiff purchased Defendant’s work platform (see generally id. at 28:7-18), which consists of three principal components: (1) a “non-skid” work surface “for standing,” (2) platform “legs [that], lock securely in place when in use and fold underneath the platform for compact storage,” and (3) a step (built into the legs) for safe and stable access to the platform.³ (Ex. B to Def.’s Br.) The platform,, in turn, bears prominent “SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS,” regarding the manner in which to “SET UP,” “USE,” “MAINTAIN],” and “ACCESS” the work plat form. (Exs. C, E, & I to Def.’s Br (emphasis in original).) As relevant here, the instructions direct users to engage the legs’ locking mechanism pri- or tó use, and then to “[fjace [the] platform” with “body centered between the side rails” when climbing up or down the steps. (Ex. E to Def.’s Br.) Given the nature of the platform, the instructions further advise users “[n]ever [to] climb [the] platform from the side unless secured from sideways motion and tipping.” (Id.) In order to dismount the platform, “a user would simply back off the platform, climb down to the step below,” and then descend “from the step” onto the ground. (Def.’s Br. at 5.) In other words, when used appropriately, “the user’s body would remain at all times within the width of the platform” and its steps, and would not come into contact with the locking mechanism that rests on the exterior surface of the platform at the point of connection between the work. surface of the platform and its legs. (Id.; see also Ex. C to Def.’s Br.)

2. On July 27, 2011, Plaintiff mounted the work platform using the step system, in order to perform “a final cleaning” of a window prior to applying a privacy film. (Pl.’s Dep. at 66:1-68:17.) Following- the cleaning, Plaintiff attempted- to dismount the platform by directing his left foot down towards the step, while stabilizing his body on the platform with his right foot. (Id. at 70:1-72:16.) Plaintiff, however, somehow slipped and fell on the platform before making contact with the step, causing the inside of his right knee to slide down across the locking assembly (and to be cut by its. protruding metal components).⁴ (Id. at 71:21, 79:18-81:3.)

3. As a result of these injuries, Plaintiff filed this litigation, alleging that the location of the locking mechanism on the exterior (or, outside) of the legs (rather than in a recessed position, or in the same position but protected by a deflective shield) constitutes a design defect.⁵ (See generally Compl.) Following the conclusion of 'pretrial factual discovery,⁶ the pending motion of summary judgment followed.

4. Standard of Review. Summary judgment is appropriate if “there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Alabama v. North Carolina, 560 U.S. 330, 344, 130 S.Ct. 2295, 176 L.Ed.2d 1070 (2010) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted); see also Fed. R. Crv. P. 56(a). In evaluating a motion for summary judgment, the Court must view the material facts in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, and make every reasonable inference in that party’s favor. See Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 378, 127 S.Ct. 1769, 167 L.Ed.2d 686 (2007); Halsey v. Pfeiffer, 750 F.3d 273, 287 (3d Cir.2014). An inference based upon “‘speculation or conjecture,’” however, “‘does not create a material factual dispute sufficient to defeat summary judgment.’ ” Halsey, 750 F.3d at 287 (citations omitted). Rather, the non-moving party must support each essential element with concrete record evidence. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). “Where the record taken as a whole could not lead a-rational trier.-of fact to find for the non-moving party,” the Court, may grant summary judgment.' Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986).

5. Admissibility of Leshner Report. Because Plaintiffs theory of liability hinges upon expert testimony (and because the Court' may consider only admissible evidence on summary judgment), the Court addresses, at the outset, Defendant’s objections to the admissibility of Plaintiffs liability expert, Mr. Leshner.

6. Mr. Lesher, a registered professional engineer, issued a two-page expert-report on September 29, 2014, in which he concluded, to a reasonable degree of engineering probability, that the placement of the locking mechanism “in a position where it [could] act as a can opener upon” anything “placed/dragged against it” constitutes a design defect⁷ and “an efficient proximate cause” of Plaintiffs injuries.⁸ (Leshner Rep.) Mr. Leshner then defended his opinion during his deposition, when he explained that he “instantly” recognized the “defect” upon inspection of the work platform, and stated that- the nature of the protruding locking mechanism “contributed” to-Plaintiffs injuries. (Leshner Dep. at 51:41-53:11,86:14-87.6) .

7. In claiming that Mr. Leshner’s report and testimony prove “inadmissible and insufficient to support Plaintiffs product liability claims,” Defendant argues that Mr. Leshner' “fundamentally erred” in rendering an opinion, because he supposedly refused to accept Plaintiffs ■ testimony regarding how he “got on and off the platform” and concerning how “he slipped from the platform.” (Def.’s Br, at 14-23.) Plaintiff, by contrast, claims that Mr. Leshner “appropriately described] the facts he relies upon, .the history of ladder type products and acceptable alternative designs,” and otherwise provided an admissible expert opinion. (Pl.’s Opp’n at 15.)

8. Federal Rule of Evidence 702 “embodies a-trilogy of restrictions on expert testimony: [1] qualification, [2] reliability, and [3] fit.” Schneider v. Fried, 320 F.3d 396, 404 (3d Cir.2003) (citing In re Paoli R.R. Yard PCB Litig., 35 F.3d 717, 741-43 (3d Cir.1994)); see also Fed. R. Evid. 702. As relevant here,⁹ in determining reliability, courts, focus upon whether the expert’s conclusion rests upon “the ‘methods and procedures of science’ rather than on ‘subjective belief or unsupported speculation.’ ” Calhoun v. Yamaha Motor Corp., U.S.A., 350 F.3d 316, 321 (3d Cir. 2003) (quoting Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 589, 113 S.Ct. 2786, 125 L.Ed.2d 469 (1993)).¹⁰ Reliability, however, does, not require the proffering party to demonstrate the “correctness” of the expert opinion. In re Paoli, 35 F.3d at (concluding that the “evidentiary requirement of reliability”.amounts to.a-lower burden “than the merits standard of correctness”). Indeed, so “long as an expert’s scientific testimony rests upon good grounds ... it should be tested by the adversary process — competing expert testimony and active cross-examination— rather than excluded from jurors’ scrutiny for fear that they will not grasp its complexities or satisfactorily weigh its inadequacies.” United States v. Mitchell, 365 F.3d 215, 244 (3d Cir.2004) (quoting Ruiz-Troche v. Pepsi Cola Bottling Co., 161 F.3d 77, 85 (1st Cir.1998)) (emphasis added). Even more, courts have “‘considerable leeway in determining the reliability of particular expert testimony under Daubert.” Simmons v. Ford Motor Co., 132 Fed.Appx. 950, 952 (3d Cir.2005) (quoting Kumho, 526 U.S. at 152-53, 119 S.Ct. 1167).

9. Defendant challenges Mr. Lesh-ner’s opinion on account of its brevity (as a supposed indication of a flawed, methodology) and presumed inaccuracies in. its underlying factual basis (as demonstrated, by his “misapprehension” of certain aspects of the “undisputed” factual record). (See generally Def.’s Br. at 14-24; Def.’s Reply at 8-9.) Even a cursory inspection of Mr. -Lesh-ner’s report reveals the little analysis, underlying his opinion of the work platform’s defective. (See generally Leshner Rep.) The limited nature of Mr. Leshner’s analysis must, however, be viewed through the lens of the simplicity of the work platform and the commonsense conclusion that he reaches. Indeed, Mr. Leshner opines little more than that the “protrud[ing]” nature of the locking mechanism' created an unnecessary risk of .harm, given the readily accessible and safer alternatives. (Id.) For that reason, Mr. Leshner explained at his deposition that he “instantly” recognized the design defect, because the protrusion made the locking assembly “unique in itself’ by -comparison to others platforms, ladders, and work stands. (Leshner Dep. at 53:4-55:18.) Against tips backdrop, the Court cannot find that Mr. Lesher’s opinion- rests, upon “‘unsupported speculation.’!’ Calhoun, 350 F.3d at 321 (citation omitted). Rather, a careful, inspection of his report and deposition demonstrate that he founded his opinion upon extensive industry experience and his nuanced -knowledge of the available alternatives.¹¹ (See generally Leshner Rep.).

10. Nor can the Court find any fatal-defect in the factual basis of Mr. Leshner’s opinion. Indeed, despite Defendant’s., positions, Mr. Leshner’s submisr sions disclose, his .understanding of.the components of the work platform (including the “step[s]”) and the circumstances preceding Plaintiffs injuries (and specifically that Plaintiff inexplicably “came down” across the locking mechanism). (Id.) Defendant’s arguments to' the contrary overly rely upon a parsing of ambiguous deposition testimony, and do not provide a basis for exclusion. (See generally Def.’s Br. at 14-24.) Indeed, “an expert may base his opinion on a particular version of disputed facts and the weight to be accorded to that ‘opinion’ rests with the jury.” Krys, 112 F.Supp.3d 181, 195, 2015 WL 3660332, at *8 & n. 15 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). For that reason, “Rule 705, together with Rule 703, places the burden of exploring the facts and assumptions underlying the testimony of an expert witness on opposing counsel during cross-examination.” Stecyk v. Bell Helicopter Textron, Inc., 295 F.3d 408, 414 (3d Cir.2002).

11. Here, the factual narrative underpinning Mr. Leshner’s conclusions resonates with Plaintiffs view of the disputed, but arguably provable, evidence. (See generally PL’s Opp’n.) As a result, Defendant’s challenges go to the weight of the expert evidence,’ and not its admissibility, and therefore constitute challenges properly presented through cross-examination, and not through exclusion of his otherwise reliable and relevant work on the alleged design defect. Whether the jury will ultimately adopt the evidence cannot be resolved in the context of the pending motion. For all of these reasons, the Court finds Mr. Leshner’s opinion admissible on the issue of design defect, but not, as discussed above, on the-issue of proximate causation.¹² The Court next addresses the legal framework relative to Plaintiffs product liability claims.

12. New Jersey’s Product Liability Act. Codified in 1987, the PLA “established. the sole method to prosecute a product liability action” against a manufacturer or seller “such that ‘only a single product liability action remains.’ ”¹³ Clements v. Sanofi-Aventis, U.S., Inc., 111 F.Supp.3d 586, 699-700, 2015 WL 3648911, at *6 (D.N.J. June 11, 2015) (quoting Tirrell v. Navistar Int’l, Inc., 248 N.J.Super. 390, 591 A.2d 643 (Ct.App.Div.1991)); see also Estate of Edward W. Knoster v. Ford Motor Co., 200 Fed.Appx. 106, 115 (3d Cir.2006) (same). A “product liability action” within the meaning of the PLA, in turn, includes, “any claim or action” for “harm caused by a product, irrespective of the theory underlying the claim, except actions for harm caused by breach of an express Warranty.”¹⁴ N.J.S.A. § 2A:58C-1(b)(3). In other words, the PLA “ ‘effectively creates an exclusive statutory cause of action for claims falling within its purview,-’ ” elg., any-action- for harms caused by a defective product. Estate of Edward W. Knoster, 200 Fed.Appx. at 116 (citations omitted); see also Fid. & Guar. Ins. Underwriters, Inc. v. Omega Flex, Inc., 936 F.Supp.2d 441, 447 (D.N.J.2013) (same).

13. The nature of this exclusive cause of action,.however, retains clear limitations. Specifically, a manufacturer/seller of a product may be liable only if the plaintiff proves, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the product failed to be “‘reasonably fit, suitable or safe for its intended purpose’ ” on account of á (1)' “á manufacturing defect,” (2) inadequate “‘warnings or instructions,’” or (3) “‘a defective’ ” design. Fid. & Guar. Ins. Underwriters, Inc., 936 F.Supp.2d at 447 (quoting Koruba v. Am. Honda Motor Co., 396 N.J.Super. 517, 935 A.2d 787, 795 (Ct.App.Div.2007)); see also N.J.S.A § 2A:58C-2. A design-defect theory,¹⁵ in turn, requires Plaintiff to demonstrate (1) a design defect in the work platform that existed at the time of Defendant’s manufacture and distribution, and that (2) proximately caused • his injuries. See Indian Brand Farms, Inc. v. Novartis Crop Prot. Inc., 617 F.3d 207, 225 (3d Cir.2010) (quoting Jurado v. W. Gear Works, 131 N.J. 375, 619 A.2d 1312, 1317 (1993)); see also Worrell v. Elliott & Frantz, 799 F.Supp.2d 343, 350 (D.N.J.2011) (citing Myrlak v. Port Auth. of N.Y. & N.J., 157 N.J. 84, 723 A.2d 45, 52 (1999); Zaza v. Marquess & Nell, Inc., 144 N.J. 34, 675 A.2d 620, 627 (1996); Jurado, 619 A.2d at 1317). The Court will address each element in turn.

14. Existence of a Design Defect. The determination of whether a manufacturer/seller .defectively designed a product involves a “‘risk-utility analysis”! that seeks to balance the-magnitude of “‘the danger posed by the product’ ” against the social utility attained by putting the product on the market. Truchan v. Nissan Motor Corp. in U.S.A, 316 N.J.Super. 554, 720 A.2d 981, 985 (Ct.App.Div.1998) (quoting Johansen v. Makita U.S.A., Inc., 128 N.J. 86, 607 A.2d 637 (1992)); see also Michalko v. Cooke Color & Chem. Corp., 91 N J. 386, 451 A.2d 179, 183 (1982). This analysis, in turn, splinters into a two-part inquiry. See Indian Brand Farms, Inc., 617 F.3d at 225.

15. First, the fact-finder must “determine whether the plaintiff used the product in an objectively foreseeable manner.” Indian Brand Farms, Inc., 617 F.3d at 225; see also Port Auth. Of N.Y. & N.J., 189 F.3d at 315 (internal quotations and citations omitted) (explaining that “unforeseeable misuse of a product may not give rise, to [ ] liability”). If so, the fact-finder must then “determine whether the reasonably foreseeable risk of harm posed by the reasonably foreseeable use of the product could have been reduced or avoided by a reasonably alternative design.” Indian Brand Farms, Inc., 617 F.3d at 227 (citing Lewis v. Am. Cyanamid Co., 155 N.J. 544, 715 A.2d 967, 980 (1998)) (emphasis in original); see also Diluzio-Gulino v. Daimler Chrysler Corp., 385 N.J.Super. 434, 897 A.2d 438, 441 (Ct.App.Div.2006) (citation omitted). New Jersey law, however, does not require an injured plaintiff “ ‘to prove a specific, [design] defect.’ ” Myrlak, 723 A.2d at 52 (citing Scanlon v. General Motors Corp., 65 N.J. 582, 326 A.2d 673 (1974); Manieri v. Volkswagenwerk A.G., 151 N.J.Super. 422,376 A.2d 1317 (Ct.App.Div.1977)). Rather, the injured •plaintiff bears the burden of demonstrating “‘something [arguably] wrong’ with .the product.”¹⁶ Id. (citation omitted).

16. On the issue of defect, Defendant essentially argues that Plaintiff cannot support any claim of defect, because (1) he concedes that he “simply slipped from the platform” causing his “leg to go outside the platform,” and (2) because he-cannot point to “any component of the platform” that failed to perform as intend-, ed. (Def.’s Br. at 11-12.) In other words, Defendant essentially takes the position that Plaintiff misused the platform in an unforeseeable manner, and in a way that insulates Defendant’s from any arguable liability. (See generally id.) Nevertheless, the Court cannot conclude, as a matter of law, that Plaintiffs failed attempt to dismount the work platform — from a fall, slip, or otherwise — constitutes a foreseeable misuse. Rather, given the configuration of the platform, common sense alone creatés the reasonable inference that a user of the work platform-might either attempt to dismount improperly or might simply stumble while in the process of a proper descent; See Jurado, 619 A.2d at 1317-1318 (discussing common sense examples of “product misuse”). Either scenario would, in turn, create a risk of contact with, and harm from, the metal locking mechanism that protrudes from the top of the platform at the connection point between the work surface and the legs. (See Ex. C to Def.’s Br.) Indeed, given the position of the locking mechanism, it requires no special creativity to reconstruct a scenario where, as here, a user rests his right foot on the work surface while lowering his left foot to' the step, and then somehow swipes

the inside portion of his right knee across the exterior side of the work surface (and the locking mechanism).¹⁷

17. Defendant owed Plaintiff a “ ‘duty to prevent an injury caused by the foreseeable .misuse, of its product’” Tro-chan, 720 A,2d at 986 (citations omitted), and the Court cannot conclude, upon this record, that the circumstances reflected from the record evidence prove wholly unforeseeable. Even more critically, the record evidence plainly demonstrates alternative designs, which Mr. Leshner states could have “easily, cheaply and effectively eliminated” the hazard posed by the protruding lock,¹⁸ (Leshner Rep. at 2)

18. For all of these reasons,-the Court finds that the. undisputed evidence fails to demonstrate Defendant’s entitlement to summary disposition on the question of design defect. Stated differently, the Court concludes that the record evidence makes out a prima facie case of design defect and contains disputed issues of material fact to be resolved by the jury.

19. Proximate Cause. Assuming the fact finder finds the product defective, it must determine whether the plaintiff has “offer[ed] sufficient evidence to permit a jury to determine that [the] design defect proximately caused his injuries].” Oquendo, 939 F.Supp. at 363-65; see also' Jurado, 619 A.2d at 1318-1319 (same). In cases in which the defect occurred “solely” on account “of the manufacturer’s failure to protect against a foreseeable misuse,” the “determination of defect predetermines the issue of proximate cause” and requires no further inquiry. Id. at 1319. In cases where the defect occurred “for reasons other than particular misuse,” by contrast, “the jury must separately determine proximate cause.” Id.

20. For purposes of the pending motion, the Court need not definitively decide under which paradigm this action falls. Rather, the Court need' only note that proximate cause- for purposes of a design defect requires only that the defect — here, the absence of any protective shield or recessed mechanism — acted as a substantially contributing or concurring cause of the injury. Id.; see also N.J. Model Civil Jury Charges at § 5.401; see also Perez v. Wyeth Labs. Inc., 161 N.J. 1, 734 A.2d 1245, 1261 (1999) (“A proximate cause need not be the sole cause of harm. It suffices if it is á substantial contributing factor to the harm suffered.”). Thus, for example, “if, in-the present case, the accident had happened when a co-employee negligently bumped plaintiff’ while he dismounted the work platform, “the manufacturer could [still] -be found liable notwithstanding the untoward conduct of the co-employee.” Jurado, 619 A.2d at 1319. As applied here, Defendant could still be found liable for, a design defect, despite the fact that the locking mechanism itself did not cause Plaintiff to. fall/slip from the platform. ■ *

21. As a result, the Court' cannot conclude that the protruding nature of the alleged defect did not in some way contribute or amplify the severity of Plaintiffs injuries, even if factory unconnected to the defect (like Plaintiffs own carelessness) primarily created the circumstances.¹⁹ See Johnson v. Salem Corp., 97 N.J. 78, 477 A.2d 12, 46, 1255 (1984) (concluding, in. a design defect case, that “the absence of a guard” constituted “at the very least a contributing casual factor in the happening of the accident”). Indeed, because “the determination of proximate cause”, constitutes primarily “an issue of fact for the jury,” courts will remove the issue of proximate cause from the jury only. in “rare case[s].” Cruz-Mendez v. ISU/Ins. Servs. of San Francisco, 156 N.J. 556, 722 A.2d 515, 524 (1999). The circumstances of "this action do not present this sort of qualifying circumstances.

22. Even more critically, because the alleged design defect consists of Defendant’s failure to include some kind of barrier or enclosure to prevent a user from coming into contact with the locking assembly, this case may fall into the category of cases in which the jury’s-resolution of the defect predetermines the‘ question of proximate cause. See Aly v. Federal Exp., Inc., No. 04-3886, 2010 WL 3118528, at *3 (D.N.J. Aug. 5, 2010) (finding that a case involving the absence of a safety guard “necessarily” predetermined the question of proximate cause).

23. For all of these reasons, Defendant’s motion for summary judgment will be denied. See, e.g., Kaur v. Standex Int’l Corp., No. 06-2425, 2009 WL 2016073, *6 (D.N.J. July 7, 2009) (denying a motion for summary judgment based upon factual issues relative to proximate cause). An accompanying Order -will be entered.

1 . The Court exercises subject matter jurisdiction over this action pursuant to 28 U.S.C, § 1332.

2 . Neither party filed a statement of material facts consistent with the provisions of Local Civil Rule 56.1(a). Defendant, for example, failed to provide a separate statement of material facts as required by Local Civil Rule 56.1(a) ("Each statement of material facts shall be a separate document (not part of a brief) and shall not contain legal argument or conclusions of law.”). Nevertheless, it imbedded a detailed and supported statement of undisputed material facts within its briefing (see Def.’s Br. at 4-6), and has therefore complied with at least the spirit of the Local Civil Rule. Plaintiff, by contrast, has not even attempted to meaningfully comply with the requirements of Local Civil Rule 56.1(a). Rather, Plaintiff submitted a three-paragraph section of "uncontested facts,” which lack any citation to record evidence, and fail to respond to and/or rebut Defendant's statement. (See Pl.'s Opp'n at 2.) As a result, the Court will deem the facts set forth in Defendants’ statement undisputed for purposes of the pending summary judgment motion, unless otherwise indicated. See' L. Civ. R, 56.1(a) ("[A]ny material fact not disputed shall be deemed undisputed for purposes of the summary judgment motion.”); see also N.J. Carpenters Pension Fund v. Housing Auth. & Urban Dev. Agency of the City of Atl. City, 68 F.Supp.3d 545, 549 (D.N.J.2014).

3 . The platform (and its locking assembly) specifically appears as follows:

[[Image here]]

4 .In his briefing, Plaintiff proffers no precise explanation concerning how his leg came into contact with the locking assembly. (See generally Pl.'s Opp'n.) Rather, Plaintiff and his expert simply state that “the inside of his knee came down with substantial body weight and/or inertia across the latch mechanism.” (Leshner Rep. at 1.) Nevertheless, at his deposition, Plaintiff conceded that the contact with the locking assembly must have occurred because he slipped, fell, and/or stumbled' dfiring dismount.

5 . Plaintiff filed his initial state court Complaint,’ together with his wife, Plaintiff Gabrielle Kemly, for “personal injuries, pain [and] suffering, [and] loss of consortium (by wife)” on July 3, 2013, and Defendant removed the action to this federal Court on November 20, 2013. [See generally Docket Item 1.]

6 . The parties conducted a lengthy period of pretrial discovery that concluded in May 2015.

7 . Mr. Leshner’s report speaks in terms of a "design 'defect” and a “manufacturing defect.” (Leshner Rep.) Nevertheless, Mr. Lesh-ner clarified in his deposition that his case concerns only a "design defect” (Leshner Dep. at 86:1-6), and Plaintiff’s briefing reflects the consistent position that this action concerns only an allegation of design defect. (See Pl.’s Opp’n at 3 (discussing only design defects).)

8 . Neither party addresses the propriety of Mr. Leshner’s opinion that the locking mechanism ”proximate[ly] caused” Plaintiff’s injuries. Nevertheless, the Court finds that Mr. Lesh-ner’s opinion on the issue of causation plainly exceeds permissible bounds, because his con-clusory opinion in this narrow respect " ‘merely tell[s] the jury what result to reach’ ” on an element on Plaintiff’s PLA claim. Krys v. Aaron, 112 F.Supp.3d 181, 192, No. 14-2098, 2015 WL 3660332, at *5 (D.N.J. June 12, 2015) (citing Fed. R. Evid. 704 advisory committee's notes (1972)) (defining "the line between permissible testimony on ultimate issues and an impermissible legal opinion”). As a result, the Court finds this aspect of Mr, Leshner's opinion inadmissible.

9 . Defendant mounts no specific challenge to Mr. Leshner’s qualifications, nor to the general "fit" of his opinions to the disputed issues of liability in this litigation, (See generally Def.'s Br, at 14-24.)

10 . Where the reliability turns upon the intricacies of an expert's scientific technique, Dau-bert (and its progeny) directs courts to undertake an inquiry, in essence, into whether the disputed technique has gained acceptance in the relevant scientific community. See In re Paoli, 35 F.3d at 742 n. 8 (listing the relevant factors). These "specific factors neither necessarily nor exclusively applies to all experts,” Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 141, 119 S.Ct. 1167, 143 L.Ed.2d 238 (1999); see also Kannankeril v. Terminix Int'l, Inc., 128 F.3d 802, 806-07 (3d Cir. 1997) (same), and have no application here, in view of the simplicity of Mr. Leshner's opinion and the work platform.

11 . For that reason, the Court finds Defendant’s reliance upon Scrofani v. Stihl Inc., 44 Fed.Appx. 559 (3d Cir.2002) misplaced. Critically, the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit affirmed the exclusion of expert evidence in Scrofani, because the expert " ‘gave no clue’ as to how he reached the ‘bald conclusion’ he reached.” Id. at 562. Mr. Leshner, by contrast, has provided a sufficient explanation for his largely unremarkable (and arguably unnecessary) opinion.

12 .In the concluding paragraph of its reply brief, Defendant suggested, for the first time, that the Court conduct "an F.R.E. 104(c) Hearing” to determine the admissibility of Mr. Leshner’s opinions. (Def.'s Reply at 9.) The Court, however, finds that the record amassed by the parties on the pending motion proves more than sufficient to assess the reliability of Mr. Leshner's simple opinion. For that reason, the Court, in its "sound discretion,” convened no such hearing. Padillas v. Stork-Gamco, Inc., 186 F.3d 412, 418 (3d Cir.1999); Oddi v. Ford Motor Co., 234 F.3d 136, 154-55 (3d Cir.2000) (affirming a district court's denial of an evidentiary hearing where the depositions and affidavits of plaintiff’s experts sufficiently explained the basis for his conclusions); Steven J. Inc. v. Landmark Am. Ins. Co. No. 14-0474, 2015 WL 3849166, at *4 (M.D.Pa. June 22, 2015) (declining to hold an evidentiary hearing for the same reasons).

13 . Defendant appears to concede that it falls within the PLA’s statutory definition of a "manufacturer” and/or .’."seller,” see N.J.S.A. § 2A:58C-8, -

14 . The PLA does not, however, "‘recognize either negligence or implied breach of warranty as separate claims for harm caused by a defective product,’ ” because " ‘those claims have, been subsumed within the [PLA’s] new statutory cause of action.’ ” Fid. & Guar. Ins. Underwriters, Inc., 936 F.Supp.2d at 447 (citations omitted), see also Port Auth. of N.Y. & N.J. v. Arcadian Corp., 189 F.3d 305, 313 (3d Cir.1999) ("Under New Jersey law negligence is no longer viable as a separate claim for harm caused by a product.”)

15 . As explained above, Plaintiff advances only a claim for design defect. (See, e.g., Pl.’s Opp’n at 3 (listing the alleged "design defects in this apparatus”).)

16 . In meeting this burden, an plaintiff may resort to "direct evidence,” such as expert testimony, "circumstantial proof,” res ipsa loquitur, or to evidence that tends to "negate[] other causes of the failure of the product for which the defendant would not be responsible.” Myrlak, 723 A.2d at 52 (citations omitted); Knoster, 200 Fed.Appx. at 113-15 (explaining the relevance, of the Restatements and res ipsa loquitur under the PLA),

17 . This can be contrasted with an event that is " ‘only theoretically, remotely, or just possibly foreseeable,’ '’ which might have been the case here if the locking mechanism had been placed at the base of the work platform (near the floor) or if it had been constructed in the manner suggested by Mr. Leshner, Oquendo v. Bettcher Indus., Inc., 939 F.Supp. 357, 362 (D.N.J.1996) (citations omitted).

18 . Mr, Leshner stated that these alternative designs include “a recess” on, the locking mechanism, or a " ‘deflector’ plate” that could be “used as a spacer to keep human body parts away from the” locking mechanism. (Leshner Rep. at 2.)

19 . Plaintiffs conduct may, of course, " ‘be relevant to the ‘question of proximate cause,’ in that a jury may find that plaintiff’s conduct ‘had been the sole cause of the accident. ’ ” McGarrigle v. Mercury Marine, 838 F.Supp.2d 282, 295 (D.N.J.2011) (citations' omitted). Indeed, a “manufacturer of a defective product may be relieved of liability” if "an intervening, superseding cause” caused the accident. Hinojo v. N.J. Mfrs. Ins. Co., 353 N.J.Super. 261, 802 A.2d 551, 557 (Ct.App.Div.2002) (citations omitted). Whether an intervening event supersedes a defendants liability, however, “ ‘implicates concerns for overall fairness and sound public policy’ ” and "ordinarily [presents] a question ‘for jury determination,’ ” Id. (citations omitted), In view of the disputed evidence, the Court cannot resolve this issue without the jury, Even more, Defendant could still be liable, even if Plaintiff's conduct solely caused the accident, as explained-above, if the jury concluded that the locking mechanism created a foreseeable risk of harm and justified an alternative design. Reyes v. Keith Mach. Corp., No. 09-5309; 2011 WL 2413666, at *5 (D.N.J. June 8, 2011) (denying a product liability defendant’s motion for summary judgment, even in the face of evidence that a factor other than the defect amounted to the sole cause of the injured plaintiff's accident).