Mr. Chief Justice Moore,
after stating the facts in the foregoing terms, delivered the opinion of the court.
The question presented by this appeal is whether an entryman under the timber culture act of the United States, before receiving a final certificate, has a devisable interest in the land. The amendatory act of Congress approved [73]*73June 14, 1878 (20 Stat. U. S. 113, c. 190), prescribing the method of securing the title to public land under the timber culture act, so far as deemed material herein, is as follows :
“Section 1. That any person who * * has arrrived at the age of twenty-one years, and is a citizen of the United States * * who shall plant, protect, and keep in a healthy, growing condition for eight years ten acres of timber, on any quarter-section of any of the public lands of the United States, or five acres on any legal subdivision of eighty acres, * * shall be entitled to a patent for the whole of * * such legal subdivision * # at the expiration of said eight years, on making proof of such fact by not less than two credible witnesses, and a full compliance of the further conditions as provided in section 2. * * ”
“Sec. 2. That the person applying for the benefits of this act shall, upon application to the register of the land district in which he or she is about to make such entry, make an affidavit, before the register or the receiver * * . And upon filing said affidavit with said register and said receiver and on payment of $10, if the tract applied for is more than eighty acres; and $5.00 if it is eighty acres or less, he or she shall thereupon be permitted to enter the quantity of land specified. * * That no final certificate shall be given, or patent issued, for the land so entered until the expiration of eight years from the date of such entry; and, if, at the expiration of such time, or at any time within five years thereafter, the person making such entry, or, if he or she be dead, his or her heirs or legal representatives, shall prove by two credible witnesses that he or she or they have planted, and for not less than eight years, have cultivated and protected, such quantity and character of trees as aforesaid ; that not less than twenty-seven hundred trees were planted on each acre and that at the time of making such proof that there [74]*74shall be then growing at least six hundred and seventy-five living and thrifty trees to each acre, they shall receive a patent for such tract of land.”
In Cooper v. Wilder, 111 Cal. 191 (43 Pac. 491, 52 Am. St. Rep. 163), in construing the provision of the foregoing act, it was held that an entryman who died before making final proof had no devisable interest in the land, and that his heirs took the premises as donees of the United States, and hot by inheritance from him. In deciding that case, Mr. Justice Temple, speaking for the court, says: “Obviously the. privilege or right acquired by the entry and filing is personal, and cannot be transferred except as authorized in the act. The death of the applicant before performance renders him incapable of performance, and that event would end the claim, but for the provisions of the act, which authorize the heirs to prove that he or they has or have performed: Does the heir in such case take' by inheritance from the applicant, or is he; by appointment in the act itself, a substituted beneficiary of the government to whom the title goes by direct grant ? It is admitted at once that the condition of the applicant prior to full performance is in nowise analogous to that of a preemptor' either before or after the preemptor has received his certificate of purchase. The applicant has a right to the land, of which the government cannot deprive him, but which will be lost if he fails to perform. And death before performance renders such failure certain, and ends the estate of the, applicant. In view, however, of the hardship of such a result, the law continues its offer to certain persons whom it is presumed the applicant himself might have selected. But they take, not by inheritance from the deceased, but as grantees from the government.”
The making and filing the required affidavit and paying the necessary fee entitle the entryman, under the timber [75]*75culture act, to the possession of the land, which he holds by performing the conditions which the law imposes, and proof of his compliance with its provisions, within the time and according to the manner prescribed, give him a right to the issuance of a patent. Section 3 of the act under consideration provides “That if at any time after the filing of said affidavit, and prior to the issuing of the patent for said land, the claimant shall fail to comply with any of the requirements of this act, then and in that event such land shall be subject to entry under the homestead laws, or by some other person under the provisions of this act.” The initiatory steps, taken to secure a title to public land, under the timber culture act, do not constitute a grant in prassenti of the premises selected, but are equivalent to impelling the United States constantly to offer to the entryman a patent for the land, if he will fully comply with all the conditions required. His possession of the land, and the planting and cultivation of trees thereon, do not create an equity in his favor, analogous to a contract for the purchase of real property, that is measured by the value of the consideration partly performed; but his right is equivalent to a license that protects the improvements he may make, and guarantees to him a legal title to the premises, as a donation, if he will comply with the requirements which congress has prescribed. If he fail in this respect, his rights under the timber culture act are extinguished. His death renders the performance of the conditions impossible, thereby forfeiting all his rights, and, as -his interest in the land terminates with his life, there is nothing upon which his devise .of the premises can operate, nor any estate therein which his heirs can inherit. A generous government, however, desiring to donate the land thus partly improved to those to whom it would by law descend if the claimant had died intestate and seised of the premises, has wisely enacted, by its rep[76]*76resentatives in Congress, that, if the entryman die before fully complying with all the requirements specified in the timber culture act, “his or her heirs or legal representatives” may make the required proof, whereupon “they shall receive a patent for such tract of land.” The phrase “legal representatives” in its ordinary acceptation means executors and administrators (Cox v. Curwen, 118 Mass. 198 ; Grand Gulf R. Co. v. Bryan, 8 Smedes & M. 234), though it may mean heirs, next of kin, or descendants: Warnecke v. Lembca, 71 Ill. 91 (12 Am. Rep. 85). To give to these words their ordinary meaning would seem to imply that upon the death of an entryman his executor or administrator, by making the necessary proof, should receive a patent for the land ; but as it is altogether improbable that Congress intended that the title should vest in' such representative, even in trust, the phrase so used in the act under consideration evidently means an heir, next of kin, or descendant. The'homestead act provides that, upon the death of an entryman before fully complying with the conditions imposed, the right to complete the performance and receive a patent goes to his widow, or, in case of her death, to his heirs or devisees : Nev. Stat. U. S. § 2291 (U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 1390).
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Mr. Chief Justice Moore,
after stating the facts in the foregoing terms, delivered the opinion of the court.
The question presented by this appeal is whether an entryman under the timber culture act of the United States, before receiving a final certificate, has a devisable interest in the land. The amendatory act of Congress approved [73]*73June 14, 1878 (20 Stat. U. S. 113, c. 190), prescribing the method of securing the title to public land under the timber culture act, so far as deemed material herein, is as follows :
“Section 1. That any person who * * has arrrived at the age of twenty-one years, and is a citizen of the United States * * who shall plant, protect, and keep in a healthy, growing condition for eight years ten acres of timber, on any quarter-section of any of the public lands of the United States, or five acres on any legal subdivision of eighty acres, * * shall be entitled to a patent for the whole of * * such legal subdivision * # at the expiration of said eight years, on making proof of such fact by not less than two credible witnesses, and a full compliance of the further conditions as provided in section 2. * * ”
“Sec. 2. That the person applying for the benefits of this act shall, upon application to the register of the land district in which he or she is about to make such entry, make an affidavit, before the register or the receiver * * . And upon filing said affidavit with said register and said receiver and on payment of $10, if the tract applied for is more than eighty acres; and $5.00 if it is eighty acres or less, he or she shall thereupon be permitted to enter the quantity of land specified. * * That no final certificate shall be given, or patent issued, for the land so entered until the expiration of eight years from the date of such entry; and, if, at the expiration of such time, or at any time within five years thereafter, the person making such entry, or, if he or she be dead, his or her heirs or legal representatives, shall prove by two credible witnesses that he or she or they have planted, and for not less than eight years, have cultivated and protected, such quantity and character of trees as aforesaid ; that not less than twenty-seven hundred trees were planted on each acre and that at the time of making such proof that there [74]*74shall be then growing at least six hundred and seventy-five living and thrifty trees to each acre, they shall receive a patent for such tract of land.”
In Cooper v. Wilder, 111 Cal. 191 (43 Pac. 491, 52 Am. St. Rep. 163), in construing the provision of the foregoing act, it was held that an entryman who died before making final proof had no devisable interest in the land, and that his heirs took the premises as donees of the United States, and hot by inheritance from him. In deciding that case, Mr. Justice Temple, speaking for the court, says: “Obviously the. privilege or right acquired by the entry and filing is personal, and cannot be transferred except as authorized in the act. The death of the applicant before performance renders him incapable of performance, and that event would end the claim, but for the provisions of the act, which authorize the heirs to prove that he or they has or have performed: Does the heir in such case take' by inheritance from the applicant, or is he; by appointment in the act itself, a substituted beneficiary of the government to whom the title goes by direct grant ? It is admitted at once that the condition of the applicant prior to full performance is in nowise analogous to that of a preemptor' either before or after the preemptor has received his certificate of purchase. The applicant has a right to the land, of which the government cannot deprive him, but which will be lost if he fails to perform. And death before performance renders such failure certain, and ends the estate of the, applicant. In view, however, of the hardship of such a result, the law continues its offer to certain persons whom it is presumed the applicant himself might have selected. But they take, not by inheritance from the deceased, but as grantees from the government.”
The making and filing the required affidavit and paying the necessary fee entitle the entryman, under the timber [75]*75culture act, to the possession of the land, which he holds by performing the conditions which the law imposes, and proof of his compliance with its provisions, within the time and according to the manner prescribed, give him a right to the issuance of a patent. Section 3 of the act under consideration provides “That if at any time after the filing of said affidavit, and prior to the issuing of the patent for said land, the claimant shall fail to comply with any of the requirements of this act, then and in that event such land shall be subject to entry under the homestead laws, or by some other person under the provisions of this act.” The initiatory steps, taken to secure a title to public land, under the timber culture act, do not constitute a grant in prassenti of the premises selected, but are equivalent to impelling the United States constantly to offer to the entryman a patent for the land, if he will fully comply with all the conditions required. His possession of the land, and the planting and cultivation of trees thereon, do not create an equity in his favor, analogous to a contract for the purchase of real property, that is measured by the value of the consideration partly performed; but his right is equivalent to a license that protects the improvements he may make, and guarantees to him a legal title to the premises, as a donation, if he will comply with the requirements which congress has prescribed. If he fail in this respect, his rights under the timber culture act are extinguished. His death renders the performance of the conditions impossible, thereby forfeiting all his rights, and, as -his interest in the land terminates with his life, there is nothing upon which his devise .of the premises can operate, nor any estate therein which his heirs can inherit. A generous government, however, desiring to donate the land thus partly improved to those to whom it would by law descend if the claimant had died intestate and seised of the premises, has wisely enacted, by its rep[76]*76resentatives in Congress, that, if the entryman die before fully complying with all the requirements specified in the timber culture act, “his or her heirs or legal representatives” may make the required proof, whereupon “they shall receive a patent for such tract of land.” The phrase “legal representatives” in its ordinary acceptation means executors and administrators (Cox v. Curwen, 118 Mass. 198 ; Grand Gulf R. Co. v. Bryan, 8 Smedes & M. 234), though it may mean heirs, next of kin, or descendants: Warnecke v. Lembca, 71 Ill. 91 (12 Am. Rep. 85). To give to these words their ordinary meaning would seem to imply that upon the death of an entryman his executor or administrator, by making the necessary proof, should receive a patent for the land ; but as it is altogether improbable that Congress intended that the title should vest in' such representative, even in trust, the phrase so used in the act under consideration evidently means an heir, next of kin, or descendant. The'homestead act provides that, upon the death of an entryman before fully complying with the conditions imposed, the right to complete the performance and receive a patent goes to his widow, or, in case of her death, to his heirs or devisees : Nev. Stat. U. S. § 2291 (U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 1390). Congress having used the word “devisees” in that act, and omitted it from the one under consideration, evidently discloses a purpose to prefer the heirs designated by the laws of a state, to the exclusion of devisees in the timber culture act. This substitution, in our opinion, makes the legal heirs of an entryman who dies before fully performing the conditions of the timber culture act donees of the United States, who take by purchase, and not by descent: Cutting v. Cutting, (C. C.) 6 Fed. 259.
Our attention has been called to decisions made by the Department of the Interior that would seem to lead -to a different conclusion, but, as such decisions are not con-[77]*77elusive in the determination of questions of law, we think the better reason supports the opposite view, and therefore such decisions will not be followed.
The plaintiff’s counsel cite in support of their theory, the case of Church v. Adams, 37 Or. 355 (61 Pac. 639), in which it was held that a claimant under the timber culture act, who had made an entry in good faith, was not inhibited from contracting, before final proof, to sell his claim. The decision in that case is based on the theory that the language of the act does not prohibit the making of such an agreement. If he performed the conditions which the law prescribed, and secured a patent for the land selected, a court of equity might enforce specific performance of his contract; but, as his interest in the premises is extinguished by his death before full performance, the government, in effect, re-enters, but thereafter permits his heirs, if they sp desire, to initiate a new right independent of their ancestor, thus donating to them his improvements, and also commuting the time by deducting the period in which the entryman was lawfully in possession of the premises.. In our opinion, there is nothing in the case relied upon that in any manner contravenes the principle here announced. Believing, as we do, that Eaton had no devisable “interest” in the land, it. follows that the decree is reversed and the suit dismissed.
Reversed.