Mr Justice Thompson
delivered the opinion of the Court.
This case comes up on a writ of error to the-circuit court of the district of Columbia, and the questions for decision grow out cf bills of exception taken at the trial, and relate to the admission of evidence offered on the part of the plaintiff, and objected to by the defendant.
The first objection was to the admission of the depositions taken under a commission issued under a rule or order of the court below, on the ground of a variance in the name of
the testator Meade, as set out in the commission, from that stated-in the title of the cause. The commission purports to be in a cause between-Richard
M.
Meade plaintiff, and Richard R. Keene defendant, whereas the name of the plaintiff is Richard
W.
Meade. The whole variance therefore consists iff the use of
M
instead of
W,
the middle letter in the plaintiff’s name. This objection, we think, was properly overruled. It was a mere clerical mistake in making ont.the commission. - The rule or order of the court for the commission was in the right name, Richard W. Meade; and the oath taken by-the commissioners, and administered to the clerk and the witnesses, who were examined, and all the proceedings under t,he commission were in the cause according to its right title. It was a mistake of the officer of the court, which the court on motion might have corrected on the return of..the commission. It may be regarded as mere matter of form, and which has not in any manner misled the parties. And indeed it may well be questioned whether the defendant was at liberty to raise this objection. It'has been urged at the bar., that this was an ex parte commission, taken out by the plaintiff, and that the defendant has therefore -waived nothing. But the record now -before this court warrants no such Conclusión. The mode and manner of taking out the commission is governed. and regulated by the practice of the court below, and of which this court cannot judge. From the commission itself, and the interrogatories upon which the witnesses were examined, it would appear to have been a joint commission. The commissioners are required to examine all witnesses named or produced tó them, either by the
plaintiff ox
the
defendant.
And one of the interrogatories put. to the witnesses.was, do you know of any sum or sums of money paid by the •
defendant
to the plaintiff, in money, bills, or merchandizes, which are- not credited in the amount now before you.. It can hardly be presumed, that such .an interrogatory. would have been, put by the plaintiff. It was to elicit matter of defence, and which concerned the defendant only. The motion for.the commission havingbeen made by the plaintiff, would not preclude the defendant from after-
wards joining in it with the consent of the plaintiff. And if it js to be viewed as a joint commission, the alleged mistake may be considered as-made by both parties, and not to be taken advantage of by either; and besides, it may well be-questioned whether the middle letter'formed any part of the Christian name of Meade. It is said the law knows only of one Christian name. And there are adjudged cases strongly countenancing, if not fully establishing, that the entire omission of a middle letter is not a misnomer or variance (Lit. 3, a. 1 Lord Ray. 563. 5 Johns. 84. 4 Johns. 119, note a.); and if so, the middle letter is immaterial, and a wrong letter may be stricken out or disregarded.
The general objection to the testimony taken under the commission on account of the alleged variance having -been overruled, the plaintiff’s counsel read the deposition-of F. Rudolph, which, in that part whioh went to prove the first item of $250 in the plaintiff’s account, states that the defendant made the entry on the plaintiff’s rough cash book, himself;, writing his name at full length, at his request, not so much Tor the sake of the receipt, as in order for him to become acquainted with his signature, and the'Way of spelling his name. The witness fully proved the actual payment of the money. But the defendant objected to such parol proof, as written evidence of the payment existed and should be produced. - This objection we think not well founded. The entry of the. advance made by the defendant himself, under the circumstance's stated, cannot be considered better evidence, within the sense ¿nd meaning of the rule on that subject, than proof of the. actual payment. The entry in the cash book did not change the nature of the contract arising from the- loan, or operate as an extinguishment óf it, as a bond or other; sealed instrument would have done. - If the original .entry had been produced, the hand writing of the defendant must have been proved, a much more uncertain inquiry than the fact of actual payment. It cahnot be laid down as a universal rule, that where written evidence of a fact exists, all parol evidence of the same fact must be excluded. Suppose the defendant had written a letter to the plaintiff, acknowledging the receipt of the
money, it certainly could not be pretended that the production of this letter would be indispensable, and exclude all parol evidence of tLe advance. And yet it would be written evidence. ' The entry made by the defendant in the'cash book was riot intended, or understood to be a receipt for the money, but made for’a different purpose; and even if a promissory note had been given as written evidénce of the loan, the action might have been brought for money-lent, and this proved by parol. The note must have been produced on- the trial; not however as the only competent evidence of the loan, but to be cancelled, so as to prevent its being put into circulation; a reason which does not in any manner apply to the present case. This objectioh -has been argued at the bar, as if the court permitted the plaintiff to, withdraw or expunge that part of the deposition which related'to the written acknowledgement, in order to let in the parol evidence. Bat this view of it is not warranted by the bill of exceptions. This was offered to- be done by the plaintiff’s counsel, but no such permission was given by the court. The parol evidence was deemed admissible, notwithstanding the written entry of the advance. The'parol evidence did not in any manner vary or contradict the written entry, and no objection could be made to it on that ground. Nor does the nom-production of the written entry afford any inference, that, if produced, it would have operated to the'prejudice of the plaintiff. Nor can it in any manner injure the defendant.. The production of the written entry in evidence would not protect the defendant from another action for the same cause, as seemed to be supposed on the argument. The charge would not be cancelled ori the book, but remains the same as before trial; and the defendant’s protection against another action depends on entirely different grounds.
By the second bill of exceptions, several objections appear to have been taken to the reading of the depositions. These relate principally to the proceedings before the commissioners.
1.
It is objected, that the commissioners have not certified in whose hand writing the depositions wer,e taken down.
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Mr Justice Thompson
delivered the opinion of the Court.
This case comes up on a writ of error to the-circuit court of the district of Columbia, and the questions for decision grow out cf bills of exception taken at the trial, and relate to the admission of evidence offered on the part of the plaintiff, and objected to by the defendant.
The first objection was to the admission of the depositions taken under a commission issued under a rule or order of the court below, on the ground of a variance in the name of
the testator Meade, as set out in the commission, from that stated-in the title of the cause. The commission purports to be in a cause between-Richard
M.
Meade plaintiff, and Richard R. Keene defendant, whereas the name of the plaintiff is Richard
W.
Meade. The whole variance therefore consists iff the use of
M
instead of
W,
the middle letter in the plaintiff’s name. This objection, we think, was properly overruled. It was a mere clerical mistake in making ont.the commission. - The rule or order of the court for the commission was in the right name, Richard W. Meade; and the oath taken by-the commissioners, and administered to the clerk and the witnesses, who were examined, and all the proceedings under t,he commission were in the cause according to its right title. It was a mistake of the officer of the court, which the court on motion might have corrected on the return of..the commission. It may be regarded as mere matter of form, and which has not in any manner misled the parties. And indeed it may well be questioned whether the defendant was at liberty to raise this objection. It'has been urged at the bar., that this was an ex parte commission, taken out by the plaintiff, and that the defendant has therefore -waived nothing. But the record now -before this court warrants no such Conclusión. The mode and manner of taking out the commission is governed. and regulated by the practice of the court below, and of which this court cannot judge. From the commission itself, and the interrogatories upon which the witnesses were examined, it would appear to have been a joint commission. The commissioners are required to examine all witnesses named or produced tó them, either by the
plaintiff ox
the
defendant.
And one of the interrogatories put. to the witnesses.was, do you know of any sum or sums of money paid by the •
defendant
to the plaintiff, in money, bills, or merchandizes, which are- not credited in the amount now before you.. It can hardly be presumed, that such .an interrogatory. would have been, put by the plaintiff. It was to elicit matter of defence, and which concerned the defendant only. The motion for.the commission havingbeen made by the plaintiff, would not preclude the defendant from after-
wards joining in it with the consent of the plaintiff. And if it js to be viewed as a joint commission, the alleged mistake may be considered as-made by both parties, and not to be taken advantage of by either; and besides, it may well be-questioned whether the middle letter'formed any part of the Christian name of Meade. It is said the law knows only of one Christian name. And there are adjudged cases strongly countenancing, if not fully establishing, that the entire omission of a middle letter is not a misnomer or variance (Lit. 3, a. 1 Lord Ray. 563. 5 Johns. 84. 4 Johns. 119, note a.); and if so, the middle letter is immaterial, and a wrong letter may be stricken out or disregarded.
The general objection to the testimony taken under the commission on account of the alleged variance having -been overruled, the plaintiff’s counsel read the deposition-of F. Rudolph, which, in that part whioh went to prove the first item of $250 in the plaintiff’s account, states that the defendant made the entry on the plaintiff’s rough cash book, himself;, writing his name at full length, at his request, not so much Tor the sake of the receipt, as in order for him to become acquainted with his signature, and the'Way of spelling his name. The witness fully proved the actual payment of the money. But the defendant objected to such parol proof, as written evidence of the payment existed and should be produced. - This objection we think not well founded. The entry of the. advance made by the defendant himself, under the circumstance's stated, cannot be considered better evidence, within the sense ¿nd meaning of the rule on that subject, than proof of the. actual payment. The entry in the cash book did not change the nature of the contract arising from the- loan, or operate as an extinguishment óf it, as a bond or other; sealed instrument would have done. - If the original .entry had been produced, the hand writing of the defendant must have been proved, a much more uncertain inquiry than the fact of actual payment. It cahnot be laid down as a universal rule, that where written evidence of a fact exists, all parol evidence of the same fact must be excluded. Suppose the defendant had written a letter to the plaintiff, acknowledging the receipt of the
money, it certainly could not be pretended that the production of this letter would be indispensable, and exclude all parol evidence of tLe advance. And yet it would be written evidence. ' The entry made by the defendant in the'cash book was riot intended, or understood to be a receipt for the money, but made for’a different purpose; and even if a promissory note had been given as written evidénce of the loan, the action might have been brought for money-lent, and this proved by parol. The note must have been produced on- the trial; not however as the only competent evidence of the loan, but to be cancelled, so as to prevent its being put into circulation; a reason which does not in any manner apply to the present case. This objectioh -has been argued at the bar, as if the court permitted the plaintiff to, withdraw or expunge that part of the deposition which related'to the written acknowledgement, in order to let in the parol evidence. Bat this view of it is not warranted by the bill of exceptions. This was offered to- be done by the plaintiff’s counsel, but no such permission was given by the court. The parol evidence was deemed admissible, notwithstanding the written entry of the advance. The'parol evidence did not in any manner vary or contradict the written entry, and no objection could be made to it on that ground. Nor does the nom-production of the written entry afford any inference, that, if produced, it would have operated to the'prejudice of the plaintiff. Nor can it in any manner injure the defendant.. The production of the written entry in evidence would not protect the defendant from another action for the same cause, as seemed to be supposed on the argument. The charge would not be cancelled ori the book, but remains the same as before trial; and the defendant’s protection against another action depends on entirely different grounds.
By the second bill of exceptions, several objections appear to have been taken to the reading of the depositions. These relate principally to the proceedings before the commissioners.
1.
It is objected, that the commissioners have not certified in whose hand writing the depositions wer,e taken down.
We.ere not aware of any practice in the execution, and return of a commission, requiring such a certificate.. And all that the commission requires is, that the commissioners, having reduced the-depositions taken by them to writing, should send the same, with the commission, under their hands and seals, to the judges of the circuit court. But it is immaterial in whose hand, writing the depositions are;. and it cannot be required that they should certify any immaterial fact.
2.
The second exception is, that the commissioners have nqt certified that they had appointed a clerk, and adminis? tered to him the oath required by the commission.
This exception does not appear to be sustained in point of fact.
Thg commission directs, the commissioners to administer the annexed oath to the person whom they shall appoint as clerk. And they certify that they had administered the oath annexed to the commission to James M’Carnn. the clerk they were going to employ for the execution of the same. . This certificate admits of no other reasonable interpretation, than that the person named was ihe. one appointed by them as clerk, and. it states in terms,' that the prescribed oath. was administered to him. The inference from the certificate is irresistible that the. person employed as the clerk was the one to whom the oath was administered. And this is all the commission required. If employed as clerk, it follows of course that he must have been appointed as-such. If objections like this are to. set aside testimony taken under a commission, but very few'returns will stand the test.
3.
The third exception is that thé witnesses were not required to testify all their knowledge and remembrance of any thing that related to the said cause.
The commission does not prescribe the form of oath, but directs generally, that the witnesses produced should be examined upon their corporal oaths, to be administered by the commissioners) touching their knowledge, or remembrance of any thing that may relate to the cause aforesaid.
The commissioners do not certify what oath was adminis
tered to the witnesses. But by way of caption to the interrogatories, state, that in compliance with our duty, we shall examine the witnesses, upon the following interrogatories, which we deem necessary first to establish. This form of expression may not be very accurate or intelligible. It may probably arise from what is required of the commissioners by their own oath, which is to examine the witnesses upon the interrogatories
now,
or which may hereafter, before the said commission is closed, be produced to,.and left with the commissioners, by either of the said parties. The interrogatories which followed this caption, were probably those which the commissioners had. before them when the examination commenced ; and if so, it was proper for them first to examine the witnesses upon those interrogatories, leaving the examination open to such other interrogatories as might be submitted to them before the commission closed.; But whatever might be the reason for this particular form of expression, it is not perceived that it warrants any conclusion, that a proper oath was not administered to the witnesses. It cannot be presumed that these interrogatories were framed by the commissioners. It would be against the usual course of taking testimony on a commission; and, in the absence of any evidence to the contrary, we must assume that these .interrogatories Were framed by the parties in the ordinary course of such proceedings. And if this was a joint commission, as there is reasonable grounds to conclude it was, the interrogatories put to the witnesses did require them to testify as to all their knowledge of any thing that ¡related to the cause, or at all events to whatever the parties supposed related to it. And the. commissioners expressly certify in their return, that the witnesses produced and examined were sworn. The form of the oath administered to the witnesses is not set out in the return, nor is it necessary that it should be; and there is nothing from which the court can infer that the proper oath was hot administered.
There is therefore no well-founded objection taken to the execution of this commission, and the depositions were pro
perly admitted in evidence. .The judgment of the court below is accordingly affirmed.
This cause came on to be heard on the transcript of the record from the circuit court of the United States, for the district of Columbia, holden in and for the county of Washington, and was argued by counsel: on consideration whereof, it is considered, ordered, and adjudged by this court, that the judgment of the said circuit court in this cáuse bé, and the same is hereby affirmed, with costs and damages, at the rate of six per centum per annum.