Kaster, David v. Smith, Judy
Opinion
NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION To be cited only in accordance with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit Chicago, Illinois 60604
Argued April 17, 2008 Decided September 3, 2008
Before
KENNETH F. RIPPLE, Circuit Judge
DANIEL A. MANION, Circuit Judge
JOHN DANIEL TINDER, Circuit Judge
No. 07‐3275
DAVID KASTER, Appeal from the United States District Petitioner‐Appellant, Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin
v.
No. 06 C 944
JUDY P. SMITH, Warden, Respondent‐Appellee. Rudolph T. Randa, Chief Judge
O R D E R
In 2001, David Kaster, a former high‐school swim coach, was convicted in Wisconsin state court of two counts of sexual assault by a school staff member, one count of fourth‐degree sexual assault, and one count of disorderly conduct. Kaster appealed one of his convictions for sexual assault by a school staff member, arguing that he was not a “member of the school staff” as defined in Wis. Stat. § 948.095 at the time he committed the assault because he was no longer under contract. After exhausting his state court remedies, Kaster filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. The district court denied habeas relief, and we affirm.
I.
David Kaster was the head coach of the boys’ and girls’ swim teams at Ashwaubenon High School (the “School”) in Green Bay, Wisconsin. Kaster had been involved with the swim teams at the School since 1983. He began as an assistant coach and eventually became the head coach of the varsity swim teams, a position he held through the 1998‐1999 school year. In 2001, Kaster was charged and convicted of several sexual offenses involving four girls whom he had coached at the School. Most relevant to this appeal is Kaster’s conviction on count one of the criminal complaint for sexual assault of a student by a school staff member, in violation of Wis. Stat. § 948.095.1 Section 948.095 of the Wisconsin Statutes makes sexual contact between a student and a “member of the school staff” illegal. The statute defines “school staff” as “any person who provides services to a school or a school board, including an employee of a school or a school board and a person who provides services to a school or a school board under a contract.” Wis. Stat. § 948.095(1)(b).
In count one, the criminal complaint alleged that Kaster fondled the breasts of L.J.B.—a 16‐year‐old girl who was on the swim team Kaster coached—at his home on March 14, 1999. At trial, Kaster laid out his theory of defense to that count. According to Kaster, § 948.095 did not apply to his fondling of L.J.B. because he was not a “member of the school staff” on March 14, 1999. Kaster, who was not a teacher at the School, had a contract with the School to provide services as the swim coach for the 1998‐1999 school year. But Kaster argued, and presented evidence consistent with his argument, that he was no longer under a contractual obligation to provide services to the School as of March 14 because the high school swimming season had ended in mid‐
1 Kaster is not contesting the many encounters he had with other members of his swim team that led to his other convictions, including sexual contact on several occasions with S.I.F. during her junior year. The acts Kaster committed against S.I.F. occurred at the School, Kaster’s house, and the hotels where they stayed together while attending swim clinics.
No. 07‐3275 Page 3
February. In response to Kaster’s theory of defense, the state presented evidence that Kaster’s contract was for the entire school year and had not expired after the end of the swimming season. It also presented evidence that Kaster continued to provide services to the School as the swim coach even after the season had ended. According to the School’s athletic director, Kaster engaged in post‐season activities such as fundraising and budget planning, as well as conducting “open swims” at the School’s pool.
At the close of evidence, Kaster argued that he could be found guilty under Wis.
Stat. § 948.095 only if he was “under contract” on March 14, 1999. Consistent with that argument, Kaster proposed an instruction stating that the phrase “provides services” in § 948.095 did not include a person providing services on a volunteer basis. The trial court rejected Kaster’s argument and proposed instruction. It chose to give the standard instruction on the definition of “school staff,” the text of which mirrors the statutory definition of “school staff” found in § 948.095(1)(b).2 The court also gave instructions on the elements of a § 948.095 offense. The language of those instructions mirrored the statutory text of § 948.095 as well.
After the jury convicted him on count one (as well as the other offenses mentioned above), Kaster appealed his conviction on that count and pressed his interpretation of § 948.095 on appeal to the Wisconsin Court of Appeals. That court, like the trial court, rejected Kaster’s attempt to limit the phrase “school staff” in § 948.095 to only those who were “under contract” at the time of the commission of the sexual assault and held that the trial court did not err by using the standard jury instruction defining “school staff,” which, again, simply matched the statutory language. It then reviewed the evidence at trial and stated: “[T]he evidence at trial was sufficient to allow the jury to conclude that Kaster was providing services to the school or school board when he committed the March 14 assault.” State v. Kaster, 663 N.W.2d 390, 395 (Wis. Ct. App. 2003) (“Kaster I”).
Kaster next filed for state collateral relief. He argued that the language from the court of appeals’ decision quoted above created a new element for a § 948.095 offense that required a defendant to be providing services to the school at the exact moment of
2 The instruction stated: “‘School staff’ means any person who provides services to a school or school board, including an employee of a school or school board and a person who provides services to a school or a school board under a contract.”
No. 07‐3275 Page 4
the alleged sexual offense. Because he was not aware of this “new element” at the time of his trial, Kaster argued that he was denied the right to present a defense and the right to a jury verdict on all the necessary elements of the charged offense. In a written opinion, the Wisconsin Court of Appeals rejected that argument. According to the court, the language from its prior opinion “did not create an additional element but instead provided a description of Kaster’s relationship with the school for the purpose of analyzing whether Kaster was school staff.” State v. Kaster, 714 N.W.2d 238, 240 (Wis. Ct. App. 2006) (“Kaster II”). Kaster raised the same issues in his petition for review to the Wisconsin Supreme Court, but that court denied review.
After exhausting his state court remedies, Kaster filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in the district court where he renewed his argument that he was denied the right to present a defense and the right to a jury verdict on all the necessary offense elements by the state court of appeals’ interpretation of § 948.095 in Kaster I. The district court denied Kaster’s petition for a writ of habeas corpus, and Kaster appealed. We granted Kaster’s request for a certificate of appealability and directed the parties to address whether the Wisconsin Court of Appeals’ interpretation of § 948.095 created a new offense element and therefore denied Kaster his right to present a defense to that element and his right to be found guilty by a jury on all the elements of the charged offense.3
II.
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