SOMERVILLE, J.—
(after stating the facts as above). This bill is filed by the sole heir at law of the testator to contest and annul the will of the latter, in accordance with the provisions of section 6207 of the Code.
The sufficiency of the pleas in abatement, as filed by the executors of the will must be tested primarily by a consideration of the object and scope of the pending-suit for testamentary construction, and the nature of the remedy given by statute for the contest of wills in chancery.
A plea in abatement because of another suit pending bears a strong analogy to a plea, of res judicata, and a fair test of its sufficiency is whether a final judgment or decree in the prior suit would, be conclusive between the parties and operate as a bar to the second.—Foster v. Napier, 73 Ala. 595, 604. And to be sufficient to abate the second action entirely, a final judgment or decree when rendered in the first, must be good as a bar to the entire second action.—Howell v. Howell, 171 Ala. 502, 54 South. 601.
In this state the. jurisdiction of chancery courts to entertain bills for the construction of wills does not, as in most states, depend upon the theory of the equitable control and administration of trusts, and a suit for testamentary construction need not exhibit any necessity, nor any prayer, for any other equitable relief. Whenever the provisions of a will are of doubtful construction or of disputable solution, as to which rational [273]*273minds may well differ, the jurisdiction arises.—Cowles v. Polard, 51 Ala. 445; Carroll v. Richardson, 87 Ala. 605, 6 South. 342. It is not necessary that a dispute shall have actually arisen; it is enough that it may arise, or that mistakes may occur, by reason of doubtful terms.
The bill filed by the. executors in this case sufficiently shows a necessity for the, construction of this will as a guide to its due and proper execution by its trustees, in behalf of its several beneficiaries.
Since chancery courts have no jurisdiction in this state for the probate or establishment of wills, a bill for testamentary construction must obviously exhibit a will which has been duly probated in a court of probate. Such an allegation is jurisdictional, and the fact of probate is essential to its exercise.
The executors’ bill in this case alleges that the decedent was a resident of Alabama, that the will in question was duly executed by him in accordance with the laws of Alabama, and that it was duly admitted to probate in the probate court 'of Calhoun county. The the.ory of the. abatement pleas is that these allegations necessarily put in issue not only the fact of due and formal execution, but also the facts of testamentary capacity and undue influence, as affecting the validity of the will; that a decree granting the relief prayed for would necessarily be decisive of these questions ; that Robert Kaplan, the contesting heir, being properly a party defendant to the proceeding, would be adversely concluded by such decree; and that he can avoid such a result only by filing his cross-bill and thereby contesting the validity of the will in that proceeding, failing which he cannot afterwards avail himself of the right of independent contest by original bill.
[274]*274If these contentions were sound, it is clear that these abatement pleas would be sufficient and effectual. “The principle upon which such a plea is allowed and sustained is that the later action is deemed unnecesary and vexatious. And, clearly, in order to hold 'the subsequent suit to be unnecessary, it is an essential prerequisite that the judgment of the former or prior action should be conclusive between the parties and operate as a bar to the second.”—Williams v. Gaston, 148 Ala. 214, 42 South. 552. And it ordinarily makes no difference that the initiative of the- parties is reversed in the two proceedings.—Troy Fertilizer Co. v. Prestwood, 116 Ala. 119, 22 South. 262.
But we are unable to agree with the contentions of appellees in this regard. The probate of a will is a judgment in rem. It is binding upon the whole world so long as it stands, and is not subject to collateral attack.—Goodman v. Winter, 64 Ala. 410, 426, 38 Am. Rep. 13; Matthews v. McDade, 72 Ala. 377, 386; McCann v. Ellis, 172 Ala. 60, 55 South. 303. Its validity and effect can be contested and vacated only by a seasonable appeal, or by a bill filed under the statue. Id. It deter-, mines the status of the res; that is, whether there is a will or not, and not the rights of the parties under the will.—McCann v. Ellis, supra. A suit for the construction of a will is in effect a suit to determine the rights of the parties under the will, and proceeds upon the necessary assumption that there is a valid will. In such a suit the court cannot look behind the fact of probate, and is conclusively bound by that fact. Averments that the will was duly executed, or that there was testamentary capacity or the absence of undue influence, are foreign to the purposes and requirements of the proceeding, and raise no issues that the court can consider, or that can be expressed in its decree. The issue ten[275]*275derecl is merely whether there is a valid record judgment of probate, and that issue would be met and defined by a plea of nul tiel record. Indeed, even if the potential contestant should by answer deny that the will was duly executed, and expressly affirmed that the testator was without capacity to make it, or was unduly influenced thereto, even this would raise no issue which the court would be called upon or authorized to determine.
It follows that a final decree construing the will and instructing its executors as to the operation of its terms, and the execution of its trusts, while it would ascertain and conclusively determine the existence of a probated will, would do no more than that. It would not strengthen the judgment of probate, but would leave it as it was, its status unchanged, and its binding force upon the heir neither augmented nor diminished.
Nor is the plea strengthened by its showing that a decree pro confesso has been taken and still stands agaizzst appellazzt izi the executors’ suit; for a default, as a res judicata, cozifesses only the cause of action and such facts as are relevant and necessary to support it.—McCalley v. Robinson, 70 Ala. 432; Ford v. Ford, 68 Ala. 141; Crowder v. Red Mt. Mining Co., 127 Ala. 254, 29 South. 847. Certainly it neither cozifesses nor determines any issues that would not and could not he determined by the final decree.
It is insisted, however, that it is open to appellant to defeat, the suit for construction by filing his cross-bill against the other parties thereto, and that he is bound to do so.
Section 6207 of the Code provides that “any person interested in any will who has not contested the same under the provisions of this article, may at any time [276]*276within twelve months after the admission of such will to probate in this state contest the validity of the same by bill in chancery. * * *” The origin, history, and purpose of this statute are fully discussed in the case of Knox v. Paull, 95 Ala. 505, 11 South. 156.
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SOMERVILLE, J.—
(after stating the facts as above). This bill is filed by the sole heir at law of the testator to contest and annul the will of the latter, in accordance with the provisions of section 6207 of the Code.
The sufficiency of the pleas in abatement, as filed by the executors of the will must be tested primarily by a consideration of the object and scope of the pending-suit for testamentary construction, and the nature of the remedy given by statute for the contest of wills in chancery.
A plea in abatement because of another suit pending bears a strong analogy to a plea, of res judicata, and a fair test of its sufficiency is whether a final judgment or decree in the prior suit would, be conclusive between the parties and operate as a bar to the second.—Foster v. Napier, 73 Ala. 595, 604. And to be sufficient to abate the second action entirely, a final judgment or decree when rendered in the first, must be good as a bar to the entire second action.—Howell v. Howell, 171 Ala. 502, 54 South. 601.
In this state the. jurisdiction of chancery courts to entertain bills for the construction of wills does not, as in most states, depend upon the theory of the equitable control and administration of trusts, and a suit for testamentary construction need not exhibit any necessity, nor any prayer, for any other equitable relief. Whenever the provisions of a will are of doubtful construction or of disputable solution, as to which rational [273]*273minds may well differ, the jurisdiction arises.—Cowles v. Polard, 51 Ala. 445; Carroll v. Richardson, 87 Ala. 605, 6 South. 342. It is not necessary that a dispute shall have actually arisen; it is enough that it may arise, or that mistakes may occur, by reason of doubtful terms.
The bill filed by the. executors in this case sufficiently shows a necessity for the, construction of this will as a guide to its due and proper execution by its trustees, in behalf of its several beneficiaries.
Since chancery courts have no jurisdiction in this state for the probate or establishment of wills, a bill for testamentary construction must obviously exhibit a will which has been duly probated in a court of probate. Such an allegation is jurisdictional, and the fact of probate is essential to its exercise.
The executors’ bill in this case alleges that the decedent was a resident of Alabama, that the will in question was duly executed by him in accordance with the laws of Alabama, and that it was duly admitted to probate in the probate court 'of Calhoun county. The the.ory of the. abatement pleas is that these allegations necessarily put in issue not only the fact of due and formal execution, but also the facts of testamentary capacity and undue influence, as affecting the validity of the will; that a decree granting the relief prayed for would necessarily be decisive of these questions ; that Robert Kaplan, the contesting heir, being properly a party defendant to the proceeding, would be adversely concluded by such decree; and that he can avoid such a result only by filing his cross-bill and thereby contesting the validity of the will in that proceeding, failing which he cannot afterwards avail himself of the right of independent contest by original bill.
[274]*274If these contentions were sound, it is clear that these abatement pleas would be sufficient and effectual. “The principle upon which such a plea is allowed and sustained is that the later action is deemed unnecesary and vexatious. And, clearly, in order to hold 'the subsequent suit to be unnecessary, it is an essential prerequisite that the judgment of the former or prior action should be conclusive between the parties and operate as a bar to the second.”—Williams v. Gaston, 148 Ala. 214, 42 South. 552. And it ordinarily makes no difference that the initiative of the- parties is reversed in the two proceedings.—Troy Fertilizer Co. v. Prestwood, 116 Ala. 119, 22 South. 262.
But we are unable to agree with the contentions of appellees in this regard. The probate of a will is a judgment in rem. It is binding upon the whole world so long as it stands, and is not subject to collateral attack.—Goodman v. Winter, 64 Ala. 410, 426, 38 Am. Rep. 13; Matthews v. McDade, 72 Ala. 377, 386; McCann v. Ellis, 172 Ala. 60, 55 South. 303. Its validity and effect can be contested and vacated only by a seasonable appeal, or by a bill filed under the statue. Id. It deter-, mines the status of the res; that is, whether there is a will or not, and not the rights of the parties under the will.—McCann v. Ellis, supra. A suit for the construction of a will is in effect a suit to determine the rights of the parties under the will, and proceeds upon the necessary assumption that there is a valid will. In such a suit the court cannot look behind the fact of probate, and is conclusively bound by that fact. Averments that the will was duly executed, or that there was testamentary capacity or the absence of undue influence, are foreign to the purposes and requirements of the proceeding, and raise no issues that the court can consider, or that can be expressed in its decree. The issue ten[275]*275derecl is merely whether there is a valid record judgment of probate, and that issue would be met and defined by a plea of nul tiel record. Indeed, even if the potential contestant should by answer deny that the will was duly executed, and expressly affirmed that the testator was without capacity to make it, or was unduly influenced thereto, even this would raise no issue which the court would be called upon or authorized to determine.
It follows that a final decree construing the will and instructing its executors as to the operation of its terms, and the execution of its trusts, while it would ascertain and conclusively determine the existence of a probated will, would do no more than that. It would not strengthen the judgment of probate, but would leave it as it was, its status unchanged, and its binding force upon the heir neither augmented nor diminished.
Nor is the plea strengthened by its showing that a decree pro confesso has been taken and still stands agaizzst appellazzt izi the executors’ suit; for a default, as a res judicata, cozifesses only the cause of action and such facts as are relevant and necessary to support it.—McCalley v. Robinson, 70 Ala. 432; Ford v. Ford, 68 Ala. 141; Crowder v. Red Mt. Mining Co., 127 Ala. 254, 29 South. 847. Certainly it neither cozifesses nor determines any issues that would not and could not he determined by the final decree.
It is insisted, however, that it is open to appellant to defeat, the suit for construction by filing his cross-bill against the other parties thereto, and that he is bound to do so.
Section 6207 of the Code provides that “any person interested in any will who has not contested the same under the provisions of this article, may at any time [276]*276within twelve months after the admission of such will to probate in this state contest the validity of the same by bill in chancery. * * *” The origin, history, and purpose of this statute are fully discussed in the case of Knox v. Paull, 95 Ala. 505, 11 South. 156. It was there said, per Walker, J.: “Good reasons may be suggested for affording this additional opportunity to contest the validity of a will which has been regularly admitted to probate after due notice to all parties in interest. The application to prove the will usually follows close upon the death of the testator. The application comes on for hearing as soon as the short prescribed terms of notice, have expired. It must frequently happen that persons interested in the proceeding are wholly unable, while it is pending, to inform themselves as to the instrument offered for probate, or of the circumstances attending its execution. Pacts affecting its validity may be developed after-wards, and the failure to discover them, or to obtain the evidence to prove them, may have been without the fault or any lack of diligence on the part of those interested in making a contest. In view of these contingencies, there is manifest propriety and justice in allowing a reasonable time after a formal and regular probate, for a contest of the validity of the will bjr one who did not make a contest in the probate court, We have no doubt that, this was the intention of the statute.”
The statute is not merely one of limitation, but: creates a new, substantive, and independent right, which may be exercised within the time prescribed. Doubtless the former period of five years was found to Avork inconvenience and hardship to those interested in the validity of the will, and was for this reason shortened to 12 months. In accordance Avith the vieAvs above [277]*277quoted, we tliinli the statute is not primarily a limitation, hut rather an extension; and that its purpose is to allow to contestants coming within its terms the full period of 12 months after probate for the initiation of a contest.
It may he that the operation of this principle would be suspended in favor of one who has under the will a right of property adverse to the rights of the would-be contestant, and who, being in possession, is invested by law with an independent right of action for the purpose, of quieting his title against all adverse claimants. ¡áucli was the decision in Faught v. Faught, 98 Ind. 470, where the executor had previously tiled a bill to construe the will and to quiet title, as authorized by the statute. The reasoning in that case seems sound oh this proposition. It is, however, not necessary to decide it here, for no such case is presented.
The contest of a will in chancery is in the nature of a proceeding in rem. If successful, the decree is conclusive that there is no will either in whole, or in part as the contest may be framed and the proof may show.—McCann v. Ellis, 172 Ala. 60, 55 South. 303; Lyons v. Campbell, 88 Ala. 462, 7 South. 250.
If it he conceded that appellant might have tiled a cross-bill to-the executors’ suit, contesting the validity of the will, as being a matter growing out of or connected with the original suit, it by no means follows that he was or is bound to do so. As we have already declared, that suit does not. involve the issue of the validity of the will, and it is the settled rule that an independent cross-claim or right, not directly involved in the issues to be determined by the original suit, need not be there asserted, but its assertion and enforcement may be postponed for independent subsequent action.—Rapier v. Gulf City Paper Co., 64 Ala. 330; Osborn [278]*278v. Cloud, 23 Iowa, 104, 92 Am. Dec. 413; Washburn, etc., Co. v. Scutt (C. C.) 22 Fed. 710; Story’s Eq. Pl. § 737; 1 Dan. Ch. Pr. 657.
We think it clear that the executor of á will has no right, under the guise of a suit for its construction, to bring into court any one having an independent right to contest it, and thus anticipate and precipitate such contest against the latter’s will, and in advance of the time to which he is authorized by the statute to postpone such action. To hold otherwise would in effect create a new jurisdiction in chancery courts for the establishment of wills, and at the same time emasculate that provision of the statute which authorizes a contest within 12 months after the probate of the will; for it is to be observed that the probate may be effected after 10 days’ notice to residents and three weeks’ notice by publication to nonresidents, and the personal representative might then immediately file a bill for construction and establishment of the will.
In any view of appellees’ case, we do not see how it can be plausibly argued that the contest grounds of testamentary incapacity and undue infhrence are involved in or denied by the allegation of the executors’ bill that the will was duly executed by the testator; for due execution according to law is a distinct issue in itself, and must be distinctly denied if relied upon as a ground of contest. Moreover, due execution of the will is perfectly consistent with the lack of testamentary capacity, or the operation of undire influence. And, if appellant’s bill for contestation sets up — as it does— these two grounds of contest, it is certain that liis suit cannot be abated by the pendency of another suit to which he is an involuntary party, which involves only another and different ground of testamentary invalidity, and which could be conclusive only of that one issue [279]*279if it went to final judgment. A contestant’s case cannot be split, and lie’must be barred as to all of bis case or lie is barred of nothing.
We have given due consideration to the authorities which are cited and discussed in the brief of counsel for appellees. Only one or two of them support their proposition, notably the case of Faught v. Faught, 98 Ind. 470. The opinion, by Elliott, J., is both able and instructive; but, in so far as his conclusion rests upon the abating sufficiency of a prior suit to merely construe the will, it proceeds upon a conception of law and a theory of pleading which ive cannot approve.
We think the pleas in abatement were insufficient, and should not have been sustained. The decree of the chancery court will be reversed, and a decree will be here rendered in accordance with this conclusion.
Reversed and rendered.
Anderson, Mayfield, and Sayre, JJ., concur.