CONNER, C. J.
Appellee, Meakin, instituted this suit against the appellant railway company for . damages resulting from the loss of an eye. He alleged that while in the employ of the company at Sweetwater on July 22, 1907, and while engaged in the performance of his duty in attempting to bend [1058] a “cellar bolt” over an anvil, a “sliver” from tbe anvil flew off and struck bim in tbe eye, resulting in its subsequent loss. It was alleged that tbe anvil was of an inferior quality of steel, improperly tempered and too brittle, wbicb caused 'pieces of steel to fly therefrom when tbe anvil was being hammered upon, and that tbe company was negligent in providing and maintaining such an anvil.
Tbe defendant answered by general denial, and particularly that tbe injury complained of was caused by tbe plaintiff’s negligence in attempting to bend a cold piece of iron upon tbe anvil, in striking it in an improper manner, and in failing to place tbe bolt at tbe proper place on tbe anvil to bend tbe same. Tbe company further specially pleaded that any cause of action which the plaintiff may have ever bad was fully settled and compromised by a written contract of settlement entered into by tbe parties on tbe 31st day of October, 1907, for a valuable consideration paid; the contract wbicb was in writing being fully set out in tbe defendant’s answer. To tbe latter special plea tbe plaintiff in the suit replied that at tbe time be signed the contract of release set up be was a minor, and did not know its nature, and that within reasonable time after discovering its character it was by him repudiated. Upon tbe issues above indicated a trial at tbe March term, 1911, resulted in a verdict and judgment in tbe plaintiff’s favor for tbe sum of $7,500, from wbicb an appeal has been duly prosecuted.
[1, 2] Tbe exceptions to that part of appellee’s supplemental petition alleging that be bad been induced to sign tbe release relied upon by having tbe paper denominated to bim as one wbicb he should sign in order to obtain tbe payment of certain expenses and wages wbicb be believed to be due and that said paper had not been read by Mm were properly overruled. True, these allegations may not show fraud of such character as to authorize a disregard of the release on that ground, but tbe court did not submit tbe issue of fraud, and we think tbe circumstances alleged were proper for tbe consideration of tbe jury in determining whether or not appellee bad disaffirmed tbe contract within a reasonable time after attaining bis majority, wbicb was tbe only issue submitted to the jury relating to tbe release. Nor can we say, as urged in tbe first assignment, that tbe evidence on this issue is conclusive in appellant’s favor. We think it such on tbe whole as required its submission. As complained in appellant’s third assignment, tbe allegations in appellee’s supplemental petition that at the time of the signing of the release be “did not know of the general custom that tbe defendant bad of requiring its employes when injured to sign away all of their rights if it could possibly do so” are foreign to any issue in tbe case, and show no legal reason for avoiding tbe particular contract of release pleaded. Tbe exceptions thereto should, therefore, have been sustained.
[3] While appellee was testifying as a witness in bis own behalf and was being examined in chief by bis counsel, be testified, among other things, that one Bill Phillips was a blacksmith who went to work for the defendant company after plaintiff came back from the hospital, and that said Phillips was still working for tbe defendant. ■ He was then asked by bis counsel tbe following question: “Now what did Mr. Phillips do with reference to that anvil after be went to work and with reference to tempering it?” To which appellee answered: “Helaid drawbars on the anvil to take some of the temper out of it. It was too hard. Draw-bars connect the engine with the tender, and be would leave tbe heated red-hot bars on the anvil, and left them laying there.” Objection was made in behalf of appellant that tbe question “was immaterial, irrelevant, and prejudicial; that what Bill Phillips may have done to the anvil after the man was injured was immaterial, and could not shed any light on the transaction at the .time; that it was a 'subsequent transaction, and could not have been an admission by tbe defendant at all; that the issue was what was the condition of the anvil at tbe time and what happened prior to tbe time; that subsequent acts would be highly prejudicial.” Tbe objections were overruled by tbe court and tbe bill of exception qualified by the statement of tbe trial judge that “this evidence was admitted to show that tbe defect in tbe anvil could have been remedied and also in rebuttal of Adair’s testimony.” We hardly think tbe court’s explanation meets tbe difficulty, and a majority of us, at least, think this ruling is erroneous. Adair subsequently testified that at tbe time of the trial he was master mechanic for the appellant railway, although not such at the time of the injury; that the anvil under consideration was a “Peter Wright,” a standard make; that anvils used in tbe machine shops are necessarily faced with steel very hard in order to make them durable and 'stand up to the work; that he had examined the anvil in question, and it was not more susceptible to breakage than other anvils that stand that kind of using; that under certain conditions all anvils of the kind will “flake off” if struck on or near a corner. But neither Adair nor any other witness testified that the anvil could not have been remedied, if indeed it was too hard and brittle, as alleged. Nor did tbe witness Phillips or any other witness testify relative to the size of the bars that had been left upon tbe anvil, the length of time they had been left lying there, or tbe effect in fact of tbe treatment stated in appellee’s answer above quoted. A very natural inference, however, on the part of the jury, was that Phillips thought the anvil too hard, and by his acts [1059] so declared, and that the defect had been remedied in the manner in which it was attempted to be remedied; no other complaint thereafter appearing. That snch evidence is inadmissible in this state seems almost too well settled to require the citation of authorities. In the early case of G., C. & S. F. Ry. Co. v. McGowen, 73 Tex. 355, 11 S. W. 336, our Supreme Court say: “Where accidents have directed the attention of the company to a particular portion of the roadbed or other instrumentality that by additional safeguards would be rendered more safe, to hold as a general rule that if the desired improvement is made that the company thereby admits that it had been negligent would result in deterring the company from promptly making the improvement. Indeed, it would be a harsh rule if every change for the better is to be considered as evidence showing former negligence.” See, also, M. P. Ry. Co. v. Hennessey, 75 Tex. 158, 12 S. W. 608; G., H. & S. A. Ry. Co. v. Briggs, 4 Tex. Civ. App. 515, 23 S. W. 503; G., H. & S. A. Ry. Co. v. Walker, 48 S. W. 767; Railway Co. v. Ayres, 83 Tex. 268, 18 S. W. 684; St. L. A. & T. Railway Co. v. Jones (Sup.) 14 S. W. 309; St. L., etc., Ry. Co. v. Arnold, 39 Tex. Civ. App. 161, 87 S. W. 173; Railway Co. v. Hawthorne, 144 U. S. 202, 12 Sup. Ct. 591, 36 L. Ed. 405. Of course, such evidence may sometimes be proper to rebut or explain some other fact put in evidence, as illustrated in the cases of Railway v. George, 85 Tex. 150, 19 S. W. 1036; Walker v. Brown, 66 Tex. 556, 1 S. W. 797; Railway Co. v. Johnston, 78 Tex. 536, 15 S. W. 104; and other cases cited by appellee. Eor instance, in the case of Railway v. Anderson, 61 S. W. 424, suit was brought for damages for negligently causing the overflow of plaintiff’s premises; it being alleged that such overflow was caused by an obstruction of a certain ditch. The plaintiff was permitted to show that, when the obstruction was removed, the water receded, not as tending to show negligence in the original construction of the embankment, but merely to show the effect after the obstruction was removed. And in the case of Fordyce v. Withers, 1 Tex. Civ. App. 540, 20 S. W. 767, the defendant’s witness had testified to the good condition of the track, and that it was used after the wreck without having been repaired. The witness for the plaintiff was properly allowed to testify in rebuttal that old ties had been removed and new ones placed subsequent to the wreck. In another case, St. L., etc., Ry. v. Johnston, 78 Tex. 536, 15 S. W. 104, among other things, a photograph showing a crossing to be in good repair had been admitted. In explanation witnesses testified to changes made after the accident of which complaint was made. In Railway v. Darby, 28 Tex. Civ. App. 413, 67 S. W. 446, evidence was offered in behalf of the railway that a projection which occasioned the injury to the plaintiff was necessary in the construction of the building. In rebuttal the court permitted evidence to the effect that the building remained intact after the projection had been removed. But the principle of these eases we think has no application here. Appellant’s sixth assignment of error is accordingly sustained.
[4] We fail to see the materiality of the evidence of the witness Crane, as complained of in the seventh assignment of error, to the effect that appellee had never requested secrecy as to the fact of his minority.
[5] No error is perceived in that part of the court’s charge complained of in the eighth assignment in view of the charge as a whole, but the majority are of the opinion that the court erred in his charge as urged in the ninth, tenth, and eleventh assignments in submitting the issue of whether or not notice had been given to the appellant of the alleged defect, for the reason that there is no evidence raising the issue. True, appellee testified that, before his injury, he “told Mythalor about pieces flying off of the anvil”; but he did not remember exactly the date at which this information was given, and admitted that he “never told Mr. O’Brien.” Mr. O’Brien employed appellee, and was the vice president and general manager of the appellant company, and testified that he was personally in charge of the mechanical department, and that he alone was authorized to correct or have remedied the defect complained of. It was shown that Mythalor at one time was a master mechanic or foreman with authority to direct the performance of labor, but aside from this his authority in not shown. Indeed, O’Brien testified, and no other witness contradicted him in this particular, that “Mythalor had no authority to order a new anvil or other tools, or appliances, or to cause the anvil to be remedied, or to hire or discharge men. He had no more authority in this respect than plaintiff, E. O. Meakin.” Appe.llee had testified to a knowledge of the brittleness .or defect in the anvil complained of before his injury, and, in order to avoid appellant’s plea of assumed risk on the ground that he had notified his employer of the defect, etc., as provided in the act of 1905 (see General Laws 1905, p. 386), it must be shown that the person to whom notice of the defect was given was such vice principal as had authority to remedy it.
In' the thirteenth, fourteenth, sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth, nineteenth, twentieth, and twenty-first assignments, complaint is made of the action of the court in refusing special instructions relating to the issue of appellee’s contributory negligence.
[6] The special instruction set forth in the thirteenth assignment, which we use in illustration, is as follows: “If you believe from the evidence before you that the plaintiff would not have been injured had he heated the bolt on which he was working when in[1060] jured before attempting to bend the same, and also believe from the evidence that a failure to beat said bolt was negligence on the part of the plaintiff when considered in the light of the circumstances under wbieb be was working on said bolt as testified to by bimself, then you are instructed that be was guilty of negligence wbieb contributed to cause bis injuries, and under the law be is not entitled to recover.” the court’s charge on the subject is as follows: “If you believe from the evidence in this case that plaintiff was injured by want of ordinary care on the part of the defendant, but you further find and believe that, while bending the cellar bolt over the anvil, be failed to use ordinary care to avoid danger to himself while striking with bis hammer to bend the cellar bolt over the anvil, and you further believe that such failure (if any) proximately caused his injuries, then you will find for the defendant.” It seems clear that the court’s charge failed to include the defensive feature set forth in the special charge requested. Indeed, the court’s action in refusing this special charge is defended only upon the ground that “the manner of striking the iron” was made the ground of appellant’s plea of contributory negligence, but in this contention we cannot concur. Appellant alleged that, “if the plaintiff was injured at the time and manner alleged in bis petition, bis injuries arose by and through and on account of bis own negligence in this: be was striking at a cold piece of iron undertaking to bend the same upon said anvil and was striking in a careless manner without due care for his own safety, and did not place said cold piece of iron at the proper place on said anvil to bend same, and in all of these matters be acted in a careless and negligent manner, and did not use that degree of care for his own safety that an ordinarily prudent person would have used under the same circumstances, and therefore be alone is responsible for bis injuries because bis said acts contributed to cause and did cause the injuries sustained.” the pleading it seems to us is broad enough to raise the issue of contributory negligence in a failure to beat the bolt before attempting to bend it, and that it was pertinent appears from appellee’s own testimony. He testified, among other things, that “the piece- of iron I was working with was cold. * * * As to whether or not I would have been hurt bad I heated the iron, I would say no, sir. * * * If I bad heated it, T would not have gotten hurt. * * * If I had heated it, I would baye bad a good eye. R would have bad two of them." A Mr. Stallings also testified: “I was in tbe hospital at Ft. Worth where he (appellee, Meakin) was confined. * * * Had some conversation with him relative to the manner in which the accident occurred. He stated to me, if he had heated the iron, the accident would ,not have occurred.” Other special instructions sought tbe submission of the issue of contributory negligence in placing the piece of iron that appellee was attempting to bend upon tbe square face of the anvil rather than upon its rounded end, etc.
[7] We wish to dispose' of all of the remaining assignments relating to special instructions on tbe issue of contributory negligence by saying that it is no longer open to controversy that a defendant is entitled to an affirmative presentation of any and all acts constituting contributory negligence well pleaded which have support in tbe evidence. G., C. & S. F. Ry. Co. v. Mangham, 95 Tex. 413, 67 S. W. 765; M., K. & T. Ry. Co. v. McGlamory, 89 Tex. 635, 35 S. W. 1058; T. & P. Ry. Co. v. Cotts, 95 S. W. 603; H. & T. C. Ry. Co. v. Jones, 83 S. W. 29; F. W. & D. C. Ry. Co. v. McCrummen, 133 S. W. 899. But in this connection we wish to further say, as we have before bad occasion to announce, that, “while it is the right of a litigant to have presented in an affirmative form any group of facts constituting a defense, this right should not be so extended as to require the trial court to emphasize by a special charge each separate fact constituting the group.” F. W. Belt Ry. Co. v. Johnson, 125 S. W. 387. See, also, Railway Co. v. Samuels (Sup.) 123 S. W. 121; Railway Co. v. Haney, 94 S. W. 386; Railway Co. v. Addis, 142 S. W. 955. The practice with which we frequently meet of embodying in an independent special instruction every fact, independent though it be, constituting contributory negligence, is objectionable as having at least a tendency to magnify in the minds of the jury the importance of the defense by continual reiterations. While the question of contributory negligence is a mixed one of law and fact, it constitutes only a single defense, and we feel no hesitation in saying that the better practice in a case calling for special instructions on the subject is for counsel in a single appropriate special charge to embody the entire group of facts, not included in the court’s charge, properly supporting the plea and of which there is evidence; the instruction to be so worded as to require a finding in favor of the plea in event any fact or group of facts constituting the defense may be found in the defendant’s favor.
We find no error in the court’s charge complained of in the twenty-second assignment on the issue of whether appellee dis-affirmed the written release before referred to within a reasonable time. As far as it went, the charge cannot be said to be erroneous. We doubt, however, whether it was such affirmative presentation of this issue as was required under the evidence, and therefore are of the opinion that the special instruction on this issue mentioned in appellant’s twenty-third assignment should have been given.
[8] While the charge objected to in the twelfth assignment probably does not consti[1061] tute reversible error for tbe reason that it required a finding for tbe defendant, we nevertheless suggest in view of a new trial that tbe charge seems at least inapplicable in that tbe court therein undertook to define appellant’s duty in event tbe injury of which the plaintiff complained resulted from “some cause other than that the anvil was defective.” The defective anvil was the sole ground of negligence alleged, and, if appellant was not guilty in this respect, it was entitled to a verdict, regardless of all other causes.
The foregoing conclusions we think sufficiently dispose of all of the assignments now material. We therefore conclude that for the errors mentioned the judgment should be reversed and the cause remanded.
Reversed and remanded.