OPINION OF THE COURT BY
PERRY, J.
On March 25, 1910, the Kaneobe Ranch Co., Ltd., a corporation, filed its petition before one of the circuit judges of [660]*660the first circuit, sitting under the provisions of' chapter 143 of the Revised Laws, as amended- by Act 56 of the Laws of 190Y, relating to settlement of controversies concerning water rights. In the petition the Kaneohe Rice Mill Co., Ltd., II. Hackfeld & Co., Ltd., and S. N. Castle Estate, Ltd., corporations, A. Haneberg, administrator of the estate of L. Ahlo, deceased, Nannie R. Rice and David Rice, her husband, Lahela Ahlo, Anthony Ahlo, Bathsheba M. Allen and the Territory of Hawaii were named as parties defendant and the allegations in brief were that'the petitioner was the owner of certain waters in the ahupuaa of Kaneohe, Oahu, that Ahlo in his lifetime and since his death his administrator and- the Kaneohe Rice Mill Co., Ltd., had without right, but under a claim of right, diverted a part of the waters belonging to the petitioner, and that the remaining defendants claimed some interest in the water of Kaneohe stream, but what those claims were or the extent of them was unknown to the petitioner. The prayer was for an injunction and for such other relief as might be appropriate. Summons was issued returnable May 31, 1910. The Rice Mill Co., Bathsheba M. Allen and the Territory demurred and the demurrers were sustained on the ground that the petition failed to set forth “the name of the landowners or occupants having an'interest in the controversy * * * together with the whereabouts of each such landowner or occupant, did not specify with exactness how much land in a portion of the ahuprma known as Waikalua was held by the peti■tioner, was indefinite in its statement of the source and nature of the water rights claimed by the petitioner and did not allege that the persons named as defendants included” all of the landowners or occupants having interests in the controversy.
An amended petition was filed January 19, 1911, and the hearing set for February 4. In this second petition other persons and corporations were named as parties defendant and allegations were added, or made more specific, concerning the [661]*661area of certain knleanas and other lands at Waikalua entitled to water. Lahela Ahlo, Nannie R. Rice and David Rice answered, but certain other defendants again demurred and their demurrers were sustained on the grounds that it did not appear that “all of the parties named include all of the landowners or occupants, having an interest in the controversy, known to the applicant; that certain allegations relating to the ownership of lands and waters by the petitioner were contradictory ;” that “the ultimate fact or facts upon which such” (the petitioner’s) “claim of ownership is based” should be set forth, and, apparently, that under the law the surplus waters of the ahupuaa claimed by the petitioner in its petition were not appurtenant to any portion of the ahupuaa and therefore did not pass to the petitioner under the leases under which it claimed.
Another amended petition was filed. June 7, 1911, and citation issued, for July 8. In this third petition additional persons are named as parties defendant. Of all the defendants thus before the court the petitioner says that they “are all the owners of land or occupants of the land within the said ahupuaa of Kaneohe and claim some interest in the said water of tire Kaneohe stream, but what these claims áre and the extent of the same is unknown” to it. Nannie R. Rice and David Rice again answered, but other defendants demurred and their demurrers were sustained, and, the petitioner declining to amend further, the bill was dismissed. Erom that order the case comes by appeal to this court.
The main allegations of the petition now before us are as follows: “That the defendant Nannie R. Rice is the owner in fee simple of the ahupuaa of Kaneohe, * * * being Royal Patent 7984, L. C. A. 4452, to. H. Kalama, comprising an area of 9,500 acres more or less, and is also, the owner of sundry ilis, grants and kuleanas in said ahupuaa and as such owner of said ahupuaa has the konohiki rights, is the owner and is entitled to all the water of said ahupuaa not appurtenant to [662]*662kuleanas -within its limits as hereinafter set forth; that within the limits of said ahupuaa there are kuleanas and konohiki land amounting to 259.765 acres, nearly all of which is now cultivated in rice, but. which was formerly taro land, and has the right to use waters of the Kaneohe stream hereinafter mentioned to the extent hereinafter set forth, of which kuleana and konohiki land the said Nannie R. Rice is the owner of 135.913 acres and is the lessee of 18.84 acres of said land; that said Nannie R. Rice, as such owner and lessee of said land which was formerly taro land, is the owner and entitled to water from said Kaneohe stream for said land so owned and leased in the amount hereinafter set forth in addition to being the owner of all the waters of said ahupuaa not appurtenant to and used upon said land, formerly taro land, above set forth, as the owner and konohiki of said ahupuaa;” that under certain leases specifically referred to, and copies- of which are attached, Nannie R. Rice leased to J. P. Mjendonca the ahupuaa of Kaneohe and certain other lands within the same and that by assignment these leases passed to the petitioner; and that Nannie R. Rice made direct to- the petitioner certain other leases, copies of which are likewise attached, of the ahupuaa and of certain other lands within the same; that under * * * the aforesaid leases this petitioner as lessee is the owner and entitled to all the waters flowing in said Kaneohe stream, which stream lies within and flows through said ahupuaa of Kaneohe, excepting the waters appurtenant to and used upon said land, formerly taro land, other than such of said land as is owned or leased by said Nannie R. Rice and leased to this petitioner, which first named lands contain 105.012 acres, which said land, formerly taro land, is entitled to use not more than 20,000 gallons of water per acre per day;” and that Ahlo in his lifetime, and since his death his administrator and the Kaneohe Rice Mill Co. “have without right and against the protest of this petitioner and said defendant Nannie R. Rice and David [663]*663Rice, diverted from said Kaneohe stream water to the extent of five million gallons per day and have used the same and are using the same without right, but claiming the right so to use said water to furnish power for the rice mill of said Ahlo and his successors,” his administrator and the Rice Mill Co., “to the injury of this petitioner * * * and by such diversion and use have deprived the petitioner * * * of the beneficial use of said five million gallons of water per day to its great damage.”
The prayer is “that the rights of the parties be adjudicated and that it be adjudged that the defendants,” the adminisistrator and the Rice Mill Co., “are wrongfully diverting and using the said water in any amount so diverted and used exceeding 20,000 gallons per acre per day, necessary to irrigate the portion of the said 105.012 acres owned by them, that they be enjoined from using any of said water for said mill, and that petitioner be declared to be the owner as such lessee and entitled to the use as such lessee of all the water of said Kaneohe stream excepting such as is necessary to irrigate the said 105.012 acres aforesaid, not exceeding 20,000 gallons per acre per day; and for such other and further relief as your petitioner may be entitled to in the premises, as the nature of the case may require.”
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OPINION OF THE COURT BY
PERRY, J.
On March 25, 1910, the Kaneobe Ranch Co., Ltd., a corporation, filed its petition before one of the circuit judges of [660]*660the first circuit, sitting under the provisions of' chapter 143 of the Revised Laws, as amended- by Act 56 of the Laws of 190Y, relating to settlement of controversies concerning water rights. In the petition the Kaneohe Rice Mill Co., Ltd., II. Hackfeld & Co., Ltd., and S. N. Castle Estate, Ltd., corporations, A. Haneberg, administrator of the estate of L. Ahlo, deceased, Nannie R. Rice and David Rice, her husband, Lahela Ahlo, Anthony Ahlo, Bathsheba M. Allen and the Territory of Hawaii were named as parties defendant and the allegations in brief were that'the petitioner was the owner of certain waters in the ahupuaa of Kaneohe, Oahu, that Ahlo in his lifetime and since his death his administrator and- the Kaneohe Rice Mill Co., Ltd., had without right, but under a claim of right, diverted a part of the waters belonging to the petitioner, and that the remaining defendants claimed some interest in the water of Kaneohe stream, but what those claims were or the extent of them was unknown to the petitioner. The prayer was for an injunction and for such other relief as might be appropriate. Summons was issued returnable May 31, 1910. The Rice Mill Co., Bathsheba M. Allen and the Territory demurred and the demurrers were sustained on the ground that the petition failed to set forth “the name of the landowners or occupants having an'interest in the controversy * * * together with the whereabouts of each such landowner or occupant, did not specify with exactness how much land in a portion of the ahuprma known as Waikalua was held by the peti■tioner, was indefinite in its statement of the source and nature of the water rights claimed by the petitioner and did not allege that the persons named as defendants included” all of the landowners or occupants having interests in the controversy.
An amended petition was filed January 19, 1911, and the hearing set for February 4. In this second petition other persons and corporations were named as parties defendant and allegations were added, or made more specific, concerning the [661]*661area of certain knleanas and other lands at Waikalua entitled to water. Lahela Ahlo, Nannie R. Rice and David Rice answered, but certain other defendants again demurred and their demurrers were sustained on the grounds that it did not appear that “all of the parties named include all of the landowners or occupants, having an interest in the controversy, known to the applicant; that certain allegations relating to the ownership of lands and waters by the petitioner were contradictory ;” that “the ultimate fact or facts upon which such” (the petitioner’s) “claim of ownership is based” should be set forth, and, apparently, that under the law the surplus waters of the ahupuaa claimed by the petitioner in its petition were not appurtenant to any portion of the ahupuaa and therefore did not pass to the petitioner under the leases under which it claimed.
Another amended petition was filed. June 7, 1911, and citation issued, for July 8. In this third petition additional persons are named as parties defendant. Of all the defendants thus before the court the petitioner says that they “are all the owners of land or occupants of the land within the said ahupuaa of Kaneohe and claim some interest in the said water of tire Kaneohe stream, but what these claims áre and the extent of the same is unknown” to it. Nannie R. Rice and David Rice again answered, but other defendants demurred and their demurrers were sustained, and, the petitioner declining to amend further, the bill was dismissed. Erom that order the case comes by appeal to this court.
The main allegations of the petition now before us are as follows: “That the defendant Nannie R. Rice is the owner in fee simple of the ahupuaa of Kaneohe, * * * being Royal Patent 7984, L. C. A. 4452, to. H. Kalama, comprising an area of 9,500 acres more or less, and is also, the owner of sundry ilis, grants and kuleanas in said ahupuaa and as such owner of said ahupuaa has the konohiki rights, is the owner and is entitled to all the water of said ahupuaa not appurtenant to [662]*662kuleanas -within its limits as hereinafter set forth; that within the limits of said ahupuaa there are kuleanas and konohiki land amounting to 259.765 acres, nearly all of which is now cultivated in rice, but. which was formerly taro land, and has the right to use waters of the Kaneohe stream hereinafter mentioned to the extent hereinafter set forth, of which kuleana and konohiki land the said Nannie R. Rice is the owner of 135.913 acres and is the lessee of 18.84 acres of said land; that said Nannie R. Rice, as such owner and lessee of said land which was formerly taro land, is the owner and entitled to water from said Kaneohe stream for said land so owned and leased in the amount hereinafter set forth in addition to being the owner of all the waters of said ahupuaa not appurtenant to and used upon said land, formerly taro land, above set forth, as the owner and konohiki of said ahupuaa;” that under certain leases specifically referred to, and copies- of which are attached, Nannie R. Rice leased to J. P. Mjendonca the ahupuaa of Kaneohe and certain other lands within the same and that by assignment these leases passed to the petitioner; and that Nannie R. Rice made direct to- the petitioner certain other leases, copies of which are likewise attached, of the ahupuaa and of certain other lands within the same; that under * * * the aforesaid leases this petitioner as lessee is the owner and entitled to all the waters flowing in said Kaneohe stream, which stream lies within and flows through said ahupuaa of Kaneohe, excepting the waters appurtenant to and used upon said land, formerly taro land, other than such of said land as is owned or leased by said Nannie R. Rice and leased to this petitioner, which first named lands contain 105.012 acres, which said land, formerly taro land, is entitled to use not more than 20,000 gallons of water per acre per day;” and that Ahlo in his lifetime, and since his death his administrator and the Kaneohe Rice Mill Co. “have without right and against the protest of this petitioner and said defendant Nannie R. Rice and David [663]*663Rice, diverted from said Kaneohe stream water to the extent of five million gallons per day and have used the same and are using the same without right, but claiming the right so to use said water to furnish power for the rice mill of said Ahlo and his successors,” his administrator and the Rice Mill Co., “to the injury of this petitioner * * * and by such diversion and use have deprived the petitioner * * * of the beneficial use of said five million gallons of water per day to its great damage.”
The prayer is “that the rights of the parties be adjudicated and that it be adjudged that the defendants,” the adminisistrator and the Rice Mill Co., “are wrongfully diverting and using the said water in any amount so diverted and used exceeding 20,000 gallons per acre per day, necessary to irrigate the portion of the said 105.012 acres owned by them, that they be enjoined from using any of said water for said mill, and that petitioner be declared to be the owner as such lessee and entitled to the use as such lessee of all the water of said Kaneohe stream excepting such as is necessary to irrigate the said 105.012 acres aforesaid, not exceeding 20,000 gallons per acre per day; and for such other and further relief as your petitioner may be entitled to in the premises, as the nature of the case may require.”
The grounds named in the demurrers are as follows: “(1) That it does not appear’ from said petition that the petitioner is entitled to the water therein claimed or to any such relief as is therein prayed for; (2) that it does not appear from such petition that the petitioner has suffered or will suffer any damage or injury by reason of any acts set forth in said petition; (3) that no controversy respecting water rights is set forth in said petition; (4) that there is misjoinder of parties in that defendants Nannie R. Rice and David Rice are improperly joined as parties defendant herein; (5) that the said petition is ambiguous, uncertain and unintelligible in that it fails to [664]*664set forth (a) the location of the lands alleged to have rights in and to the water of said Kaneohe stream, (b) that said lands having rights to the water of said Kaneohe stream are situated within and form part of the ahupuaa of Kaneohe, (c) the time when the diversion of the water from said Kaneohe stream commenced, (d) what use of the water from the said Kaneohe stream is desired by the petitioner, (e) at what point upon said Kaneohe stream the water alleged to have been diverted therefrom is diverte’d and taken by these defendants for the use of their lands, and (f) the exact nature and extent of the konohiki rights claimed by petitioner and referred to in paragraph 2 of said petition, and (g) in praying that this defendant be enjoined from using any of said water for said mill, and (6) that under the allegations of said petition it appears affirmatively that the water in the said Kaneohe stream belongs to the people and is not subject to private ownership and it does not appear that the plaintiff has heretofore appropriated such water for private use.”
The order appealed front was based on grounds 1, 5 (a) and 5(f)-
Nannie R. Rice and David Rice were- proper, even though not indispensable, parties defendant. Under the allegations of the petition they are the lessors of the petitioner and hold the reversionary interest in the ahupuaa and in ány other lands held by petitioner as lessee. Section 2201 of the Revised Laws, as amended by Act 56 of the Laws of 1907, directs that the summons shall be served upon “each landowner or occupant having an interest in the controversy.”. These defendants have an interest in the controversy. It may be that neither A bin’s administrator nor the Rice Mill Co. will set up or be able to prove any claim to the water diverted which shall be good as against the holders of the reversionary interest; but it may also be that one or both of the defendants named will set up and prove such a claim. They may prove, for example, that by ad[665]*665verse use for more than the statutory period the diversion became rightful prior to the execution of the leases. This is said without considering or intimating whether the petitioner’s les-. sors will be bound in case a prescriptive right is proved which commenced after the date of the lease or less than the statutory period before that date.
It was unnecessary for the petitioner' to allege the precise location of .the lands believed by it to be owned or occupied by the other respondents. It is alleged that they are within the ahupuaa and that their owners or occupiers claim certain rights to water from the Kaneohe stream. The petitioner is ignorant of the extent of those claims. It is sufficient that upon these allegations the parties so believed to have an interest in the controversy be notified to appear and, present their claims. Each will have an opportunity to, be heard in support of his own claim and by way of defense against the claims of the others if any conflict exists. It may well be that as between the greater number of the defendants no conflict will appear. Each claimant can, more conveniently than the petitioner and at less expense and with greater exactness, set forth the location and area of his land and the extent of the water rights claimed for it.
It is alleged that all of the lands owned or occupied by the respondents, on behalf of which water rights are believed to be claimed, are within the ahupuaa. It need not be alleged that they all form part, of the ahupuaa. It may be that they do not. Kuleanas, while held as such, do not form a part of the ahupuaa even though situated within it.
The existence of a controversy is clearly alleged. It is averred that the petitioner is the owner of and entitled to all of the waters of the Kaneohe stream excepting the waters appurtenant to and used upon certain taro' lands, containing an area of 105.012 acres, not exceeding, for such taro lands, 20,000 gallons of water per acre per day, and that Ahlo’s administrator and the Rice Mill Oo. are diverting five million gallons per day ; [666]*666that the diversion of all such water exceeding 20,000 gallons per acre per day, necessary to irrigate the portion of the 105,012 acres owned by the defendants named, is wrongful and against the protest of the petitioner and, under claim of right by the defendants. It would seem that this' mere statement would suffice to show the existence of a controversy between the parties concerning their rights in the excess of water so diverted. Perhaps also a controversy is sufficiently alleged concerning the right of the two defendants named to use any of the water so diverted to operate a rice mill, but upon the latter point v?e express no opinion at this time.
It likewise sufficiently appears from the petition that if the petitioner is the owner of the water rights claimed by it the diversion complained of will, if allowed to continue, cause damage to the petitioner. The diversion, if continued for the period required by the statute of limitations under circumstances of hostility and otherwise so as to constitute an adverse use, would ripen into a right. See Wong Leong v. Irwin, 10 Haw. 265, 211; Chafook v. Lau Piu, 10 Haw. 308, 314; Davis v. Afong, 5 Haw. 216; 221, 222.
The time of the commencement of the unlawful diversion need not be alleged. Adverse possession, if claimed by any of the parties, is matter of affirmative defense. It is sufficient in order to justify the filing of the petition that there is a diversion at present, under claim of right, and that the right to so divert is disputed, — in other words, that a controversy exists.
Under grounds numbered above 1, 5 and 6, the main argument advanced by the respondents is that the leases to the petitioner of the ahupuaa and other lands did not pass the title to the surplus water on the theory that the latter is not appurtenant to the ahupuaa and that in any event is belongs, as the attorney-general claims, to the Territory, on the theory that the patent to the petitioner’s predecessors in interest did not convey the water as an appurtenance, or, as some of the other respondents contend, to each and all of the kuleana holders and [667]*667other occupants of the land within the ahupuaa, to the extent at least that each such holder or occupier can make use of it, under section 366 of the Revised Laws, which reads as follows: “Where the landlords have obtained, or may hereafter obtain, allodial titles to their lands, the people on each of their lands shall not be deprivedi of the right to take firewood, house-timber, alio cord, thatch, or ki leaf, from the land on which they live, for their own private use, but they shall not have a right to take such articles to- sell for profit. The people shall also have a right to drinking water, and running water, and the right of way. The springs of water, running water, and roads shall be free to all, on all lands granted in fee simple; provided, that this shall not be applicable to wells and watercourses which individuals have made for their own use.” Section 2201, R. L., relating to water right cases, provides that “no summons shall be set aside or dismissed because of any technical informality, provided it shall set forth the time and place of hearing, and the nature of the right claimed, in terms sufficiently clear for the apprisal of all parties interested.” The petitioner’s statement of his claim complies with the requirements of this provision. It is clear that it claims all of the water flowing in the Kaneohe stream other than the water appurtenant to and used upon the 105.012 acres mentioned in the petition, not exceeding 20,000 gallons per acre per day. Whether that claim is well founded we shall not determine upon these demurrers. The contention relating to the failure of the patent to grant the water and that based upon section 366 are, as far as we are aware, advanced now for the first time in the history of these islands and would seem, at first thought at least, to be. contrary to the decision rendered in Haw. Com. & Sug. Co. v. Wailuku Sug. Co., 15 Haw. 675, 680, and perhaps, directly or indirectly, to other Hawaiian decisions. Consideration of these contentions should not be undertaken unnecessarily. Proceedings such as this, before a circuit judge sitting as a successor to the commissioner (under the law as it formerly stood) of [668]*668private ways and water rights, were intended by the legislature to be simple, expeditious and inexpensive. It was not intended that the formal procedure of equity should prevail. McBryde Sugar Co. v. Koloa Sugar Co., 19 Haw. 106, 116, 117. The procedure attempted to be f.ollowed thus far before the circuit judge is quite as formal as could have been required in equity. The petitioner’s claim is clearly stated. It may or it may not be good in fact or in law. The issues can be raised by answer or by an informal statement of claim. It may be that the facts developed at the trial will render unnecessary a consideration of the questions now sought to be raised by demurrer and thus greater expedition as well as simplicity will be attained.
D. L. Withington (Castle & Withington on the brief) for petitioner.
C. H. Olson (Holmes, Stanley & Olson and Thompson, Wilder, Watson & Ltymer on the brief) for Eaneohe Rice Mill Co., Ltd., and certain other respondents.
J. A. Magoon (Magoon & Weaver and N. W. Aluli on the brief) for William Henry and certain other respondents.
2?u W. Sutton, Deputy Attorney-General, for the Territory.
Whether the intended use of the water by the petitioner is material to be considered depends upon whether the respondents’ contentions concerning section 366 and the ineffectiveness of the patent to grant the water are sound.
In a proceeding of this nature the failure to allege the point at which the water is diverted from the stream is not. fatal. The cause may well proceed to hearing without the allegation.
The order appealed from is reversed and the cause remanded for further proceedings not .inconsistent with this opinion.