()Rl0$NAl" lltr tllt @nitp! $tatts [,ourt of felrrul @lsims No. l5-1344C (Filed March 10, 2016) Not For Publication FILED MAR I 0 2015 '1. ** t( {. **** {. *** *. {. * * * * * *,f * {. *********+* * * U,S. COURT OF FEDERAL CLAIMS CHRISTOPHER B. JULIAN, et al., :t
* Plaintiff, * *
THEUNITEDSTATES, * Defendant. 'r * * *,* * * * * * * * :| * * * *,t * * * * * * * * *,t * *,* * l. * * + * * *
OPINION AND ORDER
DAMICH, Senior Judge:
Plaintiffs Christopher B. Julian ("Mr. Julian") and Renee Julian ("Mrs. Julian") have filed a complaint,pro se, alleging a breach of contract and taking without just compensation. The Defendant, the United States Govemment, filed a Motion to Dismiss in response.
The case is now before the Court on Defendant's Motion to Dismiss. For the reasons discussed herein, the Court GRANTS the Defendant's Motion to Dismiss.
I. Background
From what the Court can discem, Mr. Julian and his wife filed a suit in the United States District Court for the Westem District of Virginia on September 16,2013. They alleged violations of the Racketeer Influenced and Conupt Organizations Act ("RICO"). 18 U.S.C. $ 1964(c). The District Court dismissed Mr. and Mrs. Julian's RICO claim, and the Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit affirmed the dismissal. See Julian v. Rr'gney, No. 4:13-cv-00054, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 3 83 I 1 (W.D.Va. March24,2014), aff'd, Julian v. United States Dep't of Agricuhure,585 F. App'x. 850 (4th Cir.2014). The Supreme Court denied their petition for writ of cerliorari on April 27,2015.
Subsequenlly, Mr. and Mrs. Julian filed this complaint on November 9, 2015 against the United States Department of Agriculture, the District Court of Virginia Western Division, and the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals. Mr. and Mrs. Julian allege that their due process rights were violated by the district court and the court of appeals in incorrectly ruling on their RICO claim. Pl.'s Resp. to Mot. to Dismiss 6, 15 (Feb. 3,2016). Mr. and Mrs. Julian argue that this Court hasjurisdiction because the Government breached an implied contract between itself and its citizens. Pl.'s Compl. 12-15 (Nov. 9,2015).
Mr. and Mrs. Julian also allege a takings claim. Namely, they claim "[t]he courts' unlawlul conversion of the express and implied terms ofthe contract result[ed] in the unlavrfirl taking ofpersonal property lawfully conveyed under the terms of the contract with Plaintiffs." Pl.'s Compl. fl 64.
The Govemment filed a Motion to Dismiss on January 8, 2016. The Govemment asserts in its Motion to Dismiss that this Court lacks jurisdiction over their claim. Gov't.'s Mot. to Dismiss 4 (Jan. 8, 2016). It also asserts that Mr. and Mrs. Julian do not have a property interest in their RICO claims and therefore this is not a taking. Gov't.'s Mot. To Dismiss 9 (Jan. 8, 2016). Mr. Julian and his wife filed a Response to the Motion to Dismiss on February 3,2016. The Govemment replied on February 16,2016 and Mr. and Mrs. Julian filed a sur-reply on February 24,2016. The matter is now ripe for disposition.
II. Standard of Review
When a complaint is filedpro se, the Court holds the pleadings ofsuch plaintiffs to "less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers" and liberally construes those pleadings. Hsinesv. Kerner,404 U.S.519,520(1972). The Court, however, cannot extend this leniency to relieve plaintiffs of their jurisdictional burden. Kelley v. Sec'y, United States Dep't ofLabor,812 F.2d 1378, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 1987).
In ruling on a motion to dismiss pursuant to RCFC l2(bX1), the Court must accept as true all undisputed factual allegations and construe all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff. Scheuer v. Rhodes,4l6 U.S. 232,236 (197 4), abrogated on other grounds by Harlow v. Fitzgerald,45T U.S. 800, 814-15 (1982); Godwinv. United States,338 F.3d 1314,1377 (Fed. Cir. 2003). The plaintiff, however, bears the burden ofestablishing subject matter jurisdiction by a preponderance ofthe evidence. Knight v. United States,65 Fed. App'x 286,289 (Fed. Cir. 2003)). Ifjurisdiction is found to be lacking, this Court must dismiss the action. RCFC r 2(h)(3).
RCFC l2(b)(6) requires that parties state a claim upon which relief can be granted. The Court must decide "not whether a plaintiff will ultimately prevail but whether the claimant is entitled to offer evidence to support the claims." Swierkiewicz y. Sorema N.A.,534 U.S. 506, 511 (2002) (quotingScheuer v. Rhodes,416 U.S. 232,236 (1974)).
III. Discussion
A. The Court does not have the jurisdiction to review another court's rulings.
Mr. and Mrs. Julian are seeking review of the district court's dismissal and the court of appeals' afftrmance of the lower court's ruling. The Tucker Act does not provide this Court with thejurisdiction to review decisions of the district court or the court of appeals . See Joshua v. united states,l7 F.3d378,380 (Fed. Cir. 1994).
Furthermore, the plaintiffs assert that their claims are based on the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution. They contend that this Court has jurisdiction over claims arising from federal law that are brought against the United States. However, for this Court to have jurisdiction, the claims must arise from money mandating federal laws. Crocker v. United States, 125 F.3d 1475,1476 (Fed. Cir. 1997) (citations omitted). The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments are not money mandating as they do not provide "a substantive right to money damages." 1d Therefore, Mr. and Mrs. Julian's claim is outside of the Court's jurisdiction and shall be dismissed pursuant to RCFC 12(bX1).
B. There is no contract. In the alternative, Mr. Julian and his wife argue that the RICO statute created a contract between the United States and its private, individual citizens and therefore this Court has j urisdiction. There is no evidence that RICO was intended to contractually bind the United States and its citizens. .See 18 U.S.C. $$ 1961-68; see also Nat'l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Atchison Topeka and Santa Fe R.R. Co.,470 U.S. 45 t, 565-66 (1985) (holding that ,,absent some clear indication that the legislature intends to bind itself contractually, the presumption is that a law is not intended to create private contractual or vested rights. . . "). There is no indication that the RICO statute creates a contract between the United States and the public. See 18 U.S.C. $ 1964(c); Gov't.'s Reply 2 (Feb. 16,2016). Therefore, Mr. and Mrs. Julian fail to state a claim upon which reliefcan be granted and this claim shall be dismissed under RCFC 12(bX6).
C. There is no taking.
This Court has jurisdiction over takings claims. However, a determination must first be made whether the plaintiffs are alleging a compensable property interest that would be considered a taking for the purposes of the Fifth Amendment. Evans v. United states,74Fed. ct. ss4, s62 (2006).
[A] court must first establish whether a plaintiffholds a property interest for purposes of the Fifth Amendment and then, if such a property interest exists, determine whether a taking occurred.
1d In this case, Mr. and Mrs. Julian allege a property interest in their RICO claims.
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()Rl0$NAl" lltr tllt @nitp! $tatts [,ourt of felrrul @lsims No. l5-1344C (Filed March 10, 2016) Not For Publication FILED MAR I 0 2015 '1. ** t( {. **** {. *** *. {. * * * * * *,f * {. *********+* * * U,S. COURT OF FEDERAL CLAIMS CHRISTOPHER B. JULIAN, et al., :t
* Plaintiff, * *
THEUNITEDSTATES, * Defendant. 'r * * *,* * * * * * * * :| * * * *,t * * * * * * * * *,t * *,* * l. * * + * * *
OPINION AND ORDER
DAMICH, Senior Judge:
Plaintiffs Christopher B. Julian ("Mr. Julian") and Renee Julian ("Mrs. Julian") have filed a complaint,pro se, alleging a breach of contract and taking without just compensation. The Defendant, the United States Govemment, filed a Motion to Dismiss in response.
The case is now before the Court on Defendant's Motion to Dismiss. For the reasons discussed herein, the Court GRANTS the Defendant's Motion to Dismiss.
I. Background
From what the Court can discem, Mr. Julian and his wife filed a suit in the United States District Court for the Westem District of Virginia on September 16,2013. They alleged violations of the Racketeer Influenced and Conupt Organizations Act ("RICO"). 18 U.S.C. $ 1964(c). The District Court dismissed Mr. and Mrs. Julian's RICO claim, and the Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit affirmed the dismissal. See Julian v. Rr'gney, No. 4:13-cv-00054, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 3 83 I 1 (W.D.Va. March24,2014), aff'd, Julian v. United States Dep't of Agricuhure,585 F. App'x. 850 (4th Cir.2014). The Supreme Court denied their petition for writ of cerliorari on April 27,2015.
Subsequenlly, Mr. and Mrs. Julian filed this complaint on November 9, 2015 against the United States Department of Agriculture, the District Court of Virginia Western Division, and the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals. Mr. and Mrs. Julian allege that their due process rights were violated by the district court and the court of appeals in incorrectly ruling on their RICO claim. Pl.'s Resp. to Mot. to Dismiss 6, 15 (Feb. 3,2016). Mr. and Mrs. Julian argue that this Court hasjurisdiction because the Government breached an implied contract between itself and its citizens. Pl.'s Compl. 12-15 (Nov. 9,2015).
Mr. and Mrs. Julian also allege a takings claim. Namely, they claim "[t]he courts' unlawlul conversion of the express and implied terms ofthe contract result[ed] in the unlavrfirl taking ofpersonal property lawfully conveyed under the terms of the contract with Plaintiffs." Pl.'s Compl. fl 64.
The Govemment filed a Motion to Dismiss on January 8, 2016. The Govemment asserts in its Motion to Dismiss that this Court lacks jurisdiction over their claim. Gov't.'s Mot. to Dismiss 4 (Jan. 8, 2016). It also asserts that Mr. and Mrs. Julian do not have a property interest in their RICO claims and therefore this is not a taking. Gov't.'s Mot. To Dismiss 9 (Jan. 8, 2016). Mr. Julian and his wife filed a Response to the Motion to Dismiss on February 3,2016. The Govemment replied on February 16,2016 and Mr. and Mrs. Julian filed a sur-reply on February 24,2016. The matter is now ripe for disposition.
II. Standard of Review
When a complaint is filedpro se, the Court holds the pleadings ofsuch plaintiffs to "less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers" and liberally construes those pleadings. Hsinesv. Kerner,404 U.S.519,520(1972). The Court, however, cannot extend this leniency to relieve plaintiffs of their jurisdictional burden. Kelley v. Sec'y, United States Dep't ofLabor,812 F.2d 1378, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 1987).
In ruling on a motion to dismiss pursuant to RCFC l2(bX1), the Court must accept as true all undisputed factual allegations and construe all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff. Scheuer v. Rhodes,4l6 U.S. 232,236 (197 4), abrogated on other grounds by Harlow v. Fitzgerald,45T U.S. 800, 814-15 (1982); Godwinv. United States,338 F.3d 1314,1377 (Fed. Cir. 2003). The plaintiff, however, bears the burden ofestablishing subject matter jurisdiction by a preponderance ofthe evidence. Knight v. United States,65 Fed. App'x 286,289 (Fed. Cir. 2003)). Ifjurisdiction is found to be lacking, this Court must dismiss the action. RCFC r 2(h)(3).
RCFC l2(b)(6) requires that parties state a claim upon which relief can be granted. The Court must decide "not whether a plaintiff will ultimately prevail but whether the claimant is entitled to offer evidence to support the claims." Swierkiewicz y. Sorema N.A.,534 U.S. 506, 511 (2002) (quotingScheuer v. Rhodes,416 U.S. 232,236 (1974)).
III. Discussion
A. The Court does not have the jurisdiction to review another court's rulings.
Mr. and Mrs. Julian are seeking review of the district court's dismissal and the court of appeals' afftrmance of the lower court's ruling. The Tucker Act does not provide this Court with thejurisdiction to review decisions of the district court or the court of appeals . See Joshua v. united states,l7 F.3d378,380 (Fed. Cir. 1994).
Furthermore, the plaintiffs assert that their claims are based on the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution. They contend that this Court has jurisdiction over claims arising from federal law that are brought against the United States. However, for this Court to have jurisdiction, the claims must arise from money mandating federal laws. Crocker v. United States, 125 F.3d 1475,1476 (Fed. Cir. 1997) (citations omitted). The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments are not money mandating as they do not provide "a substantive right to money damages." 1d Therefore, Mr. and Mrs. Julian's claim is outside of the Court's jurisdiction and shall be dismissed pursuant to RCFC 12(bX1).
B. There is no contract. In the alternative, Mr. Julian and his wife argue that the RICO statute created a contract between the United States and its private, individual citizens and therefore this Court has j urisdiction. There is no evidence that RICO was intended to contractually bind the United States and its citizens. .See 18 U.S.C. $$ 1961-68; see also Nat'l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Atchison Topeka and Santa Fe R.R. Co.,470 U.S. 45 t, 565-66 (1985) (holding that ,,absent some clear indication that the legislature intends to bind itself contractually, the presumption is that a law is not intended to create private contractual or vested rights. . . "). There is no indication that the RICO statute creates a contract between the United States and the public. See 18 U.S.C. $ 1964(c); Gov't.'s Reply 2 (Feb. 16,2016). Therefore, Mr. and Mrs. Julian fail to state a claim upon which reliefcan be granted and this claim shall be dismissed under RCFC 12(bX6).
C. There is no taking.
This Court has jurisdiction over takings claims. However, a determination must first be made whether the plaintiffs are alleging a compensable property interest that would be considered a taking for the purposes of the Fifth Amendment. Evans v. United states,74Fed. ct. ss4, s62 (2006).
[A] court must first establish whether a plaintiffholds a property interest for purposes of the Fifth Amendment and then, if such a property interest exists, determine whether a taking occurred.
1d In this case, Mr. and Mrs. Julian allege a property interest in their RICO claims. pl.'s Compl.'lf 64' Specifically, they assert that the taking occurred when the court dismissed their claim. Id. The court of Appeals for the Federal circuit held in Belk v. Ilnited states that a dismissal of legal claims was not a compensable property interest. 858 F.2d706,709 (Fed. cir. 1988). while there is a due process right to bring a legal claim in court, there is no guarantee that such a claim will be successful and a claim's failure does not necessarily create a due process violation. Therefore, Mr. and Mrs. Julian do not have a property interest in their RICo claims and thus they fail to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. RCFC l2(bx6). D. Motion for Recusal
Mr. and Mrs. Julian's Response to the Motion to Dismiss included a footnote requesting that this Judge recuse himself from this case. The Govemment did not address it but, the Court will. Mr. and Mrs. Julian's argument for recusal is the denial of their Motion for Attestation to Taking the Oath of Officer. Under 28 U.S.C. $ 455, this is not a valid ground for recusal and there is no requirement imposed upon ajudicial officer to demonstrate that to a party.
While federal judges have an analogous statutory obligation to take an oath before performing the duties of their office, see 28 U.S.C. $ 453, nothing in this statute (or elsewhere in the law) requires that a district judge demonstrate to the satisfaction ofa litigant in a particular case that he or she has taken this oath.
In re Anthony,48l B.R. 602,613 (D. Neb. 2012) (quoting United States v. Conces,507 F.3d 1028, l04l (6th Cir. 2007)). Therefore, the request for recusal is DENIED.
IV. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, the defendant's motion for dismissal is GRANTED. The Clerk is directed to mark the case closed and enter the judgment accordingly.
Senior Judge
I This motion was filed on January 19,2016 and was denied on February 4, 2016.