In the Missouri Court of Appeals Eastern District DIVISION FOUR
JOSHUA EDWARD HEDGECORTH, ) No. ED110755 ) Respondent, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court of ) Washington County vs. ) 22WA-CC00130 ) JOHN I. JONES, IV, ) Honorable Daren L. Adkins ) Appellant. ) Filed: September 13, 2022
Kelly C. Broniec, P.J., Philip M. Hess, J., and James M. Dowd, J.
Introduction
This expedited appeal involves an election contest filed by Contestant Joshua Hedgecorth
(“Hedgecorth”) challenging, pursuant to section 115.5261 of Missouri’s election contest law, the
qualifications of Contestee John Jones, IV (“Jones”) to appear on the primary election ballot as a
candidate for Prosecuting Attorney of Washington County. The trial court entered its judgment
on June 23, 2022 disqualifying Jones as a candidate.
Jones now asserts on appeal that: (1) the trial court erred by failing to dismiss Hedgecorth’s
petition because the election contest statute’s mandatory deadlines and procedures for the issuance
and service of the summons and petition were not followed which deprived the trial court of
jurisdiction over this case; (2) the trial court’s decision to disqualify Jones on the basis that he did
1 All statutory references are to Revised Statutes of Missouri (2016) unless otherwise stated. not reside in Washington County for at least one year before the November 8, 2022 general election
as required by section 56.010 was against the weight of the evidence; and (3) the trial court erred
by failing to dismiss Hedgecorth’s petition because section 115.127.3’s eight-week deadline to
remove Jones from the ballot had lapsed which rendered Hedgecorth’s petition moot as a matter
of law.
We reverse based on our conclusions (1) that section 115.579.1’s requirements regarding
the issuance and service of the summons and petition apply to this section 115.526 action, and (2)
that the failure to comply with those requirements in this case stripped the trial court of the
authority to grant Hedgecorth the relief he sought in his petition, i.e., the disqualification of Jones.
Background
On February 22, 2022, Jones filed his application to be a candidate in the August 2, 2022
primary election for the office of Prosecuting Attorney of Washington County. On April 21, 2022,
Hedgecorth filed a petition contesting Jones’s qualifications to seek or hold that office.
Hedgecorth alleged that Jones was not a bona fide resident of Washington County for at least
twelve months immediately preceding November 8, 2022, the date of the general election, as
required by section 56.010.
The circuit clerk’s office issued a summons five days later on April 26, 2022. Jones was
personally served with the petition and summons on May 5, 2022, fourteen days after the petition
was filed. On May 9, 2022, Jones moved to dismiss the petition contending that the trial court
lacked jurisdiction because the summons was not “immediately” issued as required by the election
contest statute, nor was Jones served within the time and in the manner prescribed in the statute.
The trial court overruled the motion and set the matter for trial. On May 24, 2022, Jones filed a
2 petition for writ of prohibition with this Court reiterating his claim that the trial court lacked
jurisdiction. This Court denied the writ petition on May 27, 2022.
The matter proceeded to trial on June 6, 2022. On June 9, the trial court entered its
judgment finding that since Jones did not satisfy section 56.010’s residence requirement, he was
disqualified as a candidate for nomination for the office. The court directed the county clerk not
to print Jones’s name on the primary ballot.
On June 22, 2022, Jones filed a motion to amend the court’s judgment asserting that the
matter was moot after June 7, 2022 pursuant to section 115.127.3, which states “in no event shall
a candidate or issue be stricken or removed from the ballot less than eight weeks before the date
of the election.” Jones asked that the court withdraw the judgment and dismiss Hedgecorth’s
petition as moot. On June 23, 2022, the trial court entered its amended judgment disqualifying
Jones but removed the instruction to the county clerk that Jones’s name not be printed on the
official primary ballot. This appeal follows.
Standard of Review
In a court-tried case, this Court will affirm the trial court’s judgment unless there is no
substantial evidence to support it, unless it is against the weight of the evidence, or unless it
erroneously declares or applies the law. Murphy v. Carron, 536 S.W.2d 30, 32 (Mo.banc 1976).
The construction of a statute presents a legal question that we review de novo. Silvey v. Bechthold,
499 S.W.3d 760, 762 (Mo. App. W.D. 2016). See, e.g., Miller v. Frank, 519 S.W.3d 472, 475
(Mo. App. E.D. 2017) (“We will examine de novo issues of law, including questions of statutory
and constitutional interpretation.”).
3 Discussion
I. The task before us is to discern the legislature’s intent with respect to the procedures to be
followed concerning the issuance and service of the summons and petition in a section 115.526
election contest challenging a candidate’s qualifications inasmuch as section 115.526 does not
specifically address those issues. To undertake this task, we turn to the well-worn principles of
statutory construction. “The primary rule of statutory construction is to determine the intent of the
legislature from the language used and give effect to that intent.” Wright-Jones v. Johnson, 256
S.W.3d 177, 181 (Mo. App. E.D. 2008). Words are given their plain and ordinary meaning. Id.
Additionally, “we construe statutes in such a way as to avoid unreasonable, oppressive, or absurd
results.” Id. Perhaps most important for purposes of this case, the whole legislative act must be
read together, and all provisions should be harmonized if possible. Id.
“Election contest statutes ‘are a code unto themselves,’ and election contest procedures are
‘exclusive and must be strictly followed as substantive law.’” Mosley v. English, 501 S.W.3d 497,
501 (Mo. App. E.D. 2016) (quoting Chastain v. James, 463 S.W.3d 811, 819 (Mo. App. W.D.
2015) (quoting in part Foster v. Evert, 751 S.W.2d 42, 44 (Mo.banc 1988)). “The party requesting
relief must bring [himself] within its terms.” Id. Moreover, “[s]trict compliance with the election
contest statutes is necessary to confer subject matter jurisdiction upon the trial court.” Wright-
Jones, 256 S.W.3d at 180.2
2 Wright-Jones was decided one year before the Supreme Court's decision in J.C.W. ex rel. Webb v. Wyciskalla, 275 S.W.3d 249 (Mo.banc 2009), in which the Court clarified the concepts of subject matter jurisdiction and personal jurisdiction and juxtaposed these concepts with the trial court's authority to grant relief and remedies under a particular statute. Id. at 253-55.
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In the Missouri Court of Appeals Eastern District DIVISION FOUR
JOSHUA EDWARD HEDGECORTH, ) No. ED110755 ) Respondent, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court of ) Washington County vs. ) 22WA-CC00130 ) JOHN I. JONES, IV, ) Honorable Daren L. Adkins ) Appellant. ) Filed: September 13, 2022
Kelly C. Broniec, P.J., Philip M. Hess, J., and James M. Dowd, J.
Introduction
This expedited appeal involves an election contest filed by Contestant Joshua Hedgecorth
(“Hedgecorth”) challenging, pursuant to section 115.5261 of Missouri’s election contest law, the
qualifications of Contestee John Jones, IV (“Jones”) to appear on the primary election ballot as a
candidate for Prosecuting Attorney of Washington County. The trial court entered its judgment
on June 23, 2022 disqualifying Jones as a candidate.
Jones now asserts on appeal that: (1) the trial court erred by failing to dismiss Hedgecorth’s
petition because the election contest statute’s mandatory deadlines and procedures for the issuance
and service of the summons and petition were not followed which deprived the trial court of
jurisdiction over this case; (2) the trial court’s decision to disqualify Jones on the basis that he did
1 All statutory references are to Revised Statutes of Missouri (2016) unless otherwise stated. not reside in Washington County for at least one year before the November 8, 2022 general election
as required by section 56.010 was against the weight of the evidence; and (3) the trial court erred
by failing to dismiss Hedgecorth’s petition because section 115.127.3’s eight-week deadline to
remove Jones from the ballot had lapsed which rendered Hedgecorth’s petition moot as a matter
of law.
We reverse based on our conclusions (1) that section 115.579.1’s requirements regarding
the issuance and service of the summons and petition apply to this section 115.526 action, and (2)
that the failure to comply with those requirements in this case stripped the trial court of the
authority to grant Hedgecorth the relief he sought in his petition, i.e., the disqualification of Jones.
Background
On February 22, 2022, Jones filed his application to be a candidate in the August 2, 2022
primary election for the office of Prosecuting Attorney of Washington County. On April 21, 2022,
Hedgecorth filed a petition contesting Jones’s qualifications to seek or hold that office.
Hedgecorth alleged that Jones was not a bona fide resident of Washington County for at least
twelve months immediately preceding November 8, 2022, the date of the general election, as
required by section 56.010.
The circuit clerk’s office issued a summons five days later on April 26, 2022. Jones was
personally served with the petition and summons on May 5, 2022, fourteen days after the petition
was filed. On May 9, 2022, Jones moved to dismiss the petition contending that the trial court
lacked jurisdiction because the summons was not “immediately” issued as required by the election
contest statute, nor was Jones served within the time and in the manner prescribed in the statute.
The trial court overruled the motion and set the matter for trial. On May 24, 2022, Jones filed a
2 petition for writ of prohibition with this Court reiterating his claim that the trial court lacked
jurisdiction. This Court denied the writ petition on May 27, 2022.
The matter proceeded to trial on June 6, 2022. On June 9, the trial court entered its
judgment finding that since Jones did not satisfy section 56.010’s residence requirement, he was
disqualified as a candidate for nomination for the office. The court directed the county clerk not
to print Jones’s name on the primary ballot.
On June 22, 2022, Jones filed a motion to amend the court’s judgment asserting that the
matter was moot after June 7, 2022 pursuant to section 115.127.3, which states “in no event shall
a candidate or issue be stricken or removed from the ballot less than eight weeks before the date
of the election.” Jones asked that the court withdraw the judgment and dismiss Hedgecorth’s
petition as moot. On June 23, 2022, the trial court entered its amended judgment disqualifying
Jones but removed the instruction to the county clerk that Jones’s name not be printed on the
official primary ballot. This appeal follows.
Standard of Review
In a court-tried case, this Court will affirm the trial court’s judgment unless there is no
substantial evidence to support it, unless it is against the weight of the evidence, or unless it
erroneously declares or applies the law. Murphy v. Carron, 536 S.W.2d 30, 32 (Mo.banc 1976).
The construction of a statute presents a legal question that we review de novo. Silvey v. Bechthold,
499 S.W.3d 760, 762 (Mo. App. W.D. 2016). See, e.g., Miller v. Frank, 519 S.W.3d 472, 475
(Mo. App. E.D. 2017) (“We will examine de novo issues of law, including questions of statutory
and constitutional interpretation.”).
3 Discussion
I. The task before us is to discern the legislature’s intent with respect to the procedures to be
followed concerning the issuance and service of the summons and petition in a section 115.526
election contest challenging a candidate’s qualifications inasmuch as section 115.526 does not
specifically address those issues. To undertake this task, we turn to the well-worn principles of
statutory construction. “The primary rule of statutory construction is to determine the intent of the
legislature from the language used and give effect to that intent.” Wright-Jones v. Johnson, 256
S.W.3d 177, 181 (Mo. App. E.D. 2008). Words are given their plain and ordinary meaning. Id.
Additionally, “we construe statutes in such a way as to avoid unreasonable, oppressive, or absurd
results.” Id. Perhaps most important for purposes of this case, the whole legislative act must be
read together, and all provisions should be harmonized if possible. Id.
“Election contest statutes ‘are a code unto themselves,’ and election contest procedures are
‘exclusive and must be strictly followed as substantive law.’” Mosley v. English, 501 S.W.3d 497,
501 (Mo. App. E.D. 2016) (quoting Chastain v. James, 463 S.W.3d 811, 819 (Mo. App. W.D.
2015) (quoting in part Foster v. Evert, 751 S.W.2d 42, 44 (Mo.banc 1988)). “The party requesting
relief must bring [himself] within its terms.” Id. Moreover, “[s]trict compliance with the election
contest statutes is necessary to confer subject matter jurisdiction upon the trial court.” Wright-
Jones, 256 S.W.3d at 180.2
2 Wright-Jones was decided one year before the Supreme Court's decision in J.C.W. ex rel. Webb v. Wyciskalla, 275 S.W.3d 249 (Mo.banc 2009), in which the Court clarified the concepts of subject matter jurisdiction and personal jurisdiction and juxtaposed these concepts with the trial court's authority to grant relief and remedies under a particular statute. Id. at 253-55. Therefore, we read Wright-Jones's reference to “jurisdiction,” as Webb requires us to, as “merely setting statutory limits on remedies or elements of claims for relief that courts may grant.” Id. at 255.
4 In sections 115.526 to 115.601, the legislature has laid out the exclusive provisions
governing election contests. Since this is a primary election contest, we note that “primary election
contests can take three forms. First, before a primary election is held, the election may be contested
on the basis of a candidate’s qualifications for nomination to office under section 115.526.” Id.
Sections 115.527, 115.531, and 115.553, govern election contests after a primary election has been
held. Id. Lastly, section 115.601 provides when recounts may be ordered and held after an
election. Id.
In addition, the legislature has provided specific procedures based on the type of office at
issue. For instance, election contests involving state-wide offices3 are treated in sections 115.555
to 115.561. Those sections assign to the Supreme Court of Missouri the authority to litigate and
resolve such contests. Likewise, section 115.565 grants exclusive jurisdiction to the Missouri
House of Representatives and to the Missouri Senate over election contests involving those
respective offices.
In sections 115.533.1, 115.559.1, 115.579.1, the legislature set forth the same procedures
to be followed for the issuance and service of the summons and petition on the contestee.
Specifically, the legislature stated in each of those sections that “immediately”4 after the election
contest petition is filed, the clerk of the court “shall issue a summons” which shall be served on
the contestee. Id. Each of those sections then provides that if the contestee is not “found within
two days, the summons shall be served” by leaving it and a copy of the petition at the contestee’s
residence and by posting the summons in a conspicuous place in the clerk's office. Id.
3 These offices include governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, attorney general, state treasurer, and state auditor. 4 “Immediately,” in the context of election statutes, means the same day the petition is filed. Mosley v. English, 501 S.W.3d 497, 501 (Mo. App. E.D. 2016).
5 Unfortunately, section 115.526 fails to include in its space any reference to the procedures
to be followed regarding the issuance and service of the summons and petition.5 Thus, we must
determine how the legislature intended for those matters to be handled. In general, when “statutes
governing election contests are silent as to the procedural rules to apply in the conduct of such
contests, the relevant procedural statutes and rules that apply in all civil actions also apply in
governing procedure in election contests.” Mosley, 501 S.W.3d at 502-03 (quoting Moore v.
Morehead, 666 S.W.2d 460, 461 (Mo. App. W.D. 1984)). But here, the legislature is not silent.
Here, section 115.526 mandates that “[t]he procedure in such matters shall be the same as
that provided in sections 115.527 to 115.601, to the extent that it is applicable and not in conflict
with the provisions of this section.” We interpret this language as the legislature's instruction that
we harvest the applicable provisions from sections 115.527 to 115.601 to complete the procedural
course for a section 115.526 election contest inasmuch as that section does not specifically include
any summons issuance or service language.6
Following our review of sections 115.527 to 115.601, we find that section 115.579's
language regarding the issuance and service of the summons and petition applies to election
contests brought under section 115.526. We reach this conclusion based on our reading of the
statute and on our prior decision in Wright-Jones in which we held that:
“[t]he language of sections 115.575.1 and 115.575.2 provides that all contests, including those on the basis of qualification, shall be heard and determined by the circuit court of any circuit in which all or any part of the election was held and in which the irregularity occurred. Although the language of section 115.575.2 indicates that a contested election shall be heard and determined by a circuit court where the election [was held], we find that the legislature intended that a section 115.526 qualifications challenge, which takes place
5 Nevertheless, section 115.526 does include a specific procedure and deadline for the filing of the verified petition. 6 Jones argues that section 115.533, which is practically identical to section 115.579, applies to this section 115.526 challenge. We disagree because section 115.533 by its terms specifically applies to election contests filed after a primary election has taken place.
6 before an election is held, shall be heard and determined by a circuit court where the election [will be held].”
256 S.W.3d at 183 (emphasis added). In light of Wright-Jones’s finding that section
115.575.2 applies to an election contest brought under section 115.526, it follows that section
115.579 also applies to a section 115.526 contest. Section 115.575.2 applies to “[a]ll contested
elections” except those involving state-wide offices, house and senate seats, and circuit and
associate circuit judge elections. And it is apparent upon review of sections 115.575 and 115.579,
that through section 115.579, the legislature has simply provided for the procedures to be followed
after a petition is filed pursuant to section 115.575.2.
Therefore, we conclude that section 115.526.3's directive that we look to sections 115.527
to 115.601 for the procedure to be followed in a section 115.526 election contest challenging the
qualifications of a candidate necessarily leads us to section 115.579, which states:
“Immediately after a petition is filed, the clerk of the circuit court shall issue a summons upon the petition to the contestee, returnable by the day designated by the circuit court to the circuit court. The summons shall be served in any county of the state in the same manner provided for service of process in civil actions. If the contestee cannot be found within two days, the summons shall be served by leaving the summons and a copy of the petition at the residence address shown on the contestee’s declaration of candidacy . . . .”
This conclusion is in keeping with the legislature's repeated emphasis throughout the
election contest statute on the need to expedite such litigation. See State ex rel. Wilson v. Hart,
583 S.W.2d 550, 552 (Mo. App. E.D. 1979) (“Were [the word ‘immediately’] construed otherwise,
such construction would disrupt the specific time requirements established in other statutory
provisions governing election contests, thereby undermining the statute’s purpose of assuring an
early resolution of election disputes.”).
Finally, Jones has incorrectly couched the issue here in terms of whether the trial court had
jurisdiction or not. Missouri courts recognize only two kinds of jurisdiction: subject matter
7 jurisdiction and personal jurisdiction. J.C.W. ex rel. Webb v. Wyciskalla, 275 S.W.3d 249, 252
(Mo.banc 2009). “[P]ersonal jurisdiction refers . . . to the power of a court to require a person to
respond to a legal proceeding that may affect the person’s rights or interests,” whereas subject
matter jurisdiction refers to “the court’s authority to render a judgment in a particular category of
case.” Id. at 253. In Missouri, “[t]he circuit courts shall have original jurisdiction over all cases
and matters, civil and criminal.” Mo. Const. art. V, sec. 14 (emphasis added). Here, personal
jurisdiction and subject matter jurisdiction were both satisfied.
“The circuit court’s statutory or common law authority to grant relief in a particular case
differs from the circuit court’s constitutionally granted subject matter and personal jurisdiction.”
Hightower v. Myers, 304 S.W.3d 727, 733 (Mo.banc 2010) (emphasis added). Therefore, the
appropriate term here is “authority” or “power” rather than “jurisdiction.” See Miller v. Frank,
519 S.W.3d at 478 (where Appellants contended that the trial court lacked jurisdiction, the court
held that “[t]he trial court had no authority to entertain Appellants’ improper challenge to the
qualifications of other candidates” and “[w]ithout authority to address Appellants’ claims, the trial
court only possessed power to dismiss the action.”).
Moreover, in Hinesly v. Todd, the court stated:
Rather than “authority,” Hampton’s point on appeal uses the word “jurisdiction.” Indeed, a review of election contest jurisprudence reveals that the procedures and remedies provided by sections 115.526 – 115.601 have been described in jurisdictional terms . . . [h]owever, as clarified by our supreme court in J.C.W. ex rel Webb v. Wyciskalla, 275 S.W.3d 249, 253 (Mo.banc 2009), a circuit court’s subject matter jurisdiction is controlled by article V, section 14 of the Missouri Constitution and not by statute. “When a statute speaks in jurisdictional terms or can be read in such terms, it is proper to read it as merely setting statutory limits on remedies or elements of claims for relief that courts may grant.” J.C.W., 275 S.W.3d at 255. “Simply stated, a claim that a trial court has exceeded its statutory power or authority does not implicate the trial court’s subject matter jurisdiction.” State v. Brown, 406 S.W.3d 460, 464 (Mo. App. 2013).
430 S.W.3d 291, 294 n.4 (Mo. App. S.D. 2014).