TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-01-00231-CR
Jose Jorge Cantu, Appellant
v.
The State of Texas, Appellee
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF CALDWELL COUNTY, 274THJUDICIAL DISTRICT NO. 2000-119, HONORABLE DON B. MORGAN, JUDGE PRESIDING
After being charged with the offense of murder, appellant was convicted by a jury of the
lesser offense of voluntary manslaughter. See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. '' 19.02, .04 (West 1994). The jury
assessed punishment at twenty years= confinement and a $10,000 fine. Appellant challenges his conviction,
asserting that he received ineffective assistance of counsel, that the trial court erred by admitting expert
testimony, and that the trial court erred by failing to limit the definitions of culpable mental states in the jury
charge. We affirm the trial court=s judgment.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND1
Appellant killed his roommate, Guillermo Perez, in November 1987 and fled to Mexico
where he resided until February 2000. Perez=s body was located approximately two months after his death
1 Because appellant does not challenge the factual or legal sufficiency of the evidence to support his conviction, we will briefly state facts necessary for context and discuss other facts as needed under specific issues. in a barn near Edna. Despite the advanced decomposition of the body, the medical examiner determined
that death was caused by three stab wounds to the chest. At trial, appellant testified as a witness in his own
behalf and claimed that he killed Perez in self-defense.
Appellant lived and worked with Perez in Lockhart. According to his testimony at trial, he
was planning to move out of their residence because of Perez=s homosexual advances towards him. On the
evening of Perez=s death, he and Perez attended a party. At the party, Perez learned of appellant=s plan to
move out. When they returned home, appellant entered his bathroom to take a shower. While he was
stepping into the shower with his back turned to the door, Perez entered the bathroom and attempted to
stab him with a knife. Appellant blocked the strike, and in doing so, received a cut on his left hand. The
two then fell back into the bathtub and Perez dropped the knife. A struggle ensued during which appellant
grabbed the knife and stabbed Perez, killing him.
After this, appellant testified that he cleaned the bathroom, placed the victim in his truck,
and disposed of the body. Appellant then drove to the border and crossed into Mexico where he lived and
worked for the next twelve years. In February 2000, he was contacted by Ricardo Suarez, a member of
the FBI Violent Crimes Task Force, regarding the victim=s death and agreed to meet with Suarez on the
Texas side of the border.
On February 25, appellant was arrested on a murder warrant at an immigration checkpoint
while attempting to cross the Texas-Mexico border to meet with Suarez. Initially, appellant said nothing
about his self-defense claim to border law enforcement upon his arrest or during telephone conversations
with law enforcement prior to his arrest. In fact, appellant claimed he did not kill anybody and did not know
2 what had happened to Perez. However, while in custody in Caldwell County, appellant gave three written
statements in which he admitted killing Perez, but claimed that he did so in self-defense.
At trial, in response to appellant=s self-defense claim, the State presented as a rebuttal
witness Commander Albert Rodriguez, the director of training for the Texas Department of Public Safety.
Testifying as an expert in self-defense, Rodriguez explained that an untrained individual, such as the
appellant, would not be able to deflect a knife attack in the manner in which he claimed.
The jury found appellant guilty of the lesser offense of voluntary manslaughter. By six
issues, appellant challenges his conviction. In his first three issues, appellant asserts that trial counsel
rendered ineffective assistance of counsel by opening the door to appellant=s impeachment with an
unadjudicated deferred adjudication for burglary of a vehicle in 1987; by failing, after opening the door to
impeachment with the deferred adjudication, to request a limiting instruction; and by failing to object to the
State=s elicitation of several acts of extraneous misconduct during its cross-examination of appellant. In his
fourth and fifth points of error, appellant argues that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting the
testimony of Rodriguez, the State=s expert witness. In his final point of error, appellant asserts that the trial
court erred by failing to limit the definitions of culpable mental states in the jury charge.
DISCUSSION
1. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
A defendant is constitutionally entitled to reasonably effective assistance of counsel.
Stafford v. State, 813 S.W.2d 503, 506 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). However, this constitutional right does
not mean that a defendant is entitled to errorless counsel or counsel whose competency is judged by
3 hindsight. Id. AThe fact that another attorney might have pursued a different course of action at trial will not
support a finding of ineffectiveness.@ Banks v. State, 819 S.W.2d 676, 681 (Tex. App.CSan Antonio
1991, pet. ref=d).
In assessing the effectiveness of counsel, Texas courts adhere to the test set forth by the
Supreme Court in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984), and adopted by Hernandez v.
State, 726 S.W.2d 53, 55 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). Under the Strickland test, the defendant must first
show that counsel=s performance was deficient, i.e., that his assistance fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness. Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 812 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). Second, appellant
must affirmatively prove prejudice by showing there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel=s
unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. Id. AA reasonable probability
is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.@ Id. Failure to make both the required
showing of deficient performance and sufficient prejudice defeats the ineffectiveness claim. Strickland, 466
U.S. at 689; Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 813.
The burden of proving ineffective assistance of counsel rests on the defendant by a
preponderance of the evidence. Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 813. Generally, Aan appellate court looks to the
totality of the representation and the particular circumstances of each case in evaluating the effectiveness of
counsel.@ Id. However, in some situations a single egregious error of omission on counsel=s part can be
considered ineffective assistance. See Vasquez v. State, 830 S.W.2d 948, 951 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992).
When determining whether counsel was ineffective, any judicial review must be highly
deferential to trial counsel and avoid the distorting effects of hindsight. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689;
4 Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 813. In the absence of a specific record developed on counsel=s ineffectiveness,
the defendant must overcome a strong presumption that counsel=s performance fell within the wide range of
reasonable professional assistance. Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 813.2 In other words, the defendant must
overcome the presumption that the challenged conduct was the product of sound trial strategy. Jackson v.
State, 877 S.W.2d 768, 771 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994); see also Tong v. State, 25 S.W.3d 707, 712 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2000). To defeat this presumption, the trial record must affirmatively demonstrate the alleged
ineffectiveness. Thompson, 9. S.W.3d at 814.
Because appellant=s first and second issues both address whether trial counsel rendered
ineffective assistance of counsel with regard to the deferred adjudication evidence, we will review them
together.
a. Deferred Adjudication Evidence
2 Appellant=s motion for new trial did not address ineffectiveness of counsel.
5 Appellant complains his counsel improperly Aopened the door@ to impeachment evidence
concerning appellant=s deferred adjudication probation for burglary when he allowed appellant to testify to
the deferred adjudication on direct examination. Such evidence, appellant argues, is barred because it is not
a conviction for a felony or a crime involving moral turpitude. See Tex. R. Evid. 609(a).3 Furthermore,
appellant complains that counsel compounded the problem by failing to request a limiting instruction on the
deferred adjudication.
Under Rule 609, a party may attack a witness=s credibility with evidence that the witness
has been convicted of a felony or crime involving moral turpitude. Id.; see also Tex. R. Evid. 608(b).
However, while not admissible to impeach credibility, evidence of a deferred adjudication may be
admissible to show a witness=s bias or interest in a particular case, including the bias or interest of a
defendant who testifies. Moreno v. State, 22 S.W.3d 482, 487 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999); see also
Maxwell v. State, 486 S.W.3d 196, 199 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). Appellant argues that because his
3 Rule 609(a) provides
(a) General Rule. For the purpose of attacking the credibility of a witness, evidence that the witness has been convicted of a crime shall be admitted if elicited from the witness or established by public record but only if the crime was a felony or involved moral turpitude, regardless of punishment, and the court determines that the probative value of admitting this evidence outweighs its prejudicial effect.
Rule 608(b) provides:
(b) Specific Instances of Conduct. Specific instances of the conduct of a witness, for the purpose of attacking or supporting the witness= credibility, other than conviction of crime as provided in Rule 609, may not be inquired into on cross- examination of the witness nor proved by extrinsic evidence.
6 deferred adjudication for burglary was not a final conviction, there was no plausible strategy for trial counsel
to introduce the deferred adjudication on direct. We disagree.
Appellant does not present any record as to counsel=s decision to question appellant about
his deferred adjudication or his failure to request a limiting instruction once the door to the deferred
adjudication evidence had been opened. In this case, counsel requested notice of the State=s intention to
introduce evidence of prior convictions or extraneous offenses. In response, the State filed notice that it
would introduce the deferred adjudication evidence at trial. Trial counsel filed two motions in limine
excluding Aall extraneous crime or misconduct evidence,@ one before the State filed notice and one after.
The record does not reflect whether the court ruled on these motions. Because trial counsel was on notice
that the State was planning to introduce evidence of the deferred adjudication, he may have decided to
introduce the evidence on direct in an effort to blunt its effect and to persuade the jury that appellant was a
credible witness. See 1 Steven Goode et al., Texas Practice: Texas Rules of Evidence: Civil and
Criminal ' 609.4 (2d ed. 1993) (discussing trial strategy of taking Asting out@ of impeachment by eliciting
witness=s prior conviction on direct examination). Furthermore, counsel may have decided that requesting a
limiting instruction in this instance would have been futile, or would have drawn unnecessary attention to
incriminating evidence. See Garcia v. State, 887 S.W.2d 862, 881 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994); Rodriguez
v. State, 974 S.W.2d 364, 372 (Tex. App.CAmarillo 1998, pet ref=d). However, faced with a Acold
record@ on counsel=s tactical decisions, we can only speculate. As the court of criminal appeals explained in
Thompson:
7 Rarely will a reviewing court be provided the opportunity to make its determination [on ineffective assistance of counsel] on direct appeal with a record capable of providing a fair evaluation of the merits of the claim involving such a serious allegation. In the majority of instances, the record on direct appeal is simply undeveloped and cannot adequately reflect the failings of trial counsel.
9 S.W.3d at 813-14. Due to the lack of evidence in the record regarding trial counsel=s reasons for
introducing the deferred adjudication evidence and for not requesting a limiting instruction, we cannot
conclude that counsel=s performance was deficient. Id.; see also Jackson, 877 S.W.2d at 771. Appellant
has not rebutted the presumption that counsel=s decision was the product of sound trial strategy.
Even if counsel=s performance were deficient, the record does not show that there is a
reasonable probability that but for counsel=s actions, the trial outcome would have been different. The
record shows that overwhelming evidence was presented to the jury that tended to refute appellant=s self-
defense claim and impeach his credibility. Such evidence included appellant=s cleaning of the crime scene
before fleeing to Mexico; hiding the victim=s body in a remote location; making telephone calls shortly after
the incident in 1987, in which he confessed to killing the victim, and in which no mention was made of self-
defense4; fleeing to Mexico and evading prosecution for many years until his arrest; testifying in a misleading
4 The calls were made to Mitya T. Jamail. Jamail testified that during these phone conversations appellant told Jamail that he Aprobably stabbed [the victim] a hundred times@ and that he killed the victim because the victim gave him AIDS and because the victim was a jealous person who Awouldn=t leave him alone.@ Jamail characterized the statement about stabbing the victim a hundred times as simply a figure of speech. In fact, the medical examiner testified that he was able to confirm only three stab wounds due to the advanced decomposition of the body. However, when asked whether it was possible that the victim was stabbed one hundred times, the medical examiner responded, AOh, yes, very much so. And especially when you take into consideration there are stab wounds on the chest and there are stab wounds on the left groin. So why not something in between or on his back?@
8 manner that he had informed his father in 1987 about the incident; and making a sequence of incriminating
oral and written statements to law enforcement upon his arrest, in which he initially denied killing the victim,
then admitted killing him, but in self-defense.
We overrule appellant=s first two issues.
b. Extraneous Conduct
Appellant also complains that counsel failed to lodge sufficient objections to evidence
regarding certain extraneous conduct of appellant elicited by the State during cross-examination. Such
evidence is ordinarily barred by rule 609(a). See Tex. R. Evid. 609(a).
On cross-examination, the State elicited the following: that appellant lied to the Mexican
government about his prior criminal record; that although a United States citizen, appellant paid no income
taxes since 1987; that appellant at one time used a false name to obtain lawful alien status; that appellant had
been previously convicted of misdemeanor DWI offenses; that appellant had failed to make regular child
support payments; and that appellant had violated the conditions of his deferred adjudication probation. At
trial, counsel made an objection to the income tax evidence after the State elicited a response from
appellant, which the court sustained, and an objection to the evidence regarding child support payments,
which the court overruled. Trial counsel did not request an instruction to disregard the income tax
testimony. Counsel also requested and received a hearing on the admissibility of appellant=s deferred
adjudication file.
Once again, the record is silent as to why counsel failed to object more vigorously to each
item of extraneous conduct or to obtain an instruction to disregard the income tax testimony. Counsel may
9 have concluded as a matter of strategy that to object in this instance would have drawn unnecessary
attention to incriminating evidence or would have incurred the ill will of the jury. See Rodriguez, 974
S.W.2d at 371 (unnecessary attention); Steven Lubet, Modern Trial Advocacy: Analysis and Practice,
266-67, (2d ed. 1997) (ill will). Assuming that the evidence of extraneous offenses was inadmissible under
Rule 609(a), in the absence of a specific record explaining counsel=s tactical decisions appellant has failed to
rebut the strong presumption that counsel=s decisions were the product of sound trial strategy. Regardless,
even if trial counsel=s performance were deficient, appellant has failed to demonstrate that there is a
reasonable probability that but for counsel=s actions the outcome of the trial would have been different, as
there was overwhelming evidence in the record that tended to rebut appellant=s self-defense claim.
Therefore, we overrule appellant=s third issue.
2. Expert Testimony
In his fourth and fifth issues, appellant argues that the trial court abused its discretion in
admitting expert testimony by the State=s self-defense expert, Rodriguez, regarding (1) appellant=s ability to
block the alleged knife attack by the victim and (2) the possibility that appellant=s hand wound was self-
inflicted.5 Appellant argues Rodriguez was not qualified to render an expert opinion on these issues.
5 The State=s theory at trial was that appellant accidently cut his left hand while stabbing the victim. This was offered in rebuttal to appellant=s claim that he was cut by the victim while attempting to block the knife attack.
10 Because both of these issues concern Rodriguez=s qualifications and are subject to the same requirement for
the admission of expert testimony, we will address them together.
The appellant concedes that Rodriguez was generally qualified to discuss some aspects of
the use of force, self-defense, and sharp-edged weapons. Instead, appellant argues that the State failed to
adduce adequate facts to demonstrate by clear and convincing evidence that Rodriguez was qualified
Abased upon his study and application of kinesiological and physiological principles@ to give an opinion on
the abilities of an untrained individual to divert a knife attack. Furthermore, appellant claims the State did
not establish the predicate facts that Rodriguez was an expert with relation to the receipt of knife injuries.
Therefore, the substance of appellant=s claim is that Rodriguez was not qualified and that Rodriguez=s
testimony amounted to an unreliable scientific opinion.6 For the reasons set forth below, we disagree.
Standard of Review
Preliminary questions concerning admissibility of evidence are determined by the trial court.
See Tex. R. Evid. 104(a). Whether the trial court properly admitted Rodriguez=s testimony is subject to an
abuse of discretion standard of review. See Weatherred v. State, 15 S.W.3d 540, 542 (Tex. Crim. App.
2000). The test for abuse of discretion is whether the trial court acted without reference to any guiding rules
or principles. Roise v. State, 7 S.W.3d 225, 233 (Tex. App.CAustin 1999, pet. ref=d), cert. denied, 531
U.S. 895 (2000). An appellate court must uphold the trial court=s ruling if it was within the zone of
reasonable disagreement. Weatherred, 15 S.W.3d at 542.
6 Appellant does not dispute the relevancy of Rodriguez=s testimony, therefore we confine our analysis to whether Rodriguez was qualified and whether his opinion was reliable.
11 Admissibility
Texas Rule of Evidence 702, which governs the admissibility of expert testimony, provides:
AIf scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence
or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or
education, may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise.@ Tex. R. Evid. 702.
Rule 702 contains two initial hurdles that must be overcome before expert testimony will be
admissible. Roise, 7 S.W.3d at 234. The proponent of the testimony must establish (1) that the scientific,
technical, or other specialized knowledge will aid the trier of fact and (2) that the expert witness is qualified
to testify on the subject. Id. Under the first prong, an expert=s opinion should be based on a body of
scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge that is pertinent to the facts in issue, and sufficiently
reliable to assist the jury in accurately understanding other evidence or in determining a fact in issue. Id.; see
also Weatherred, 15 S.W.3d at 542; Nenno v. State, 970 S.W.2d 549, 560-61 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998).
Under the second prong, no rigid formula exists for determining whether a particular witness is qualified to
testify as an expert. Roise, 7 S.W.3d at 234. Knowledge qualifying a witness as an expert Amay be
gleaned entirely from studying technical works, from obtaining a specialized education, from practical
experience, or from a combination of the three.@ Negrini v. State, 853 S.W.2d 128, 129 (Tex.
App.CCorpus Christi 1993, no pet.) (DWI instructor qualified to testify on blood alcohol content). Under
Rule 702, the party offering the expert=s testimony bears the burden of proof to establish that the expert is
qualified. See Roise, 7 S.W.3d at 234.
12 While the proponent of the testimony has the burden of establishing the expert=s
qualifications, the trial court has the responsibility of ensuring that those who claim to be experts actually
have expertise concerning the subject about which they are offering an opinion.@ Id. A[A] person with a
college degree should not be allowed to testify that the world is flat, that the moon is made of green cheese,
or that the Earth is the center of the solar system.@ Id. (quoting E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co. v.
Robinson, 923 S.W.2d 549, 558 (Tex. 1995)). Therefore, a degree alone is not enough to qualify a
purported expert to give an opinion, instead the inquiry must be into the actual qualification. Id. There must
be a Afit@ between the subject matter at issue and the expert=s qualifications. Id. (quoting Broders v. Heise,
924 S.W.2d 151, 153 (Tex. 1996)).
The judge determined that Rodriguez=s testimony was admissible during a hearing held
outside the presence of the jury. 7 The record from that hearing shows that Rodriguez was a qualified martial
arts expert regarding the use of force, the use of deadly force, and self-defense. Rodriguez=s formal
education included many courses in kinesiology, which he described as the study of the actual movement of
the human body through the use of certain muscle groups, and anatomy. After college, he attended the
regular eighteen-week training academy at the Texas Department of Public Safety (DPS). He has been
employed with DPS since 1977 and, at the time of trial, was director of training. He testified that he has
attended approximately 6,000 hours of specialized training regarding the use of force and deadly force,
including a three-month period at the FBI National Academy. Furthermore, he teaches the use of force and
7 At trial, Rodriguez was limited to testifying in terms of a hypothetical question and not whether the appellant could perform the maneuvers he claimed to have made.
13 deadly force at the DPS academy, and at one time taught actual, hands-on self-defense. In addition, he
currently conducts research regarding these theories. Therefore, we conclude that the trial court did not err
in concluding that Rodriguez was qualified to give an expert opinion.
Appellant also challenges the reliability of Rodriguez=s testimony. Both parties agree that the
applicable test for assessing Rodriguez=s testimony, which he testified was based primarily on his training
and experience, is set forth in Nenno.8 970 S.W.2d at 561; see also Olin Corp. v. Smith, 990 S.W.2d
789, 797-98 (Tex. App.CAustin 1999, pet. denied). According to Nenno, the appropriate questions are:
(1) whether the field of expertise is a legitimate one, (2) whether the subject matter of the expert=s testimony
is within the scope of that field, and (3) whether the expert=s testimony relies upon the principles involved in
the field. Id. at 561. The Nenno inquiry has been described as the standard for admission of expert
testimony in the Asoft@ sciences. See Weatherred, 975 S.W.2d at 542.
Rodriguez testified that his opinion was based on special training, education, and experience
in martial arts, the use of force, and particularly self-defense, including body movements, muscle
8 The Nenno court determined that factors applicable to the admissibility of scientific expert testimony are to be applied with less rigor when addressing fields of study aside from the hard sciences, such as the social sciences or fields that are based primarily upon experience and training as opposed to scientific method. See Nenno v. State, 970 S.W.2d 549, 560-61 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (stating that factors such as assessing potential rate of error or subjecting theory to peer review, Amay often be inappropriate for testing the reliability of fields of expertise outside the hard sciences@).
14 movements, and how they work in certain situations. He also testified that he is familiar with the legal
concepts regarding the use of self-defense and deadly force, and makes presentations on those subjects to
universities and law enforcement agencies throughout the country. He has contributed to articles on self-
defense and the use of deadly force for training purposes within the DPS training academy. Rodriguez
testified that the general topic of the use of force includes the use of deadly force and self-defense, and
involves some theories from the sciences of anatomy and kinesiology. Because of his practice, he testified
that he was also familiar with the many subtopics that exist within the topic of use of force, including the
study of body movement, gross motor skills versus complex motor skills, the study of response times, the
use of firearms, the use of deadly force without firearms, the use of chemical weapons, and the use of
impact weapons. Furthermore, he testified that gross motor skills and complex motor skills are applications
of certain scientific theories that are widely accepted in scientific literature and are used in law enforcement
to train people to respond in a certain manner in self-defense circumstances. Rodriguez proposed to apply
these theories in his testimony at trial regarding the ability to block a knife attack in the manner described by
the appellant and the possibility of receiving a self-inflicted hand wound under those circumstances.
We conclude that the above testimony meets the requirements of Nenno, and therefore that
the trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting Rodriguez=s testimony. Even if it was an abuse of
discretion to admit the testimony, we would find the error harmless pursuant to the non-constitutional
standard of review. Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b); see also King v. State, 953 S.W.2d 266, 270-71 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1997). As stated previously, there was an overwhelming amount of persuasive evidence
presented at trial, aside from Rodriguez=s testimony, from which the jury could have rejected the appellant=s
15 self-defense claim. In addition, the State did not emphasize Rodriguez=s testimony in closing argument. See
King, 953 S.W.2d at 272-73. Issues four and five are overruled.
3. Error in the Jury Charge
In his sixth issue, appellant argues that the trial court erred by failing to limit the culpable
mental state definitions in the abstract portion of the jury charge to result-oriented conduct. The standard of
review for jury charge error in a criminal case provides that Athe judgment shall not be reversed unless the
error appearing from the record was calculated to injure the rights of defendant, or unless it appears from
the record that the defendant has not had a fair and impartial trial.@ Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art 36.19
(West 1981). Acknowledging that he did not make a proper objection at trial, appellant argues that, under
Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985), the error was egregious. The State
concedes that appellant has correctly assigned error, but contends that the error was not harmful. See
Cook v. State, 884 S.W.2d 485, 491 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994).
Intentional murder as defined by the penal code is a result of conduct offense; a jury
charge which defines Aintentionally@ and Aknowingly@ as it relates to the nature of conduct as well as the
result of conduct is, therefore, incorrect. See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. '19.02(a)(1); see also Cook, 884
S.W.2d at 491; Ybarra v. State, 890 S.W.2d 98, 106 (Tex. App.CSan Antonio 1994, pet. ref=d).
Appellant points out that the trial court defined Aintentionally@ and Aknowingly@ too broadly by including in
the definitions both the nature of conduct and the result of conduct. The abstract portion of the jury charge
defined Aintentionally@ and Aknowingly@ as follows:
16 A person acts intentionally, or with intent, with respect to the nature of his conduct or to a result of his conduct when it is his conscious objective or desire to engage in the conduct or cause the result.
A person acts knowingly, or with knowledge, with respect to the nature of his conduct or to circumstances surrounding his conduct when he is aware of the nature of his conduct or that the circumstances exist. A person acts knowingly, or with knowledge, with respect to a result of his conduct when he is aware that his conduct is reasonably certain to cause the result.
According to appellant, because these definitions emphasized as a result of their placement the nature of
appellant=s conduct, the jury may have incorrectly convicted appellant based upon the nature of conduct,
rather than the result. Furthermore, appellant argues that the prosecutor=s explanation to the jury of the
application of the law to the facts prompted the jury to convict appellant of murder if it found he consciously
engaged in the conduct which ultimately caused the victim=s death rather than if appellant intended to cause
the victim=s death.
We agree that the trial judge erred by including both the result and nature of conduct in the
portion of the jury charge that defined culpable mental states. But for the following reasons, we cannot
agree the error was so egregious and created such harm that appellant did not have a fair and impartial trial.
As the State correctly points out, charge error merely begins rather than ends the inquiry by
the reviewing court. Cook, 884 S.W.2d at 491; Ybarra, 890 S.W.2d at 105-107. Therefore, we examine
the error in light of (1) the entire jury charge, (2) the state of the evidence, including contested issues and
weight of probative evidence, (3) the arguments of counsel, and (4) any other relevant information.
Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171; Zuliani v. State, 52 S.W.3d 825, 829 (Tex. App.CAustin 2001, pet.
granted). Under this standard, we find, first, that the court correctly stated the requisite mental states in the
17 application paragraph of the jury charge. The court informed the jury that, if it found beyond a reasonable
doubt that appellant Aintentionally or knowingly cause [sic] the death of an individual, namely Guillermo
Perez, by cutting or stabbing the said Guillermo Perez with a knife, you will find the Defendant guilty of the
charged offense of Murder . . . .@ When the application paragraph correctly instructs the jury, an error in
the abstract instruction is not egregious. See Medina v. State, 7 S.W.3d 633, 640 (Tex. Crim. App.
1999) (citing Plata v. State, 926 S.W.2d 300, 302-03 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (inclusion of superfluous
abstraction never produces reversible error in court=s charge because it does not affect jury=s ability fairly
and accurately to implement application paragraph)). In addition, the jury charge defined murder as follows:
AA person commits the offense of Murder if he intentionally or knowingly causes the death of an
individual.@ (Emphasis added.) This definition correctly instructed the jury to find appellant guilty of murder
if he intentionally or knowingly caused the death of an individual.
Second, the record included substantial evidence for the jury to have concluded that
appellant intentionally or knowingly, as defined under the result-oriented concept, caused the death of the
victim. The State=s witness, Jamail, testified that appellant called him shortly after the incident and claimed
to have killed Perez because Perez was a jealous person and because Perez gave him AIDS, not that he
had acted in self-defense. Also, under cross-examination, appellant admitted that he knew during the
incident that if he stabbed a person in the chest with a knife, it could reasonably kill that person. In addition,
the medical examiner testified that appellant used sufficient force in stabbing Perez to break Perez=s ribs.
Finally, although the prosecutor did make brief reference to the court=s charge in his closing
argument, it is not error for the State to quote or paraphrase the jury charge, so long as the prosecutor=s
18 argument as to the law is not contrary to the charge. Ybarra, 890 S.W.2d at 107 (citing Whiting v. State,
797 S.W.2d 45, 48 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) and Short v. State, 511 S.W.2d 288, 291 (Tex. Crim. App.
1974)). In his closing argument, the prosecutor paraphrased the court=s charge, arguing that the evidence
supported a finding of murder.9 After viewing the argument in its entirety, we conclude that it did not call
upon the jury to convict appellant because he intended to engage in the conduct that caused the victim=s
death, but rather called upon the jury to find that appellant specifically intended the victim=s death to result
from his conduct.
Because the application paragraph correctly charged the jury on the culpable mental states,
the evidence supported a finding of the applicable mental states, and the prosecutor=s argument in its entirety
called upon the jury to find result-oriented conduct, we conclude that the error in the jury charge did not
result in egregious harm so as to deny appellant a fair and impartial trial. We overrule appellant=s sixth issue.
Having overruled all of appellant=s issues, the judgment is affirmed.
__________________________________________
David Puryear, Justice
9 The prosecutor stated, ANo dispute, the defendant killed the victim, right? No dispute. How? By stabbing or cutting Guillermo Perez with a knife . . . . Don=t forget what the basic elements are . . . . The defendant killed the victim by stabbing or cutting him with a knife. . . . Those are the basic elements not in dispute. The charge tells you, you must believe beyond a reasonable doubt that the basic elements, what I just told you, and that the defendant acted in an intentional or knowing conduct manner, okay? An intentionally or knowing act. If you believe beyond a reasonable doubt, he is guilty of murder unless he acted in self-defense.@
19 Before Justices Kidd, Patterson and Puryear
Affirmed
Filed: June 13, 2002
Do Not Publish