Joovv Incorporated v. Mito Red Light Incorporated

• Court: District Court, D. Arizona
• Decided: April 1, 2024
• Docket: 2:23-cv-01084
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 WO 3 4 5 6 7 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 8 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA

10 Joovv Incorporated, No. CV-23-01084-PHX-MTL

11 Plaintiff, CLAIM CONSTRUCTION ORDER

12 v.

13 Mito Red Light Incorporated,

14 Defendant. 15 16 The Court held a Markman hearing on March 26, 2024, and now enters the 17 following claim construction Order. 18 I. BACKGROUND 19 This case concerns a patent dispute over, in the simplest terms, light therapy devices. 20 Plaintiff Joovv Inc. (“Plaintiff”) owns the following patents: U.S. Patent No. 10,828,505 21 (“’505 Patent”), U.S. Patent No. 10,639,495 (“’495 Patent”), U.S. Patent No. 10,478,635 22 (“’635 Patent”), U.S. Patent No. 11,253,719 (“’719 Patent”), U.S. Patent No. 11,524,172 23 (“’172 Patent”), and U.S. Patent No. 11,033,752 (“’752 Patent”) (collectively, the “Patents- 24 in-Suit”). Defendant Mito Red Light Incorporated (“Defendant”) makes the following 25 relevant products: “Mito Red Original,” “Mito Red Original 2.0,” “MitoMOD,” 26 “MitoMODULAR,” “Mito Red Room,” “MitoPERFORM,” “MitoPERFORM 27 Commercial,” “MitoPRO,” “MitoPRO Commercial,” and “MitoADAPT” (collectively, 28 the “Accused Products”). (See Doc. 18 ¶ 10.) Plaintiff alleges that Defendant’s products 1 directly and indirectly infringe the Patents-in-Suit. (Doc. 1 ¶¶ 39–94.) 2 The ’505 Patent issued on November 10, 2020. (Ex. B, Doc. 1-3.) The ’495 Patent 3 issued on May 5, 2020, and underwent ex parte reexamination, with a certificate issued 4 February 10, 2022. (Ex. A, Doc. 1-2.) The ’635 Patent issued on November 19, 2019, and 5 underwent ex parte reexamination, with a certificate issued March 11, 2022. (Ex. C, Doc. 6 1-4.) The ’719 Patent issued on February 22, 2022. (Ex. D, Doc. 1-5.) The ’172 Patent 7 issued on December 13, 2022, and it is a continuation of the ’635 Patent. (Ex. F, Doc. 1- 8 7.) The ’752 patent was issued on June 15, 2021. (Ex. E, Doc. 1-6.) 9 The Patents-in-Suit generally pertain to “photobiomodulation therapy systems and 10 methods.” (See, e.g., Doc. 56-7, Col. 1.) The Background of the Invention section of the 11 specification of the ’635 Patent is representative of the area of technology and provides in 12 part: Photobiomodulation therapy (or light therapy) is a therapeutic 13 technique that uses low-level wavelengths of light to improve 14 health and treat a variety of health conditions, including skin issues, such as wrinkles, scars, and persistent wounds, among 15 many other conditions. Similar to how plants use sunlight to 16 heal and grow, humans and animals are able to harness these wavelengths of light and turn them into cellular energy. This 17 treatment stimulates the body’s natural healing processes. 18 (Id.) 19 Plaintiff explains that the Patents-in-Suit can be separated into three groups: (1) “a 20 single-panel light therapy device using light emitting diodes (“LEDs”), covered by the ’505 21 Patent, (2) “light control systems for multi-LED panel configurations,” covered by the ’495 22 Patent, ’635 Patent, ’719 Patent, and ’172 Patent, and (3) “a bracket system for multi-LED 23 panel systems,” covered by the ’752 Patent. (Doc. 56 at 8–9.) 24 Of the Patents-in-Suit, three contain disputed terms: the ’172 Patent and the ’635 25 Patent contain the disputed term, “neutral mode,” and the ’505 Patent contains the disputed 26 term, “slots.” (See generally Doc. 56, 60, 64.) The disputed term, “neutral mode,” is 27 contained in the following ’172 Patent claims: dependent claims 5, 6, 8, and 11, and 28 independent claim 12. (Doc. 56-2, 13:19–29, 35–50, 64–67, 14:1–42.) The disputed term, 1 “neutral mode,” is contained in the following ’635 Patent claims: dependent claims 5, 6, 7, 2 and reexamination dependent claim 21. (Doc. 56-7, 12:28–53, 2:34–41 (reexamination 3 certificate).) The disputed term, “slots,” is contained in independent claim 1 (the sole 4 claim) of the ’505 Patent. (Doc. 56-5, 9:31–10:33.) 5 The parties have asked the Court to construe the above two terms from the Patents- 6 in-Suit. Pursuant to Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc., 517 U.S. 370, 372 (1996), the 7 Court must construe the claims as a matter of law. The parties have filed briefs supporting 8 their proposed constructions of the claim terms. (Docs. 56, 60, 64.) Having considered the 9 arguments and evidence presented in the parties’ briefs, exhibits, and at the Markman 10 hearing, the Court construes the disputed terms as follows. 11 II. LEGAL STANDARD 12 Claim construction, the determination of the meaning and scope of the asserted 13 claim terms in a patent, is a question of law exclusively within the province of the Court. 14 Markman, 517 U.S. at 372; O2 Micro Int’l Ltd. v. Beyond Innovation Tech. Co., 521 F.3d 15 1351, 1360 (Fed. Cir. 2008). In construing claim terms, considering the intrinsic evidence, 16 such as the language of the claims, the specification, and the prosecution history, is 17 paramount. Phillips v. AWH Corp., 415 F.3d 1303, 1312–17 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (en banc) 18 (quotation omitted). The Court should first “look to the words of the claims themselves,” 19 giving them their plain and ordinary meaning, unless clearly stated otherwise. Vitronics 20 Corp. v. Conceptronic, Inc., 90 F.3d 1576, 1582 (Fed. Cir. 1996). The plain and ordinary 21 meaning of a claim term is “the meaning that the term would have to a person of ordinary 22 skill in the art in question at the time of the invention.” Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1312–13. The 23 plain and ordinary meaning of a term should control, unless “a patentee sets out a definition 24 and acts as his own lexicographer, or . . . disavows the full scope of a claim term either in 25 the specification or during prosecution.” Torner v. Sony Computer Entm’t Am. LLC, 669 26 F.3d 1362, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2012). The claim language can provide insight based on the 27 context of how the terms are used and by comparison to the use of the same or similar 28 terms in other claims in the patent. Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1314. 1 The Court next looks to the patent specification as “the single best guide to the 2 meaning of a disputed term” because it is “usually dispositive.” Id. at 1315; see also Merck 3 & Co. v. Teva Pharm. USA, Inc., 347 F.3d 1367, 1371 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (explaining that 4 “claims must be construed so as to be consistent with the specification”). Courts therefore 5 may rely heavily on the written description of the claims in the specification for guidance. 6 Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1317. When reviewing the specification, however, courts must avoid 7 reading limitations from the specification into the claims. Id. at 1323 (“[A]lthough the 8 specification often describes very specific embodiments of the invention, we have 9 repeatedly warned against confining the claims to those embodiments.”). Courts should 10 also consider the patent’s prosecution history, or the record of the patent application 11 proceedings before the United States Patent and Trademark Office (the “USPTO”). 12 Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1317. The prosecution history, although lacking the “clarity” of the 13 specification, is also part of the intrinsic record and provides evidence of how the USPTO 14 and the inventor understood the patent and what its claims cover. Id. In particular, the 15 prosecution history may provide evidence on whether the inventor limited the scope of the 16 claimed invention to obtain the patent, thereby making the claim scope narrower than it 17 otherwise would be. Id. 18 The Court may also consider extrinsic evidence, such as technical dictionaries, 19 learned treatises, and the testimony of experts and inventors.1 Id. For example, expert 20 testimony can help “ensure that the court’s understanding of the technical aspects of the 21 patent is consistent with that of a person of skill in the art, or to establish that a particular 22 term in the patent or the prior art has a particular meaning in the pertinent field.” Id. at 23 1318. But the Court must discount any expert testimony “that is clearly at odds with the 24 claim construction mandated by the claims themselves, the written description, and the 25 prosecution history, in other words, with the written record of the patent.” Id. (internal 26 1 “Because dictionaries, and especially technical dictionaries, endeavor to collect the 27 accepted meanings of terms used in various fields of science and technology, those resources have been properly recognized as among the tools that can assist the court in 28 determining the meaning of particular terminology to those of skill in the art of the invention.” Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1318. 1 quotations omitted). Although it may prove useful, extrinsic evidence is less significant 2 than the intrinsic record for determining the meaning of claim language. Id. In most 3 situations, analysis of the patent and its prosecution history will resolve any ambiguity in 4 a disputed claim term. Vitronics, 90 F.3d at 1583. 5 III. CLAIM CONSTRUCTION 6 The following chart summarizes the parties’ agreed claim term constructions, which 7 the Court adopts. 8 9 Claim Term Term Location Adopted Construction 10 “configured to physically ’172 Patent, Cl. 1 Designed to enable physical contact” contact 11 “switch” ’495 Patent, Cl. 1, 18 An interactive interface 12 ’719 Patent, Cl. 10 “winching system” ’505 Patent, Cl. 1 A system utilizing a winch 13

14 The following chart summarizes the Court’s adopted constructions for each of the 15 disputed claim terms. The analysis supporting the construction follows. 16

17 Claim Term Term Location Adopted Construction 18 “neutral mode” ’635 Patent, Cl. 5, 6, 7, 21 A mode wherein the device 19 ’172 Patent, Cl. 5, 6, 8, 11, ignores instruction from 12 another device 20 “slots” ’505 Patent, Cl. 1 Slot-shaped openings 21 22 A. “neutral mode” 23 Plaintiff proposes the following construction: “a mode wherein the device ignores 24 instruction from or operates independent from another device.” (Doc. 54 at 2.) Defendant 25 proposes the following construction: “a mode wherein the device ignores instruction from 26 another device.” (Id.) 27 Both parties argue that because the specifications of the ’635 Patent and the ’172 28 Patent are identical, the Court must construe the claim term “neutral mode” to have the 1 same meaning in each patent’s respective claims. (Doc. 56 at 12; Doc. 60 at 5.) The parties 2 cite to Ballard Medical Products v. Allegiance Healthcare Corp., 268 F.3d 1352 (Fed. Cir. 3 2001), to support this notion. The relevant portion of Ballard states the following:

4 Because means-plus-function claims derive their scope from 5 the structure disclosed in the written description, and because the two patents share the same written description, all of the 6 means-plus-function claims at issue in this case derive their 7 scope from the same disclosed structure. For that reason, [the patentee’s] characterizations of the valve described in the 8 original specification of the [parent] application presumably 9 apply to all of the means-plus-function claims at issue in this case, at least in the absence of some indication that the structure 10 referred to in the means-plus-function limitations should be 11 construed differently for some claims than for others. 12 Id. at 1360–61. However, Ballard is of minimal relevance to the present case because 13 neither party asserts, nor does the Court find, that the claims asserted here are “means-plus- 14 function” claims.2 The Court nonetheless finds that Federal Circuit precedent directs the 15 Court to apply its construction of the disputed term, “neutral mode,” equally to the term’s 16 use in the relevant claims of both the ’635 Patent and the ’172 Patent. See, e.g., MasterMine 17 Software, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp., 874 F.3d 1307, 1311 (Fed. Cir. 2017) (finding that the 18 multiple asserted patents’ identical specifications supported the district court’s identical 19 construction of a term that was common among the asserted patents’ claims). 20 The Federal Circuit has also held that “[a] statement made during prosecution of 21 related patents may be properly considered in construing a term common to those patents, 22 regardless of whether the statement pre- or post-dates the issuance of the particular patent 23 at issue.” Teva Pharms. USA, Inc. v. Sandoz, Inc., 789 F.3d 1335, 1343 (Fed. Cir. 2015) 24 (citing Microsoft Corp. v. Multi-Tech Sys., Inc., 357 F.3d 1340, 1350 (Fed. Cir. 2004)). 25 Thus, the Court finds that it may consider statements made throughout the prosecution 26 2 Means-plus-function claims are unique and are statutorily defined in the following 27 manner: “[a]n element in a claim for a combination may be expressed as a means or step for performing a specified function without the recital of structure, material, or acts in 28 support thereof, and such claim shall be construed to cover the corresponding structure, material, or acts described in the specification and equivalents thereof.” 35 U.S.C. § 112(f). 1 history and applicable reexamination of both the ’635 Patent and the ’172 Patent when 2 construing the disputed term, “neutral mode,” present in the two related patents. 3 Plaintiff supports its construction, including the phrase “operates independent,” by 4 pointing to the specification of the ’635 Patent, which states the following: “when the 5 second light therapy device operates in the neutral mode the second light therapy device 6 may operate independently of the first light therapy device.” (Doc. 56 at 11 (citation 7 omitted).) Plaintiff next correctly defines “claim differentiation” as the notion that “‘the 8 presence of a dependent claim that adds a particular limitation gives rise to a presumption 9 that the limitation in question is not in the [claim from which it depends].’” (Doc. 56 at 12 10 (quoting Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1315).) Plaintiff argues that this doctrine requires the addition 11 of “operates independently” because claims 5 and 6 of the ’635 Patent recite “neutral” but 12 do not require ignoring instruction like claim 7 of the ’635 Patent. (Id. at 12.) Plaintiff also 13 points out that claim 6 of the ’172 Patent describes “neutral mode” as each light therapy 14 device “perform[ing] operations independently” of the other light therapy device. (Id. 15 (citation omitted).) Finally, Plaintiff identifies claim 11 of the ’172 Patent, which Plaintiff 16 states “requires that when each panel is in the neutral mode it uses its own light control 17 commands from the consumer, i.e., it is operating independent from the other devices.” (Id. 18 at 13.) 19 Defendant supports its construction eliminating “operates independent from” by 20 providing a detailed chronology of the reexamination of the ’635 Patent and the prosecution 21 of the ’172 Patent. (Doc. 60 at 5–8.) Specifically, Defendant asserts that in the prosecution 22 of the ’172 Patent, in response to a rejection of claim 12 based on two prior art references, 23 Plaintiff argued to the USPTO that Plaintiff’s “neutral mode” was different from that in the 24 prior art because “[i]nsofar as [the cited prior art] may be configured to operate 25 independently, . . . both references still fail to teach or disclose a device operating in a 26 neutral mode such that the device ‘ignores instructions’ from another device, as recited in 27 amended Claim 12.” (Id. at 7.) Defendant further argues that statements in the prosecution 28 history rebut a presumption established through the doctrine of claim differentiation. (Id. 1 at 9.) 2 Plaintiff addresses Defendant’s arguments regarding prosecution history estoppel in 3 its reply brief. Plaintiff asserts that the statement to which Defendant cited was “one 4 obscure argument” made “well after three (3) reexamination examiners approved the 5 ‘operates independently’ reference in claim 21 in the ’635 [P]atent.” (Doc. 64 at 7.) 6 Plaintiff argues that the statement does not amount to a “clear disavowal of claim 7 coverage.” (Id.) Additionally, Plaintiff asserts that limiting the definition of “neutral mode” 8 to simply “ignoring instruction” would render claim 7 of the ’635 Patent, which recites an 9 ignoring instructions limitation, redundant to claim 1 of the ’635 Patent, which does not 10 recite such a limitation. (Id. at 8.) 11 Plaintiff correctly points out that under the doctrine of claim differentiation, where 12 possible, the Court should construe claim terms in a manner that does not render claims to 13 be redundant. The Court believes, however, that Plaintiff has applied this principle 14 inconsistently. Plaintiff argues that because dependent claim 7 of the ’635 Patent 15 specifically covers “ignoring instructions,” the construction of “neutral mode” cannot 16 simply be “ignoring instructions” because dependent claim 7 would then be redundant. The 17 Court notes, however, that claim 6 of the ’172 Patent and claim 21 of the ’635 Patent 18 explicitly claim a neutral mode in which one or more light therapy devices operate 19 independent from the other light therapy device in the system. As such, Plaintiff’s proposed 20 definition (ignores instructions or operates independently, i.e., only one at a time) would 21 render claim 6 of the ’172 Patent and claim 21 of the ’635 Patent redundant. 22 Additionally, Plaintiff’s previous statement when prosecuting the ’172 Patent was 23 not merely an “obscure statement.” To the contrary, Plaintiff explicitly acknowledged that 24 the cited prior art “may be configured to operate independently (i.e., in a neutral mode of 25 sorts),” and explicitly distinguished claim 12 in particular of the ’172 Patent by stating the 26 cited prior art “failed to teach or disclose a device operating in a neutral mode such that the 27 device ‘ignores instructions’ from another device.” (Doc. 56-3 at 445 (emphasis added).) 28 As such, Plaintiff’s statement as to claim 12 was clear, and the distinction was material to 1 the patentability of claim 12 of the ’172 Patent. As the Court has previously discussed, 2 statements made in proceedings before the USPTO involving related patents regarding a 3 term common to each of the patents are relevant to all related patents, regardless of when 4 the statement was made. Thus, the Court may properly consider this statement regarding 5 the meaning of “neutral mode” in claim 12 when construing “neutral mode” in the context 6 of both the ’635 Patent and the ’172 Patent. 7 Considering the above issues, the Court first finds that the term “neutral mode” 8 cannot itself be construed to mean only “operates independently,” which would be the 9 effect of the disjunctive “or” construction, “operates independently or ignores 10 instructions,” as Plaintiff proposes. Plaintiff may not have clearly disavowed “operates 11 independently” entirely, as the statement made in the ’172 Patent’s prosecution history 12 does not explicitly state that the devices never “operate independently”; the statement 13 instead makes clear that in claim 12 specifically, the “neutral mode” contemplated is 14 defined as “ignor[ing] instructions.” The Court thus determines that based on the USPTO 15 requiring Plaintiff to amend claim 12 to mean just (and specifically) “ignor[ing] 16 instructions,” it is improper to infer that claim 12 contemplates “ignor[ing] instructions” 17 or “operat[ing] independently.” Therefore, the Court cannot conclude that the term, 18 “neutral mode,” itself could mean “operat[ing] independently.” 19 Additionally, in an effort to construe “neutral mode” according to the principle of 20 claim differentiation, the Court has sought to construe “neutral mode” to mean something 21 broader than simply “ignores instruction.” Neither party propounds such a broadened 22 definition. The specification discusses only ignoring signals and operating independently 23 (sometimes phrased as “operate on its own” or as not transmitting a programmed treatment 24 time to any other light therapy device). The Court finds that in light of the specification 25 and prosecution history discussed above, the doctrine of claim differentiation is of little 26 assistance in construing the term, “neutral mode.” See ICU Med., Inc. v. Alaris Med. Sys., 27 Inc., 558 F.3d 1368, 1376 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (citations omitted) (holding that the doctrine of 28 claim differentiation is “not a rigid rule but rather is one of several claim construction 1 tools”). 2 Moreover, it is unclear to the Court why a light therapy device in the claimed system 3 of light therapy devices could not both ignore instruction (the Court’s construction of 4 “neutral mode”) and operate independently (an added limitation where applicable in the 5 claim language). Plaintiff’s counsel appeared to attempt to draw such a categorical 6 distinction at the claim construction hearing; however, the Court is unpersuaded that, in 7 the context of the specification and claim language, ignoring instruction and operating 8 independently are mutually exclusive concepts. 9 Considering the foregoing, the Court finds it proper to construe “neutral mode” to 10 itself mean “a mode wherein the device ignores instruction from another device.” The 11 Court emphasizes that this construction does not inherently eviscerate any claim that 12 explicitly references operating independently. In that instance, the claim would refer to a 13 light therapy device both ignoring instruction—the construction of “neutral mode” itself— 14 and operating independently—the added limitation in some claims. 15 B. “slots” 16 Plaintiff proposes the following construction: “slot-shaped openings.” (Doc. 54 at 17 4.) Defendant proposes the following construction: “slot-shaped openings for ventilation.” 18 (Id.) 19 Plaintiff argues that the term “slots” should not be limited just to slots “for 20 ventilation” because the specification of the ’505 Patent (1) lists slots for ventilation as 21 “additional embodiments,” (2) only sometimes specifically contemplates “ventilation 22 slots” and other times does not provide for such a limitation, and (3) and does not expressly 23 limit the “ventilation openings” to being a slot-shaped opening. (Doc. 56 at 14–15 (citations 24 omitted).) Plaintiff asserts that this Court must not “read in” a ventilation limitation when 25 the specification contemplates slots for ventilation, but the claim does not so limit the term. 26 (Id. at 15.) Plaintiff further argues that this Court should not construe the non-functional 27 claim term “slots” to include a functional phrase “for ventilation” where infringement or 28 validity would turn on the function. (Doc. 64 at 11.) 1 Defendant supports its narrower construction requiring that the slots be for 2 ventilation by arguing that while prosecuting the ’505 Patent, Plaintiff argued—and the 3 USPTO acknowledged—that “slots” and “openings” for attachment members are separate 4 from each other, and that Plaintiff’s proposed construction would render no meaningful 5 difference between the two types of openings. (Doc. 60 at 13.) Further, Defendant argues 6 that the specification “repeatedly and consistently” characterizes “slots” as for ventilation, 7 making it appropriate for this Court to construe “slots” in this limited fashion. (Id. at 15.) 8 The Court acknowledges the longstanding challenge of reconciling two core axioms 9 of claim construction: (1) that the Court should not unjustifiably read a limitation into a 10 claim from the specification (as Plaintiff emphasizes), and (2) that claims must be read in 11 view of the specification (as Defendant emphasizes). See Innova/Pure Water, Inc. v. Safari 12 Water Filtration Sys., Inc., 381 F.3d 1111, 1117 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (discussing the tension 13 between the two axioms). Plaintiff is correct that “even where a patent describes only a 14 single embodiment, claims will not be ‘read restrictively unless the patentee has 15 demonstrated a clear intention to limit the claim scope.’” Id. (quoting Liebel-Flarsheim Co. 16 v. Medrad, Inc., 358 F.3d 898, 906 (Fed. Cir. 2002)). However, Defendant also is correct 17 that “when a patent ‘repeatedly and consistently’ characterizes a claim term in a particular 18 way, it is proper to construe the claim term in accordance with that characterization.” 19 GPNE Corp. v. Apple Inc., 830 F.3d 1365, 1370 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (citations omitted). Here, 20 the Court finds that the patentee did not express a clear intention to limit the claim scope. 21 Indeed, the only function explicitly discussed in the specification is that of 22 “ventilation” or “allow[ing] air flow”; however, the patentee still evidenced an intent for 23 the term, “slots,” not inherently to mean “for ventilation.” For example, the specification 24 makes clear that “slots” and “ventilation openings” are not to be used interchangeably— 25 the specification states that “the ventilation openings may be slots or openings of various 26 other shapes.” (Doc. 56-5, 6:50–52.) The specification also mentions “slots” with no 27 mention of ventilation in some instances, (Id. at 1:45, 64–65), and specifically mentions 28 “ventilation slots” in other instances. (Id. at 7:17–21, 8:28–30.) The Court thus finds that 1|| language in the °505 Patent specification does not rise to the level of “repeated” and 2|| “consistent” characterization of “slots” as functioning on/y for ventilation, especially || considering the Federal Circuit’s caution against “[c]onstruing a non-functional term in an 4|| apparatus claim in a way that makes direct infringement turn on the use to which an accused □□ apparatus is put.” Paragon Sols. LLC v. Timex Corp., 566 F.3d 1075, 1091 (Fed. Cir. 2009). 6 Moreover, although the patentee discussed the “slots” serving a ventilation function 7\|| in parts of the specification, this function was not characterized in the specification or in 8 || the prosecution history as “part of the patent’s inventive contribution.” See SunRace Roots Enter. Co., Ltd. v. SRAM Corp., 336 F.3d 1298, 1305 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (“[T]his is not a case || in which a feature was described in the written description as critical but was never 11 || explicitly listed in the claim language, suggesting that the relevant structure in the claims || should be narrowly construed as having that feature.”). As such, the patentee never 13 | represented that a ventilation function was crucial to the “slots,” further evidencing a lack 14|| of patentee intent to so limit “slots.” 15 Finally, the Court agrees with Defendant that “slots” and “openings” for attachment members should not be considered to be the same. However, Defendant has not indicated 17 || with specificity how Plaintiff's proposed construction of “slots” swallows up “openings” 18 || for attachment members. The claim and specification make clear that the openings exist to || receive the attachment members; they are not the same as “slot-shaped openings.” 20 || Considering the foregoing, the Court construes “slots” according to Plaintiff's proposed construction, “slot-shaped openings.” 22 IV. CONCLUSION 23 For the foregoing reasons, the Court construes the disputed claim terms as set forth 24 || in the tables above in Part II], supra. 25 Dated this Ist day of April, 2024. *° Wichal T. Hburde 27 Michael T. Liburdi 28 United States District Judge

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