Woodbury, J.
delivered the opinion of the court.
On general principles, the choice of a person to fill an office constitutes the essence of his appointment.(l)
After the choice, if there be a commission, an oath of office, or any ceremony of inauguration, these are forms on-Jy, which may or may not be necessary to the validity any acts under the appointment, according as usage and positive statute may or may not render them indispensable.
But in no case can the office itself be considered as filled till an acceptance of the appointment by thé person chosen. That acceptance, however, need not be signified in express terms. It is often implied from previous conduct as well as a subsequent receipt of a commission, taking the oath of office, or discharging some of its duties.
It. must be obvious, also, that when once accepted, no vacancy can be said to exist in the office, till the term of service expire, or till the death, removal, or resignation of the person appointed. The exceptions to these general [204] principles are not numerous, and need not be considered in the examination of the present case.
(1) 1 N. H. Laws 242.
(2) 1 N. h. Laws 242.
It is admitted, that the plaintiff was duly appointed collector for the town of Hillsborough, for the year, A. D. 1817. He expressly signified his acceptance of the appointment; and consequently, unless he afterwards resigned the trust, there is no evidence of a vacancy in any other way, which either the selectmen or the town could legally fill by a new appointment.(1)
We say “resigned” ; though it makes no difference in the argument or the case, whether the subsequent conduct of Johnston, after his express acceptance, be called a nonacceptance of the office, (because he had not yet been sw'orn into it,) or a resignation of the office. For if it amounted to either, there would then exist a vacancy. It may be taken for granted, also, that his subsequent conduct did amount to a virtual non-acceptance or resignation of the office.* The very next day after this conduct, the selectmen proceeded to appoint the defendant as a general collector in his place ; and the first question, which arises on this appointment, respects the authority of the selectmen to make it.
Our statute of February 8th, 1791, provides, “ that if any “ town or place shall neglect or refuse to choose a collector “ or collectors, or shall refuse to fill up a vacancy in case “ the office be vacant, &c., in every such case the selectmen “ of such town or place shall and may make such choice or “ fill up such vacancy,” &c, :(2) “ the person so appointed “ by the selectmen shall have all the power and authority “ as far as relates to collecting state and county taxes,” &c.
This vacancy had existed but a single day, and no town-meeting had been called to fill it. It would be altogether unreasonable, therefore, to bold, that the town had either neglected or refused to fill it; and it is only in such an event, that the selectmen are empowered to make any appointment whatever. And in no event whatever can the collector, appointed by them, distrain for the town taxes, which [205] constituted a considerable portion of the cause of the distress 1 in the present action.
(1) 3 Barn. & Aid. 260, The King vs. Fer-raná'
We are inclined to think, also, that these doings of the selectmen could not afterwards be confirmed or ratified by the town ; because they were in every respect coram non jndice and void. Bac. Ab. “ Void.”-Com. Di. “ Confirmation.” D. 1-.10 Coke 76, b.-3 Inst. 231.
But for the protection of the defendants, who probably apprehended they were acting in conformity to law, and who would not be protected in collecting the town taxes under an appointment from the selectmen, even if that appointment were originally valid, or could afterwards be made valid by the approbation of the town ; we should be inclined, were it possible, to consider the vote of the town in November as a new appointment by the town itself. In this view of the case, however, various difficulties arise, which seem insuperable.
We do not understand, that there was any article in the warning Of the meeting in November, which would authorize the town to make such an appointment. No new warrant appears to have issued to the collector, and it is admitted, that he was not, under this appointment, sworn into office.(l)
, . . .. , . . , , , . It is not impossible that, upon a new trial, all these objections, except the last, might be obviated by evidence now overlooked ; but as the last one rests upon an admitted fact, it must be fatal to the defendants, if under our statute the acts of a collector are invalid, unless he has taken the oath of office.
We have heretofore remarked, that the oath of office, among other forms, is indispensable, or not to the validity of official acts, according to usage and positive statute.
Much confusion appears to exist in the books from a neglect to distinguish between the evidence, that the oath was administered or some qualification possessed by the officer, and the necessity that it should be administered or the qualification be possessed ; and also between that necessity, where the omission to take the oath and the want of the [206] qualification are punishable by a mere penalty or not at all, and where they are expressly declared to disqualify the officer to act. Thus, when a person has distinctly admitted or recognized the official capacity of another, he cannot, afterwards, offer evidence against the validity of his appointment. 3 D. & E. 35.—1 Phil. Ev. 170, 171.—1 Barn. & Ald. 677, 679, Dickson vs. Coward, semb.
(1) 5 D. & E 623. — 3 ditto 635, note.4Bos, & Pull.
(2) 7 John. 554.-10 Mass. Rep. 301.
(3) Ac n, B. i, (3) 1 Hawk, Ch. 8.
So, where a person has acted in an official capacity, he himself cannot afterwards offer evidence against the validity of his own appointment.(l)
So, where a person has performed various official acts in any public office, they are, both for himself and for others interested, •prima facie evidence of his due appointment to the office. 4 D. &. E. 366.—3 John. 431.—2 Gallison 15.—1 N. H. Rep. 268.—2 Camp. N. P. 131.
But they are only prima facie evidence; and, if practicable, may be rebutted by counter evidence of any irregularity in the appointment. 2 Bl. Rep. 1135, Hill vs. Burnet et al.—3 Camp. N. P. 432, Rex vs. Verlash.
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Woodbury, J.
delivered the opinion of the court.
On general principles, the choice of a person to fill an office constitutes the essence of his appointment.(l)
After the choice, if there be a commission, an oath of office, or any ceremony of inauguration, these are forms on-Jy, which may or may not be necessary to the validity any acts under the appointment, according as usage and positive statute may or may not render them indispensable.
But in no case can the office itself be considered as filled till an acceptance of the appointment by thé person chosen. That acceptance, however, need not be signified in express terms. It is often implied from previous conduct as well as a subsequent receipt of a commission, taking the oath of office, or discharging some of its duties.
It. must be obvious, also, that when once accepted, no vacancy can be said to exist in the office, till the term of service expire, or till the death, removal, or resignation of the person appointed. The exceptions to these general [204] principles are not numerous, and need not be considered in the examination of the present case.
(1) 1 N. H. Laws 242.
(2) 1 N. h. Laws 242.
It is admitted, that the plaintiff was duly appointed collector for the town of Hillsborough, for the year, A. D. 1817. He expressly signified his acceptance of the appointment; and consequently, unless he afterwards resigned the trust, there is no evidence of a vacancy in any other way, which either the selectmen or the town could legally fill by a new appointment.(1)
We say “resigned” ; though it makes no difference in the argument or the case, whether the subsequent conduct of Johnston, after his express acceptance, be called a nonacceptance of the office, (because he had not yet been sw'orn into it,) or a resignation of the office. For if it amounted to either, there would then exist a vacancy. It may be taken for granted, also, that his subsequent conduct did amount to a virtual non-acceptance or resignation of the office.* The very next day after this conduct, the selectmen proceeded to appoint the defendant as a general collector in his place ; and the first question, which arises on this appointment, respects the authority of the selectmen to make it.
Our statute of February 8th, 1791, provides, “ that if any “ town or place shall neglect or refuse to choose a collector “ or collectors, or shall refuse to fill up a vacancy in case “ the office be vacant, &c., in every such case the selectmen “ of such town or place shall and may make such choice or “ fill up such vacancy,” &c, :(2) “ the person so appointed “ by the selectmen shall have all the power and authority “ as far as relates to collecting state and county taxes,” &c.
This vacancy had existed but a single day, and no town-meeting had been called to fill it. It would be altogether unreasonable, therefore, to bold, that the town had either neglected or refused to fill it; and it is only in such an event, that the selectmen are empowered to make any appointment whatever. And in no event whatever can the collector, appointed by them, distrain for the town taxes, which [205] constituted a considerable portion of the cause of the distress 1 in the present action.
(1) 3 Barn. & Aid. 260, The King vs. Fer-raná'
We are inclined to think, also, that these doings of the selectmen could not afterwards be confirmed or ratified by the town ; because they were in every respect coram non jndice and void. Bac. Ab. “ Void.”-Com. Di. “ Confirmation.” D. 1-.10 Coke 76, b.-3 Inst. 231.
But for the protection of the defendants, who probably apprehended they were acting in conformity to law, and who would not be protected in collecting the town taxes under an appointment from the selectmen, even if that appointment were originally valid, or could afterwards be made valid by the approbation of the town ; we should be inclined, were it possible, to consider the vote of the town in November as a new appointment by the town itself. In this view of the case, however, various difficulties arise, which seem insuperable.
We do not understand, that there was any article in the warning Of the meeting in November, which would authorize the town to make such an appointment. No new warrant appears to have issued to the collector, and it is admitted, that he was not, under this appointment, sworn into office.(l)
, . . .. , . . , , , . It is not impossible that, upon a new trial, all these objections, except the last, might be obviated by evidence now overlooked ; but as the last one rests upon an admitted fact, it must be fatal to the defendants, if under our statute the acts of a collector are invalid, unless he has taken the oath of office.
We have heretofore remarked, that the oath of office, among other forms, is indispensable, or not to the validity of official acts, according to usage and positive statute.
Much confusion appears to exist in the books from a neglect to distinguish between the evidence, that the oath was administered or some qualification possessed by the officer, and the necessity that it should be administered or the qualification be possessed ; and also between that necessity, where the omission to take the oath and the want of the [206] qualification are punishable by a mere penalty or not at all, and where they are expressly declared to disqualify the officer to act. Thus, when a person has distinctly admitted or recognized the official capacity of another, he cannot, afterwards, offer evidence against the validity of his appointment. 3 D. & E. 35.—1 Phil. Ev. 170, 171.—1 Barn. & Ald. 677, 679, Dickson vs. Coward, semb.
(1) 5 D. & E 623. — 3 ditto 635, note.4Bos, & Pull.
(2) 7 John. 554.-10 Mass. Rep. 301.
(3) Ac n, B. i, (3) 1 Hawk, Ch. 8.
So, where a person has acted in an official capacity, he himself cannot afterwards offer evidence against the validity of his own appointment.(l)
So, where a person has performed various official acts in any public office, they are, both for himself and for others interested, •prima facie evidence of his due appointment to the office. 4 D. &. E. 366.—3 John. 431.—2 Gallison 15.—1 N. H. Rep. 268.—2 Camp. N. P. 131.
But they are only prima facie evidence; and, if practicable, may be rebutted by counter evidence of any irregularity in the appointment. 2 Bl. Rep. 1135, Hill vs. Burnet et al.—3 Camp. N. P. 432, Rex vs. Verlash.
Where an omission to take the oath of office, the want of some qualification, or any irregularity in the appointment are proved by competent testimony, then and not till then, the question arises concerning their necessity or importance. And it seems to be well settled, that when the irregularity, whatever it may be, is not punishable at all, or only by a penalty, the acts of the officer are still “ valid in respect to third persons, who may be interested in such acts.”(2) They are valid, also, in respect to the public, so that justice may not fail ;(3) and, for aught we perceive, the officer himself may be protected under them. 1 N. H. Rep. 268, Jones vs. Gibson, semb.—2 Maul. & Selw. 141, Rex vs. Williams.—3 Barn. & Ald. 266, Margate Pier Comp, vs. Hannam.
On the contrary, where the irregularity is by statute expressly made to invalidate the acts of the officer, or where such is the necessary construction, considering the nature of the office and of the irregularity, the officer himself cannot justify those acts in his official capacity. 5 Mod. 317. [207] —12 ditto 601.— Com. Di. “ Officer,” H. 7.— Bac. Di. "Offi "cer,” E.
(1) % Levinz. “Officer-”
(2) 1 N. H. Law & m'
(3) 1 N. H. Laws 240.
(4) 1 N. H.Laws 240.
(5) 1 N. H. Laws 241, 242.
Most of the cases reported relate to the rights of third persons under the acts of such officers ¶ and when their acts are not declared void by express statute, it. was often held before the annual acts of indemnity, (which, for many years, have been passed in favor of such officers,) that even third persons could not be protected under them. Cruise Di. Title Ll Officer." — 10 Mod. 388, Kilton vs. Fogg.—2 ditto 194, Ipsley vs. Tuck.—2 Levinz. 184.—2 Bl. Rep. 1135,
But this last doctrine was strongly resisted ;(1) though, without the acts of indemnity, we are inclined to think, that even now nobody could be permitted to justify under such officers, when they belong to corporations, whatever may be the rule, when they are officers of the government. 2 Maul. & Selw. 141.—3 Barn. & Ald. 266.—3 Camp. N. P. 432.
Many cases and many remarks appear in the books which cannot be classed, because they speak of de facto officers, without stating either the nature of the irregularity, or the language of the statutes concerning it. 9 John. 135.—9 Mass. Rep. 231—15 do. 170, 171, 180—6 Binney 88.—Cro. Eliz. 699.—Cro. Ja. 552, 554.
In the present action, the principal defendant is the officer himself, who neglected to take the oath of office; he justifies merely as an officer in a corporation ; and we are inclined to think, from a comparison of the different sections of the statute on this subject, he is expressly forbidden to perform any official act whatever until sworn.
By one statute, the form of the oath to all town officers is prescribed.(2) By another it is directed, that “ an oath” shall be “ administered unto them agreeably to the form prescribed ;”(3) and they are, if present, to be notified “ to take the oath of office in open town meeting ;”(4) and if not present, they are forthwith to receive notice to take it, and for a neglect are exposed not only to a fine, but seem to be disabled to act until sworn.(5) Because the statute, in another section, expressly declares, that these « officers shall continue in office the space of one year or until the next an- [208] “ ratal meeting for the choice of town officers and until oth- “ ers be chosen and sworn in their room.”
(1) Colonial Charters 316, 428,
The clause as to filling vacancies follows the above section and provides, that “ such officer or officers so chosen “ and sworn shall have the same power and authority as “ though chosen at the annual meeting.”
And the form of the oath anciently corresponded with these clauses, by saying you will “ perform the duties of the “ office until another be chosen and sworn in your stead.”(l)
It is, therefore, manifest, that those town officers, once chosen and sworn, are the only ones qualified to perform official duties, until new ones are sworn, as well as chosen “in their room.” The town is thus never destitute of officers duly qualified ; and it cannot be reasonable or necessary, that while the offices are already filled by persons duly qualified, others not duly qualified should be enabled to perform the duties of them.
There seems to be an unusual solicitude evinced in the statute concerning the oath of office ; and the practice in respect to it has always been very strict. How far it may always have been conformable to principle, we do not undertake to decide. But, in this case, where the defendant himself is the officer, and, if duly appointed in November, admits expressly, that he has not since taken the oath of office, we are satisfied he is not qualified to perform any official act under that appointment.
With these views of the case, it seems to us proper, that there should be entered
Judgment on the verdict.