Johnson v. Glock, Inc.

• Court: District Court, N.D. California
• Decided: September 30, 2024
• Docket: 3:20-cv-08807
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 STEVEN C. JOHNSON, Case No. 20-cv-08807-WHO

8 Plaintiff, ORDER ON MOTION FOR CLASS 9 v. CERTIFICATION AND MOTIONS TO STRIKE [REDACTED] 10 GLOCK, INC., et al., Defendants. Re: Dkt. Nos. 145, 146, 147, 148, 156, 158, 11 159, 160, 161, 167, 169

12 Plaintiff Steven C. Johnson moves to certify a class of consumers who purchased Glock 13 pistols designed to shoot identified calibers of ammunition. Plaintiff’s Motion for Class 14 Certification, Dkt. No. 145 (“C.C. Mot.”). Plaintiff’s theory is that all of these pistols have an 15 unsupported chamber (“unsupported chamber defect” or “UCD”) that creates a “propensity” for 16 these guns to “catastrophically fail and explode” with ammunition that is charged at or over 200% 17 of the recommended pressure or has casing weaknesses, that according to plaintiff “can occur 18 during normal use with factory ammunition as Glock directs.” Plaintiff’s Reply ISO Class 19 Certification, Dkt. No. 169 (“C.C. Reply”) at 3. Plaintiff contends that defendants1 have known 20 about this defect since 1992, and indeed intentionally designed these guns with the unsupported 21 chamber but have concealed from consumers the safety risk caused by the interaction of the UCD 22 and over-pressurized or weak brass casings. Id. at 1. The interplay between the UCD and the 23 brass cartridges in these situations, according to plaintiff, creates excessive deformation of the 24 25

26 1 Plaintiff alleges defendants Glock Ges.m.b.H and Glock, Inc. are interrelated entities, that together “design, test, manufacture, market, and sell Glock branded handguns. Glock Ges.m.b.H. 27 designs, tests, and manufactures the component parts of the handguns. Glock, Inc. assembles, 1 brass cartridge, “exposing them to increased likelihood of case rupture and pistol explosion.” See 2 Opposition to Motion to Strike Declaration of David Bosch (Dkt. No. 167-4, “Oppo. MTS 3 Bosch”) at 18. 4 Glock opposes class certification, primarily arguing that there is no defect and no safety 5 risk to users of its pistols. It admits that the pistols identified in the proposed class each have an 6 intentionally designed area in the barrel that plaintiff calls unsupported but which Glock calls the 7 “safety valve.” Glock argues that the safety valve functions as designed. Specifically, the safety 8 valve forces gases down and away from a user’s face into the handle of its pistols when the 9 ammunition fails; the problem occurs when ammunition is pressurized at or over the 200% 10 recommended by SAAMI2 and the brass casing was either reloaded contrary to Glock’s directions 11 or was otherwise defective. Glock also moves to strike the declarations of plaintiff’s experts – 12 John Nixon, David Bosch, Colin B. Weir, and Steven Gaskin – proffered in support of class 13 certification. Dkt. Nos. 158-162. 14 The central theme of Glock’s opposition is one based on the merits. First, it contends that 15 plaintiff’s theory of defect is unsupported given plaintiff’s experts’ inability to identify exactly 16 when Glock pistols will fail and because the fault, if any, is the result of defective ammunition. 17 Second, it argues that plaintiff’s theory of harm is implausible in light of the millions of satisfied 18 and repeat Glock purchasers. When analyzed under the standards required for the California 19 consumer protection claims at issue, Glock’s defenses are common questions that can be resolved 20 on a classwide basis. Glock may well prevail on the merits, but plaintiff has shown enough 21 evidence in support of his theories as well as the existence of predominant, common questions, to 22 satisfy the requirements of Rule 23. 23 BACKGROUND 24 Plaintiff’s theory is that 30 Glock models contain a design defect; the “unsupported 25 chamber defect” or “UCD.” Glock admits these models have an intentionally designed 26

27 2 SAAMI is the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers’ Institute. See Declaration of 1 unsupported area, but refers to it as the “special safety valve.” Under plaintiff’s theory, the design 2 of the UCD causes the guns to occasionally fail, even when factory made ammunition 3 recommended by Glock is used, because factory ammunition can occasionally be over pressurized 4 (at or above 200% above SAAMI recommended pressure) or have weak casings. C.C. Mot. at 1- 5 2. Plaintiff’s theory of an undisclosed safety risk is supported by its two proposed experts (David 6 Bosch and John Nixon) and opposed by Glock’s experts (Emanuel Kapelsohn, Marlin R. Jiranek, 7 II, and Derek Watkins). See Dkt. No. 145-9 (“Nixon Decl.”); 145-10 (“Bosch Decl.”); 156-6 8 (“Kapelsohn Decl.”); 156-8 (“Jiranek Decl.”); Dkt. No. 156-7 (“Watkins Decl.”).3 Plaintiff 9 contends, relying not only on Bosch and Nixon but as admitted by Glock in Glock’s internal 10 documents and deposition testimony, that the design of unsupported chamber/safety valve is 11 intended to cause the cartridge of defective ammunition4 to burst at a specific location so that the 12 gasses are forced down through the safety valve into the handles and away from a user’s face. See 13 Nixon Decl. ¶¶ 21, 23. 14 According to plaintiff, Glock knows that high-quality “factory ammunition”5 that Glock 15 recommends gun owners use6 can suffer from both of these issues. And when ammunition with 16 those issues is used in the pistols the design of the unsupported chamber/safety valve forces 17 75,000 psi of pressure into the plastic handles of the guns, a process that plaintiff refers to as 18 “exploding” or “bursting.” Bosch Decl. at 142 & 14.2; Nixon Decl. ¶¶ 15, 23; see also Oppo. to 19 MTS Bosch (Dkt. No. 167-4) at 13-15. According to Bosch, all Class Guns have a materially 20 similar unsupported chamber/safety valve – a design choice that is unique to Glock – and all Class 21 Guns were designed to “‘burst’ at 200 percent pressure regardless of the caliber.” Bosch Decl. ¶ 22 3 Glock moves to strike the opinions of these experts. Dkt. Nos. 156-4, 156-5. The motions to 23 strike will be addressed below.

24 4 Meaning that the ammunition is over pressurized at or above 200% SAAMI max pressure or has a weak casing. C.C. Mot. at 1. 25

5 “Factory Ammunition” refers to ammunition produced by major manufacturers and uses all new 26 components, including new and not previously fired cartridge cases, distinguishing it from “reloaded ammunition” using components included cases that have previously been fired. 27 Kapelsohn Decl. ¶¶ 130, 135. 1 14.2; Bosch Rebuttal Decl. (Dkt. No. 169-9) ¶¶ 1, 2. 2 Plaintiff alleges – and Glock does not contest – that Glock does not advertise or disclose 3 the existence of the unsupported chamber/safety valve to consumers, although Glock contends that 4 it does train “Glock Armorers” on its existence. The armorer courses, however, are restricted to 5 law enforcement, military officers, private security personnel, and Glock dealers. Nixon Decl. ¶¶ 6 43, 44; Bosch Supp. Decl. ¶ 3. 7 Glock contends that the “defect” plaintiff identifies with the unsupported chamber is no 8 defect at all. Instead, it is a safety mechanism intentionally designed – when ammunition is 9 defective or otherwise fails – to force powerful gases down and away from a user’s face and 10 “effectively manage the energy generated from that failure as safely as possible.” Reply MTS 11 Bosch (Dkt. No. 172) at 1; see also Watkins Decl. ¶¶ 28-29, 33, 35-36. Glock relies heavily on its 12 experts and the extensive testing of its pistols, and that despite billions of rounds of ammunition 13 being deployed and the adoption of Glock pistols by security forces and police departments 14 throughout the United States, only a minuscule number of true pistol “explosions” have occurred 15 that were caused by defective ammunition or other causes unrelated to the design and function of 16 the safety valve. See Kapelsohn Decl. ¶¶ 12, 50, 54. 17 That said, this is not a summary judgment motion in a product defect case. It is a class 18 certification motion that seeks to certify a class to pursue consumer protection claims for: (1) 19 violations of the California Consumer Legal Remedies Act, Cal. Civ. Code § 1750 et seq. 20 (“CLRA”); (2) fraudulent omissions; (3) violations of California’s Unfair Business Practices Act, 21 Cal Bus. & Prof. Code § 17200 et seq. (“UCL”); and (4) false advertising, under Cal. Bus. & Prof. 22 Code § 17500 et seq. (“FAL”). See Third Amended Complaint (“TAC”), Dkt. No. 60. Under 23 those statutes, the question is whether a reasonable consumer would have found that the 24 undisclosed safety risk caused by the interaction of the unsupported chamber and over pressurized 25 or weak casing factory ammunition was material when purchasing a pistol. 26 Plaintiff argues that Glock violates the consumer protection statutes and common law by 27 failing to disclose and concealing the serious safety issue caused by the design of the UCD when 1 as damages or restitution either the full value of the guns purchased or the difference in the price 2 of the gun had Glock disclosed the safety risk to consumers at the time of purchase. 3 LEGAL STANDARD 4 I. CLASS CERTIFICATION 5 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23 governs class actions. See Olean Wholesale Grocery 6 Coop., Inc. v. Bumble Bee Foods LLC, 31 F.4th 651, 663–64 (9th Cir. 2022) (en banc). 7 “[C]ertification is proper only if ‘the trial court is satisfied, after a rigorous analysis,’” that the 8 requirements of Rule 23 are met. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, 564 U.S. 338, 350–51 (2011) 9 (quoting Gen. Tel. Co. of SW v. Falcon, 457 U.S. 147, 161 (1982)). “[P]laintiffs must prove the 10 facts necessary to carry the burden of establishing that the prerequisites of Rule 23 are satisfied by 11 a preponderance of the evidence.” Olean, 31 F.4th at 665. 12 A “plaintiff[] must make two showings” to certify its purported class. Olean, 31 F.4th at 13 663. “First, the plaintiffs must establish ‘there are questions of law or fact in common to the 14 class,’ as well as demonstrate numerosity, typicality, and adequacy of representation.” Id. 15 (quoting Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 23(a)).7 “Commonality requires the plaintiff to demonstrate that the 16 class members ‘have suffered the same injury,’” and the “claims must depend upon a common 17 contention.” Wal-Mart, 564 U.S. at 349–50 (quoting Falcon, 457 U.S. at 157). 18 “Second, the plaintiffs must show that the class fits into one of three categories” as 19 provided in Rule 23(b). Olean, 31 F.4th at 663. Under Rule 23(b)(3), a class may be certified if 20 “questions of law or fact common to class members predominate over the questions affecting only 21 individual members, and a class action is superior to other available methods for fairly and 22 efficiently adjudicating the controversy.” Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 23(b)(3). In deciding this, courts 23 7 Rule 23(a) provides: 24 One or more members of a class may sue or be sued as representative parties on 25 behalf of all members only if: (1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable; 26 (2) there are questions of law or fact common to the class; (3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or 27 defenses of the class; and 1 consider: (A) the class members’ interests in individually controlling the prosecution or 2 defense of separate actions; 3 (B) the extent and nature of any litigation concerning the controversy already begun by or against class members; 4 (C) the desirability or undesirability of concentrating the litigation of the claims in the particular forum; and 5 (D) the likely difficulties in managing a class action. 6 Id. 7 Under Rule 23(b)(2), a class can be certified where “the party opposing the class has acted 8 or refused to act on grounds that apply generally to the class, so that final injunctive relief or 9 corresponding declaratory relief is appropriate respecting the class as a whole.” Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 10 23(b)(2). To establish standing for prospective injunctive relief, a plaintiff must demonstrate that 11 she “has suffered or is threatened with a concrete and particularized legal harm . . . coupled with a 12 sufficient likelihood that [s]he will again be wronged in a similar way.” Bates v. United Parcel 13 Serv., Inc., 511 F.3d 974, 985 (9th Cir. 2007) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). A 14 plaintiff must establish a “real and immediate threat of repeated injury.” Id. (internal quotation 15 marks and citations omitted). “Past exposure to illegal conduct does not in itself show a present 16 case or controversy regarding injunctive relief . . . if unaccompanied by any continuing, present 17 adverse effects.” O’Shea v. Littleton, 414 U.S. 488, 495–96 (1974). 18 “[P]laintiffs must prove the facts necessary to carry the burden of establishing that the 19 prerequisites of Rule 23 are satisfied by a preponderance of the evidence. In carrying the burden 20 of proving facts necessary for certifying a class under Rule 23(b)(3), plaintiffs may use any 21 admissible evidence.” Olean, 31 F.4th at 665 (citing Tyson Foods v. Bouaphakeo, 577 U.S. 442, 22 454-55 (2016)). While the class-certification analysis “may entail some overlap with the merits of 23 the plaintiff’s underlying claim, Rule 23 grants courts no license to engage in free-ranging merits 24 inquiries at the certification stage.” Amgen Inc. v. Conn. Ret. Plans & Tr. Funds, 568 U.S. 455, 25 465–66 (2013) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). “Merits questions may be 26 considered to the extent—but only to the extent—that they are relevant to determining whether the 27 Rule 23 prerequisites for class certification are satisfied.” Id. (citation omitted). 1 are accepted as true, but “the court need not accept conclusory or generic allegations regarding the 2 suitability of the litigation for resolution through class action.” Hanni v. Am. Airlines, No. C-08- 3 00732-CW, 2010 WL 289297, at *8 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 15, 2010). The court may also “consider 4 supplemental evidentiary submissions of the parties.” Id. “[T]he ‘manner and degree of evidence 5 required’ at the preliminary class certification stage is not the same as ‘at the successive stages of 6 the litigation’—i.e., at trial.” Sali v. Corona Reg’l Med. Ctr., 909 F.3d 996, 1006 (9th Cir. 2018) 7 (quoting Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561 (1992)). 8 II. DAUBERT MOTIONS TO EXCLUDE AND STRIKE 9 Federal Rule of Evidence 702 provides: 10 A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education may testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise if the proponent 11 demonstrates to the court that it is more likely than not that: 12 (a) the expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue; 13 (b) the testimony is based on sufficient facts or data; 14 (c) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods; and 15 (d) the expert’s opinion reflects a reliable application of the principles and methods to the facts of the case. 16 Federal Rule of Evidence 702 (as amended).8 17 Courts apply the Daubert standard “in evaluating challenged expert testimony in support 18 class certification.” Sali v. Corona Reg'l Med. Ctr., 909 F.3d 996, 1006 (9th Cir. 2018). Under 19 Daubert, courts “must assure that the expert testimony ‘both rests on a reliable foundation and is 20 relevant to the task at hand.”” City of Pomona v. SQM N. Am. Corp., 750 F.3d 1036, 1043 (9th 21 Cir. 2014) (quoting Primiano v. Cook, 598 F.3d 558, 564 (9th Cir. 2010)). The testimony is 22 “relevant if the knowledge underlying it has a valid connection to the pertinent inquiry.” Id. at 23

24 8 Rule 702 was amended effective December 1, 2023, “to clarify and emphasize that expert testimony may not be admitted unless the proponent demonstrates to the court that it is more likely 25 than not that the proffered testimony meets the admissibility requirements set forth in the rule.” Fed. R. Evid. 702 advisory committee’s note to 2023 amendment. Glock assumes the amended 26 version of Rule 702 applies. Plaintiff notes application of the amendment to the expert testimony here, at this juncture, is “debatable,” as the expert opinions were disclosed in October 2023, 27 months before the amendment became effective. See, e.g., Oppo. to Gaskin MTS (Dkt. No. 167- 1 1044 (quoting Primiano, 598 F.3d at 565). It is “reliable if the knowledge underlying it has a 2 reliable basis in the knowledge and experience of the relevant discipline.” Id. (quoting Primiano, 3 598 F.3d at 565). 4 For reliability, the test looks at the “soundness of [the expert’s] methodology” rather than 5 the correctness of the opinions. Id. (citation omitted); see also Fed. R. Evid. 702. Courts “must 6 act as a ‘gatekeeper’ to exclude ‘junk science’ that does not meet Rule 702’s reliability standards 7 by making a preliminary determination that the expert’s testimony is reliable.” Cooper v. Brown, 8 510 F.3d 870, 943 (9th Cir. 2007). “Rule 702 demands that expert testimony relate to scientific, 9 technical or other specialized knowledge, which does not include unsubstantiated speculation and 10 subjective beliefs.” Id. 11 DISCUSSION 12 I. MOTION FOR CLASS CERTIFICATION 13 Plaintiff seeks to certify “a class of consumers who purchased any Glock pistol designed to 14 shoot the following calibers: (1) 10mm, (2) 40 S&W, (3) 9mm, (4) 45 ACP, (5) 45 GAP, (6) .380, 15 and (7) .357 Sig. in the State of California since introduced into the stream of commerce by 16 Defendants (‘Class Guns’).” C.C. Mot. at 1.9 17 A. Rule 23(a) 18 Rule 23(a) requires that plaintiff show numerosity, commonality, typicality, and adequacy. 19 Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 23(a).10 20 9 Glock complains that this class definition is broader than the definition included in the Third 21 Amended Complaint (“TAC”). C.C. Oppo. at 10-11. The TAC seeks certification of: “All current and former owners of a Class Gun that was purchased in the State of California” and Class Guns 22 are defined as including “but are not limited to the following models/series: Model 22, 22 Gen 4, 23, 23 Gen 4, 24, 27, 27 Gen 4, 35, 35 Gen 4, 35 Gen 4 MOS, 21 Gen 4, 21 SF, 30 Gen 4, 30s, 30 23 SF, 36, 41 Gen 4, 41 Gen 4 MOS, 37, 38, 39, 20 Gen 4, 20 SF, 29 Gen 4, 29 SF, 40 Gen 4 MOS, and all gun models with a similar chamber design and feed ramp length.” TAC ¶¶ 21, 69. The 24 three additional calibers that plaintiff specifically identifies in the Motion for Class Certification that are not specifically identified in the TAC are, according to plaintiff, similar models with 25 materially similar chamber design and feed ramp length. C.C. Reply at 3. Glock does not specifically address why these guns are not materially similar to the other guns identified in the 26 TAC with respect to the function or operation of the UCD.

27 10 Glock also argues the class is not ascertainable because the class definition of “purchasers” is 1. Numerosity 1 The class here “is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable.” Fed. R. Civ. 2 Proc. 23(a)(1). “[C]ourts within the Ninth Circuit generally agree that numerosity is satisfied if 3 the class includes forty or more members.” Hilario v. Allstate Ins. Co., 642 F. Supp. 3d 1048, 4 1059 (N.D. Cal. 2022), aff’d, No. 23-15264, 2024 WL 615567 (9th Cir. Feb. 14, 2024) (citations 5 omitted). Glock does not dispute numerosity and plaintiff’s evidence shows that half a million of 6 the Class Guns have been sold since 2001. See Declaration of Robert K. Lewis (Dkt. No. 145-1) ¶ 7 40 (attaching records from the California Department of Justice Bureau of Firearms). This factor 8 is satisfied. 9 2. Typicality 10 Plaintiff has shown that his “claims or defenses . . . are typical of the claims or defenses of 11 the class.” A. B. v. Hawai‘i State Dep’t of Educ., 30 F.4th 828, 839 (9th Cir. 2022) (quoting Fed. 12 R. Civ. Proc. 23(a)(3)). The “test of typicality is whether other members have the same or similar 13 injury, whether the action is based on conduct which is not unique to the named plaintiffs, and 14 whether other class members have been injured by the same course of conduct.” Hanon v. 15 Dataproducts Corp., 976 F.2d 497, 508 (9th Cir. 1992). A plaintiff's claims are considered typical 16 if they are “reasonably co-extensive with those of absent class members; they need not be 17 substantially identical.” Castillo v. Bank of Am., NA, 980 F.3d 723, 730 (9th Cir. 2020). A 18 plaintiff may not be typical if she is “subject to unique defenses which threaten to become the 19 focus of the litigation.” Hanon, 976 F.2d at 508. However, “[d]iffering factual scenarios resulting 20 in a claim of the same nature as other class members does not defeat typicality.” Ellis v. Costco 21 Wholesale Corp., 657 F.3d 970, 985 n. 9 (9th Cir. 2011) (citing Hanon, 976 F.2d at 508). 22 Glock challenges Johnson’s typicality, arguing first that Johnson is subject to “unique 23 defenses” because his pistol contained an “excessive amount of lead” build-up that, in Glock’s 24 view, caused or contributed to the failure of Johnson’s pistol. Kapelsohn Decl. ¶¶ 94-96; Watkins 25 Decl. ¶¶ 93-100. But the issue in this case is whether the UCD/safety valve creates a safety risk 26 for those who use the gun with factory ammunition, as Glock recommends. That other issues may 27 1 make that risk more likely to occur does not impact plaintiff’s claim that Glock was required to 2 disclose the safety risk to consumers at the time of purchase. See, e.g., Tait v. BSH Home 3 Appliances Corp., 289 F.R.D. 466, 479 (C.D. Cal. 2012) (“the harm for which Plaintiffs sue is not 4 the actual manifestation of [the mold and odor condition] but for Defendant's failure to disclose 5 the Washers’ propensity to develop [the condition]. Thus, Defendant’s arguments and evidence 6 about alternative explanations for the actual manifestation of [the condition] in Plaintiffs’ Washers 7 is simply a red herring.”). 8 Glock also contends that Johnson’s personal claims are barred by the applicable statute of 9 limitations unless he can rely on equitable tolling, and that those issues preclude a finding of 10 typicality as many members of the class would not suffer from a statute of limitations defense. 11 But Johnson has introduced evidence that Glock has concealed the safety risk created by the 12 UCD/safety valve that would toll the statute for the class.11 In addition, he has shown that given 13 the length of the class period, a significant percentage of the class – 69% – would face the 14 purported statute of limitations defense.12 That “lengthy class period means that some significant 15 portion of the class may also face statute of limitations defenses. That supports typicality.” 16 Rushing v. Williams-Sonoma, Inc., No. 16-CV-01421-WHO, 2024 WL 779601, at *4 (N.D. Cal. 17 Feb. 21, 2024). 18 Next, Glock challenges typicality because each purchaser of a Glock pistol has “different 19 reasons” for purchasing their pistols. That gun purchasers unsurprisingly have different reasons to 20 purchase specific models and different justifications for their purchase does not preclude a finding 21 of typicality in this consumer protection case where the question is whether the omitted 22 information was material. That is especially true here, where the omitted information is connected 23 to an allegedly serious safety risk. In re JUUL Labs, Inc., Mktg. Sales Pracs. & Prod. Liab. Litig., 24 609 F. Supp. 3d 942, 962 (N.D. Cal. 2022 (different reasons for purchasing product not material 25

26 11 Nixon Decl. ¶ 43 (citing testimony from Glock).

27 12 Plaintiff estimates that given the long class period, 69% of the class would face a statute of 1 and did not undermine typicality where “Plaintiffs’ claims are based on the theory that had 2 defendants disclosed the safety and addiction risks of using JUUL products, they would have paid 3 less or purchased different products.”); see also Johnson v. Nissan N. Am., Inc., No. 3:17-CV- 4 00517-WHO, 2022 WL 2869528, at *14 (N.D. Cal. July 21, 2022 (where plaintiff’s theory was 5 that product created safety issue under “normal” operation, materiality satisfied both because 6 failure would require requirement but also because it was an “obvious safety issue”).13 7 Finally, Glock challenges Johnson’s typicality because he – unlike theoretical other 8 members of the class – did not rely on any specific Glock advertisements or materials before 9 purchasing his G30SF model pistol. According to Glock, Johnson would not have been aware of 10 any allegedly omitted material information regarding the UCD had Glock disclosed it. However, 11 the Ninth Circuit recently confirmed that what a named plaintiff may have seen or not have seen, 12 reliance or non-reliance “‘is not a basis for denial of class certification’ and reliance is more 13 appropriately considered at the merits stage.” DZ Rsrv. v. Meta Platforms, Inc., 96 F.4th 1223, 14 1239 (9th Cir. 2024) (quoting Hanon, 976 F.2d at 509). In addition, plaintiff points to deposition 15 evidence regarding the investigation Johnson took before the purchase of his first pistol and 16 second pistol in 2016. C.C. Reply at 9-10. At most, there is a dispute of fact for determination at 17 the merits stage. 18 Typicality has been satisfied. 19 3. Adequacy 20 Plaintiff and his counsel are adequate. To meet the Rule 23(a)(4) requirement, “the 21 plaintiff must show that (1) the named plaintiff and her counsel do not have conflicts of interests 22 with other class members,” and that (2) the named plaintiff and plaintiffs’ counsel “will prosecute 23 the action vigorously on behalf of the class, which includes a showing that class counsel is 24 competent and qualified.” Hilario, 642 F. Supp. 3d at 1062 (citation omitted). 25 13 Relatedly, Glock also challenges typicality because each caliber of Glock pistol included in the 26 proposed class definition is “different” – for example in feed ramp length or chamber dimension. As a result, it contends that Johnson’s claims related to the two pistols he owns, are not typical of 27 the other pistols included in the proposed class definition. That argument is addressed below, 1 Glock argues that Johnson is not adequate because in his deposition Johnson showed he 2 was “startingly unfamiliar” with this case and has “ceded” control to his counsel. See Moeller v. 3 Taco Bell Corp., 220 F.R.D. 604, 611 (N.D. Cal. 2004), amended in part, 2012 WL 3070863 4 (N.D. Cal. July 26, 2012) (“The threshold of knowledge required to qualify a class representative 5 is low; a party must be familiar with the basic elements of her claim[ ], and will be deemed 6 inadequate only if she is ‘startlingly unfamiliar’ with the case.”). Johnson passes that low bar 7 because he was in frequent, if brief, communication with the plaintiff firms and he fully 8 understands the duties of being a class representative. See Deposition of Stephen Johnson, Dkt. 9 No. 157-18, at 31-33, 319-320. 10 To determine whether class counsel is adequate, I look to: “(i) the work counsel has done 11 in identifying or investigating potential claims in the action; (ii) counsel’s experience in handling 12 class actions, other complex litigation, and the types of claims asserted in the action; (iii) counsel’s 13 knowledge of the applicable law; and (iv) the resources that counsel will commit to representing 14 the class.” Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 23(g)(1)(A). Glock does not challenge counsel’s adequacy and 15 based on their litigation of this case to date and their submissions in support of class certification, I 16 found counsel adequate. 17 Adequacy is satisfied. 18 4. Commonality 19 Finally, “[t]he commonality requirement of Rule 23(a)(2) requires plaintiffs seeking class 20 certification to show that their claims ‘depend upon a common contention’ that ‘is capable of 21 classwide resolution—which means that determination of its truth or falsity will resolve an issue 22 that is central to the validity of each one of the claims in one stroke.’” A.B., 30 F.4th at 839 23 (quoting Wal-Mart, 564 U.S. at 350). “In determining whether the ‘common question’ 24 prerequisite is met, a district court is limited to resolving whether the evidence establishes that a 25 common question is capable of class-wide resolution, not whether the evidence in fact establishes 26 that plaintiffs would win at trial. While such an analysis may ‘entail some overlap with the merits 27 of the plaintiff’s underlying claim,’ the ‘[m]erits questions may be considered [only] to the extent [ 1 satisfied.’” Olean, 31 F.4th at 666-67 (first quoting Wal-Mart, 564 U.S. at 351; then quoting 2 Amgen, 568 U.S. at 466; and then citing Ellis v. Costco Wholesale Corp., 657 F.3d 970, 983 n.8 3 (9th Cir. 2011)). 4 Common questions here include: 5 • Existence of a defect. 6 Glock argues that there is no defect in the UCD/safety valve, defeating class certification. 7 Whether or not the design of the UCD/safety valve is a defect in Glock pistols is a common 8 question. Glock may well persuade a jury or submit evidence showing no possible dispute of fact 9 over whether the UCD/safety valve violates the consumer protection laws at issue because there is 10 no defect or such an insignificant safety risk that no reasonable consumer would find it material to 11 a purchasing decision. At this juncture, plaintiff has submitted sufficient evidence supporting his 12 theory for purposes of class certification. See, e.g., Johnson v. Nissan N. Am., Inc., No. 3:17-CV- 13 00517-WHO, 2022 WL 2869528, at *22 (N.D. Cal. July 21, 2022) (“But that is a merits question: 14 whether the PSRs were designed as the plaintiffs contend. If Nissan is right and the plaintiffs 15 cannot show that defect exists, it means the plaintiffs lose on the merits, not that common issues 16 do not predominate—indeed, that their claims could fall in one fell swoop by failure to 17 demonstrate a defect shows that they are amenable to class treatment, rather than the reverse.”).14 18 Even if there were theoretically a defect in Johnson’s pistols or others, Glock contends that 19 it is not common because the class is defined to include many different types of Glock pistols, 20 each of which have different design elements such as feed ramps and chambers dimensions. It 21 presents no evidence that any of the alleged differences correlate with or impact the functioning of 22 the UCD/safety valve or otherwise contribute to whether the UCD/safety valve may fail. Absent 23 evidence that shows how these differences undermine plaintiff’s theory of common defect (based 24 on the failure of the UCD/safety valve when ammunition with weak brass or that is over 25 pressurized is used in all models that have the UCD/safety valve), they are immaterial to the 26 merits of plaintiff’s theory and do not undermine commonality. In re: MacBook Keyboard 27 1 Litigation, No. 5:18-CV-02813-EJD, 2021 WL 1250378, at *11 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 5, 2021) (“Thus, 2 the question is whether the ‘material elements’ or ‘relevant components’ of the device at issue are 3 the same across models.”).15 4 • Glock’s knowledge/alleged concealment. 5 Glock does not dispute its knowledge of the intentionally designed UCD/safety valve. 6 Watkins Decl. ¶¶ 35-36. It also admits that it does not call attention to the safety-valve feature in 7 its sales and marketing materials (so as to not encourage potential misuse of its pistols), although it 8 does disclose the safety valve feature and function in its “Glock Armorer” courses. Deposition 9 Transcript of Carlos Guevara (Dkt. No. 145-6) at 224-225; Deposition Transcript of Josef Kroyer 10 (Dkt. No.145-4) at 108-109. These admissions demonstrate that what Glock knew, its intents in 11 designing the UCD/safety valve, and its disclosures regarding the intended purpose of the safety 12 valve and any risks it represents, are all common questions. The same is true of whether and how 13 Glock disclosed or addressed instances of pistol failures that plaintiff contends were caused by the 14 interaction of the UCD and over pressurized ammunition or ammunition with weak casings but 15 that Glock contends were caused or impacted by other issues. These are common questions. 16 • Materiality of the risk created by UCD to a reasonable consumer. 17 Glock argues that whether the safety defect alleged would be “material” to California 18 consumers will vary from consumer to consumer so that this question is not common. It relies on 19 the declarations of its experts – Kapelsohn and Dr. J. Andrew Peterson (Dkt. No. 156-16) – to 20 show that pistol buyers are not uniform and rely on different sources of information, not just 21 materials produced by Glock. Oppo. C.C. at 14-15. But that is not the relevant question under 22 California law. Instead, the question is whether the information that Glock failed to disclose – 23 regarding the safety risk caused by the interaction of the UCD/safety valve with ammunition that 24 is over pressurized or has weak casings – would be material to a reasonable consumer. Bailey v. 25 Rite Aid Corp., 338 F.R.D. 390, 407 (N.D. Cal. 2021) (common question under California 26 15 Plaintiff points to deposition testimony of Glock’s Rule 30(b)(6) design deponent that his role 27 was to “make the safety valve exactly the same” across models and to “make the safety valve in 1 consumer protection statutes is whether “statement was material to, and likely to deceive, a 2 reasonable consumer” and that question predominates “over individual questions”). In cases 3 where there is a safety issue that was not disclosed, the information is presumed to be material. 4 Milstead v. Gen. Motors LLC, No. 21-CV-06338-JST, 2023 WL 4410502, at *6 (N.D. Cal. July 6, 5 2023) (viewing the allegations in the “light most favorable to Plaintiffs, GM's failure to disclose 6 the alleged defect was material because the alleged defect creates an unreasonable safety risk”). 7 That other, disclosed considerations go into a particular consumer’s decision to buy a particular 8 gun does not impact the materiality of an undisclosed defect which is assessed at the time of 9 purchase. See In re JUUL Labs, 609 F. Supp. 3d at 991 (“Additionally, that a consumer may 10 consider many factors in determining whether to purchase a product does not mean that 11 misrepresented or omitted information cannot be material.”)16 12 • Damages. 13 Glock also argues that plaintiff has not shown that damages can be determined on a 14 classwide basis because plaintiff’s first theory – seeking a full refund – is not supported where 15 thousands of users gain value from continued use of these pistols, even if there might be some 16 slim risk with use. It also challenges the conjoint analysis conducted by plaintiff’s economic and 17 survey experts, Weir and Gaskin. These challenges will be addressed more thoroughly below in 18 conjunction with Glock’s motion to exclude Weir and Gaskin, but at this juncture plaintiff has 19 shown how damages can be determined based on common evidence. 20 Numerous significant, common questions have been identified. Plaintiff has satisfied the 21 Rule 23(a) requirements. 22 B. Rule 23(b)(3) 23 1. Predominance 24 “[T]he predominance requirement” of Rule 23(b)(3) requires that “questions of law or fact 25 common to class members predominate over any questions affecting only individual members.” 26

27 16 Whether there was enough information in the market about the UCD to put consumers on 1 Lytle v. Nutramax Lab’ys, Inc., No. 22-55744, 2024 WL 1710663, at *5 (9th Cir. Apr. 22, 2024) 2 (quoting Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 23(b)(3)). “This requirement presupposes satisfaction of the 3 commonality requirement of FRCP 23(a)(2), which itself tests ‘the capacity of a classwide 4 proceeding to generate common answers apt to drive the resolution of the litigation.’” Id. (quoting 5 Alcantar v. Hobart Serv., 800 F.3d 1047, 1052 (9th Cir. 2015)). “But the predominance inquiry 6 goes further and ‘asks whether the common, aggregation-enabling, issues in the case are more 7 prevalent or important than the non-common, aggregation-defeating, individual issues.’” Id. 8 (quoting Tyson Foods, Inc. v. Bouaphakeo, 577 U.S. 442, 453 (2016)). 9 “In order for the plaintiffs to carry their burden of proving that a common question 10 predominates, they must show that the common question relates to a central issue in the plaintiffs’ 11 claim.” Id. at 665 (citing Wal-Mart, 564 U.S. at 349-50). “Therefore, ‘[c]onsidering whether 12 “questions of law or fact common to class members predominate” begins, of course, with the 13 elements of the underlying cause of action.’” Id. (quoting Erica P. John Fund, Inc. v. Halliburton 14 Co., 563 U.S. 804, 809 (2011)). 15 As noted above, Glock argues that the allegedly common questions about defect and 16 materiality of the design of the UCD/safety valve cannot be predominant as a matter of law 17 because: (1) each Glock pistol has different design elements and (2) each consumer purchases 18 Glock pistols for a host of different and individualized issues. Those individualized issues are not 19 material to the legal claims at issue in this case for purposes of class certification. 20 Glock makes a number of other arguments regarding the issues it contends raise 21 predominant individualized questions, which I address below. 22 a. Erratic Failure 23 Glock argues that the evidence, construed in favor of Johnson, shows only that the pistols 24 that fall within the Class definition “may” fail if a confluence of factors are in play, but will not 25 necessarily fail. The admittedly “erratic” nature of when and why a Class pistol may fail, 26 according to Glock, depends on numerous individualized questions: those include the physical 27 condition of the gun and the ammunition/powder used, see Kapelsohn Decl. ¶ 162 & Watkins 1 predominance. But this is not a product defect case. There is a question whether the pistol’s 2 UCD/safety valve creates a safety risk that would be unacceptable – or impact the price – of a 3 pistol to a reasonable consumer. Under established California law, that is a common, predominant 4 question. 5 Glock may introduce evidence at summary judgment and trial to dispute the identified 6 mechanism of the failures identified by plaintiff’s experts and attribute them to causes other than a 7 combination of the UCD/safety valve with factory ammunition recommended by Glock. It may 8 also present evidence that the number of failures caused in whole or part by the alleged defect are 9 too small to be significant to reasonable consumers. These, too, are common predominant issues. 10 Johnson v. Nissan N. Am., Inc., No. 3:17-CV-00517-WHO, 2022 WL 2869528, at *14 (N.D. Cal. 11 July 21, 2022) (“Nissan argues that the risk of shattering is “minuscule.” [] That, however, is a 12 matter for the jury. A reasonable jury could find that Nissan still should have disclosed the risk— 13 at least because any consumer might fall within that group, even if it is small.”). 14 b. Materiality 15 Another common, predominant question is materiality. Whether the jury believes the 16 UCD/safety valve is a defect that creates a safety risk when used with factory ammunition – 17 satisfying the materiality showing – is subject to common evidence and will result in a common 18 determination. See Rushing v. Williams-Sonoma, Inc., No. 16-CV-01421-WHO, 2024 WL 19 779601, at *12 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 21, 2024) (“Whether the jury accepts plaintiffs’ evidence to find 20 that thread count is material and WSI's representations were deceptive, or accepts WSI's counter 21 evidence, will be determined at trial. These questions are subject to common predominant 22 evidence.”); see also Johnson v. Nissan N. Am., Inc., No. 3:17-CV-00517-WHO, 2022 WL 23 2869528, at *20 (N.D. Cal. July 21, 2022) (“The jury will be asked whether a reasonable 24 consumer would find the nondisclosure material. The jury will also be asked whether Nissan knew 25 of the alleged defect, which also turns on common proof, rather than anything individualized. This 26 is all reinforced by the nature of the alleged problem with the PSRs here: that something in their 27 design renders them unsuitable for normal driving conditions.”); Bailey v. Rite Aid Corp., 338 1 preponderance of the evidence that the questions of materiality and likelihood of deception can be 2 resolved with common evidence based on the objective reasonable consumer standard, then 3 common questions predominate over individual ones with respect to claims under the UCL, 4 CLRA, and FAL.”). 5 c. Damages 6 Plaintiff relies on its two damages experts, Gaskin and Weir, to show how its second 7 theory of damages, “Overpayment Damages,” can be calculated. They propose a conjoint survey 8 where, at the end of their analysis, consumers would receive a portion of the price they paid that 9 reflects the reduction in value of the Class Guns attributable to Glock selling the Class Guns with 10 the UCD. Gaskin and Weir worked together to suggest the design of a conjoint survey that Weir 11 would use to estimate the classwide overpayment damages. Glock moves to exclude these experts 12 in full. For the reasons described below, those motions to exclude are DENIED. 13 Plaintiff has met his burden to show how class wide damages can be shown through 14 common proof through Gaskin and Weir. 15 2. Superiority 16 Plaintiff must also show that “a class action is superior to other available methods for fairly 17 and efficiently adjudicating the controversy.” Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 23(b)(3). The Federal Rules 18 provide four considerations for courts assessing superiority: 19 (A) the class members’ interests in individually controlling the prosecution or defense of separate actions; 20 (B) the extent and nature of any litigation concerning the controversy already begun by or against class members; 21 (C) the desirability or undesirability of concentrating the litigation of the claims in the particular forum; and 22 (D) the likely difficulties in managing a class action. 23 Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 23(b)(3)(A)-(D). Each consideration favors finding that the superiority 24 requirement is met. 25 Glock argues that treating this case as a class action is not superior given Glock’s right to 26 test class members on the statute of limitations defense, each class member’s reliance on 27 representations made by Glock, and each class member’s intended and actual use of their pistols. 1 But as discussed earlier, equitable tolling is subject to common proof for the class members who 2 might be subject to a statute of limitations defense, individual class member reliance is not 3 relevant if plaintiff convinces the trier of fact that the withheld information was material, and class 4 members’ intended and actual use is not relevant to the consumer protection claims that will be 5 based on common proof. Similarly, while Glock argues that the class definition of “purchasers” is 6 fatally overbroad because ownership of a Glock is not a “fair proxy for market price” given the 7 different methods by which gun ownership is transferred or purchases reimbursed by employers or 8 others, those issues are readily manageable through a claim administration process if plaintiff 9 prevails and damages are established through the common evidence described above and below. 10 C. RULE 23(b)(2) 11 Plaintiff also seeks certification under Rule23(b)(2). But, as Glock points out, plaintiff 12 seeks monetary relief – as damages or restitution – that as shown by plaintiff’s economic experts 13 is not merely incidental to the injunctive or declaratory relief plaintiff also seeks. In those 14 circumstances certification under Rule 23(b)(2) may be improper and unnecessary. See, e.g., 15 Hilario v. Allstate Ins. Co., 642 F. Supp. 3d 1048, 1066 (N.D. Cal. 2022), aff'd, No. 23-15264, 16 2024 WL 615567 (9th Cir. Feb. 14, 2024 (“But for now, because Hilario seeks money damages as 17 a fundamental remedy in this case, and because she can still receive her desired injunctive relief 18 via certification under Rule 23(b)(3), I decline to certify the class separately under Rule 19 23(b)(2).”). 20 That does not mean that injunctive or declaratory relief is off the table, however. Plaintiff 21 may seek injunctive or declaratory relief under Rule 23(b)(3). What relief, if any, is appropriate 22 will be determined later. 23 II. MOTION TO STRIKE TESTIMONY AND DECLARATION OF DAVID BOSCH 24 David Bosch, Ph.D. is a forensic engineer retained by plaintiff “to provide an independent 25 forensic engineering investigation of the safety of Glock pistols.” Engineering Investigation 26 Report and Declaration of David Bosch, Dkt. No. 145-10, at 1. His opinions include:

27 16.09 Glock’s “special safety valve is a “defect” that impacts its 16.10 Glock has clearly known of this defect and its consequences for 1 at least two decades.

2 16.11 The discovery documents show that Glock’s “special safety valve” has been the cause of many injuries, and the source of litigation 3 against the company for decades.

4 16.12 This report shows that there are safer alternative designs that do not utilize Glock’s “special safety valve.” 5 16.13 The Glock “special safety valve” design is a hidden defect that 6 is not apparent to the average consumer.

7 16.14 The discovery shows that Glock has continuously and intentionally concealed the “special safety valve” design from the 8 public which runs afoul of the expectations of the industry and the consumer. 9 Bosch Decl. at 159; see also Rebuttal Declaration and Report of David Bosch PhD, Dkt. No. 169- 10 6. 11 Glock moves to strike Bosch’s opinions, arguing that: (i) he is not qualified to testify about 12 pistol design, (ii) he fails to disclose sufficient data and ignores contrary facts and data; (iii) his 13 defect theory is subjective and unreliable; and (iv) his opinion does not support plaintiff’s theory 14 of defect. Motion to Strike Declaration and Testimony of David Bosch (“MTS Bosch”), Dkt. No. 15 156-4. The motion to exclude is DENIED. 16 A. Bosch is Qualified 17 Glock argues first that Bosch is unqualified to opine about firearm design because he has 18 no “professional experience designing, testing, evaluating, selling, or manufacturing firearms” and 19 no “specific education on firearms.” MTS Bosch at 4. He is a materials expert, however, who has 20 studied firearms and ammunition design for at least the past decade and has been qualified to 21 testify in at least two cases. Declaration of David Bosch PhD (Dkt. No. 145-10) at 1-2.17 In 22 support of his opinions in this case he relies not only on his materials background and a decade- 23 long study of pistol and ammunition design, but also on: (i) his review of Glock’s design, testing, 24 25 17 Glock points out that Bosch’s opinions were recently excluded from a federal district court case, 26 not because he was unqualified, but because “basic manipulations” of a gun and “deduction of context” were an insufficient method to allow him to opine that a gun could “fire without a trigger 27 pull.” Winingham v. Sig Sauer Inc., No. CV-22-01037-PHX-JJT, 2024 WL 1652788, at *3 (D. 1 and warranty documents (that he believes supports his opinions, but which Glock’s experts 2 contend undermine his theory); (ii) his review of third-party testing (subject to the same dispute 3 between experts); (iii) measurements of and models made from some of the Class Guns; (iv) 4 calculations of stress on brass ammunition casings and testing of Class Guns and competitor guns; 5 and (v) his evaluation of after-market replacement barrels that remove the UCD/safety valve. 6 Glock characterizes Bosch’s opinions and testimony as showing a “lack of understanding 7 about firearm and ammunition industry design standards,” Reply MTS Bosch at 4, but those are 8 grounds for cross-examination, not exclusion. Bosch is qualified, by training and experience, to 9 testify concerning his conclusions for purposes of class certification. Bosch Decl. at 1-2, 10 Appendix 1. 11 B. Sufficient Data and Treatment of Contrary Facts 12 Glock argues that even if qualified, all of Bosch’s opinions should be excluded because he 13 offers a “comparative opinion without comparative data” and “ignores” facts and data showing the 14 Glock pistols are safe. MTS Bosch at 5-8. It focuses on one specific opinion of Bosch: that 15 failure “is not possible in the evaluated competitors’ pistols with nearly or fully supported 16 chambers.” Id. at 5 (citing Bosch Decl. at 142). It contends that this is a “comparative” opinion 17 which required Bosch to present data and analysis from tests showing relative failure rates 18 between different pistols. MTS Bosch at 5-6 (citing Sonneveldt v. Mazda Motor of Am., Inc., 2023 19 WL 2292600, *8 (C.D. Cal. Feb. 23, 2023) (excluding comparative opinion of different products, 20 where expert failed “to show either the fact of accelerated degradation or that degradation is 21 accelerated such that failures happen more often or earlier”)). But determining what Bosch may or 22 may not be allowed to testify to with respect to the design, operation, or failure of other pistols on 23 the merits is premature. 24 The question for now is whether plaintiff has presented sufficient evidence to support his 25 theory that the unsupported chamber creates an undisclosed safety risk when over pressurized or 26 weak ammunition is used. See Milstead v. Gen. Motors LLC, No. 21-CV-06338-JST, 2023 WL 27 4410502, at *6 (N.D. Cal. July 6, 2023) (distinguishing Sonneveldt based on theory that “GM’s 1 || unreasonable safety risk, 1.e., that airbags in the Class Vehicles will not deploy in specific 2 || categories of moderate-to-severe accidents, which can result in injuries or death. [] Accordingly, 3 || Plaintiffs are not required to allege that the airbag non-deployment rates for the Class Vehicles are 4 || higher than expected or those for other vehicles.”). Plaintiff contends that cannot be in dispute

6 || A □□□□ 7 || design that forces gasses into the pistol handle when over pressurized or weak ammunition causes 8 || ammunition casings to explode. Kroyer Depo. Tr. (Dkt. No. 156-10) 92-100; Nixon Decl. {J 35- 9 || 36. 10 Bosch relied on that internal testing data, external testing reports, injury and warranty 11 || reports, and the existence of an aftermarket product that does not contain an unsupported chamber, 12 || toreach his conclusions. Whether or not the UCD is an acceptable but largely undisclosed safety 13 || valve designed to protect users — as Glock contends — or a design choice that puts users at more 14 || risk and is therefore material to a reasonable consumer such that it would impact purchasing 3 15 || decisions or the price a consumer would pay — as plaintiff contends — are merits issues. a 16 Glock argues that Bosch ignored decades of internal and third-party testing showing that = 17 || its pistols do not have a tendency to explode or fail and can withstand significantly over Z 18 || pressurized ammunition. But that testing was not ignored by Bosch. Instead, and not surprisingly, 19 || the parties draw different conclusions from that testing. Similarly, both sides draw different 20 || conclusions from the failure reports and whether the warranty claims, lawsuits, and other 21 complaints show a sufficient pattern of Glock guns “exploding” or injuries caused by the 22 operation of the safety valve, despite use of the factory-made ammunition recommended by 23 Glock, to be material to a reasonable California consumer. Those are merits matters in dispute, 24 || but not grounds to exclude Bosch’s opinions. 25 Cc. Subjectivity and Reliability 26 Finally, Glock moves to exclude Bosch’s theory that the UCD 1s a defect because that 27 || opinion is too subjective and unreliable. It notes that Bosch did not measure the size of the UCD 28 || im each Glock Class Gun or quantify the differences in the sizes of the UCDs between the Bosch

1 Class Guns, despite acknowledging that the feed ramps in the Class Guns vary to accommodate 2 different calibers of ammunition. However, each of the Class Guns has a feed ramp/barrel with an 3 unsupported chamber. That Bosch’s stress calculations (supporting his opinion that the 4 unsupported chambers results in higher stress on the brass casings, increasing the likelihood of 5 case rupture) did not determine failure rates for each slightly differently sized unsupported 6 chamber is a ground for cross-examination, not exclusion. He relied on his materials stress 7 calculations, testing, and observations, as well as the internal and external testing and reports 8 discussed above, to conclude that the unsupported chamber causes a weakening or deformation in 9 the brass casings and that the more unsupported chamber area there is, the greater the risk of 10 failure of brass casings even when factory ammunition is used per Glock’s recommendation. That 11 Bosch did not, at this juncture, calculate how long is too long or whether the shorter/small 12 unsupported chambers fail as frequently as the longer/larger unsupported chambers is not a reason 13 to exclude his opinions at class certification. Similarly, that Glock’s experts disagree that the 14 weaknesses (as described by Bosch) or “flow folds” (as described by Glock’s experts) that can 15 occur in factory ammunition can lead Class Guns to explode or that such explosions would be 16 extremely rare – and therefore not material to reasonable consumers – are matters for cross- 17 examination and to be weighed by the jury. 18 Glock’s motion to strike and exclude all opinions of Bosch is DENIED. 19 III. MOTION TO STRIKE TESTIMONY AND DECLARATION OF JOHN NIXON 20 John Nixon is a mechanical engineer and ballistics engineer with almost four decades of 21 experience in firearms, ammunition, and explosives. Declaration of John Nixon, Dkt. No. 145-9, 22 ¶¶ 3, 5. He was retained as a “firearms & ammunition expert” and opines that “all Glock pistol 23 models, except one [], have an ‘unsupported chamber defect,’” and that UCD is a “design feature 24 that departs from design and safety standards in the industry and creates an unreasonable risk of 25 harm for the users of these Glock pistols.” Nixon Decl. ¶ 15. He opines that the “defective design 26 has resulted in hundreds, if not thousands, of explosions that have caused serious injury to US 27 consumers – many residing in California. Further, by their own admissions, Glock Inc. and Glock 1 id. ¶ 47. 2 Glock moves to strike Nixon as an expert, arguing that: (i) Nixon did not employ reliable 3 principles and methods to formulate his opinions; (ii) he cannot support his opinions with 4 “objective” testing or data; (iii) his opinions hinge on interpretations of subjects on which he has 5 no knowledge or experience,; and (iv) he is not qualified to testify about “weak casings.” Motion 6 to Strike Declaration and Testimony of John Nixon (“MTS Nixon”), Dkt. No. 156-5. Glock 7 asserts that Nixon’s opinions regarding the unsupported chamber are “the same” as Bosch and that 8 Nixon “piggybacks” on Bosch’s reasoning. Id. at 1. It moves to exclude Nixon on the same 9 grounds as it moves to exclude Bosch. Id. Those arguments fail with respect to Nixon’s opinions 10 for the same reasons they did with respect to Bosch’s.18 11 Glock’s arguments that Nixon relies on a “patchwork of misrepresented service orders and 12 claims” and misinterprets deposition testimony of Glock’s witnesses are matters for cross- 13 examination, not exclusion. See In re Juul Labs, Inc. Mktg., Sales Pracs. & Prod. Liab. Litig., No. 14 19-MD-02913-WHO, 2022 WL 1814440, at *4 n.5 (N.D. Cal. June 2, 2022). Whether or not 15 Nixon’s review of Glock’s internal documents is appropriate for expert testimony at trial (e.g., 16 whether jurors can understand those documents without the assistance of an expert) and whether 17 or not Nixon is misrepresenting witness testimony are arguments that do just justify exclusion on 18 class certification. These arguments are more appropriately raised pretrial or during trial to protect 19 the jury from misleading testimony. And Glock’s argument that Nixon’s experience with Glock’s 20 pistols “establish that Glock pistols exceed both industry standards and Nixon’s own criteria for 21 18 I note that Glock challenges Nixon’s testing of Glock pistols with ammunition at levels that far 22 exceed 200% SAAMI max pressure, finding that Glock’s pistols catastrophically fail/explode at levels before other manufacturers’ pistols that did not have unsupported chambers. Nixon 23 contends that these extreme pressures, which far exceed the 200% SAAMI standard that Glock designed its pistols to withstand, can exist in ammunition that is factory made. See Nixon Depo. 24 Tr. (Dkt. No. 157-16) 269. Glock disputes whether those extreme pressure levels exist in the factory ammunition Glock recommends and argues that the pistols in Nixon’s test failed not only 25 because extremely over pressurized ammunition was used, but also weakened reloaded ammunition. MTS Nixon at 4-5; Reply MTS Nixon (Dkt. No. 171) at 6. At this point in the case, 26 Nixon’s testimony is admissible. Whether extremely over pressurized factory ammunition occurs with such frequency that Glock’s failure to disclose the risk presented with the UCD/safety valve 27 becomes material to a reasonable consumer will be tested at summary judgment or trial. Whether 1 pistol performance” is grist for cross-examination, not exclusion. 2 The motion to exclude Nixon is DENIED. 3 IV. MOTION TO STRIKE TESTIMONY AND DECLARATION OF STEVEN GASKIN & COLIN B. WEIR 4 Plaintiff relies on the testimony of two experts to show how classwide damages can be 5 determined, supporting commonality and predominance. One is Steven Gaskin, “an independent 6 survey expert” who was asked “to design and describe a market research survey and analysis that 7 would enable [him] to assess the reduction in market value (measured in dollars and/or percentage 8 terms) resulting from the disclosure of the Unsupported Chamber Defect, meaning the reduction in 9 the market value of the Class Guns with the Unsupported Chamber Defect compared to the market 10 value of the Class Guns without the Unsupported Chamber Defect.” Declaration of Steve Gaskin, 11 Dkt. No. 145-33, ¶¶ 1, 9. Gaskin describes how he would construct and run a “web-based conjoint 12 analysis” to survey potential pistol purchasers about “features and feature levels” for semi- 13 automatic pistols that would allow him to “calculate the reduction in market value (measured in 14 dollars and/or percentage terms) resulting from the disclosure of the Unsupported Chamber 15 Defect.” Id. ¶ 50. 16 The other is Colin B. Weir, the President at Economics and Technology, Inc. (“ETI”), a 17 research and consulting firm specializing in economics, statistics, regulation and public policy.” 18 Declaration of Colin B. Weir, Dkt. No. 145-34. Weir was retained by plaintiff to “ascertain 19 whether it would be possible to determine damages arising from Plaintiff's theory of liability on a 20 class-wide basis using common evidence, and if so, to provide a framework for the calculation of 21 damages suffered by the proposed class of consumers as a result of the use of the Defect.” Id. ¶ 8. 22 Weir opines that “it is possible to determine class-wide damages in this case using Defendants' 23 own available business records, third-party records, industry resources, and the conjoint analysis 24 that has been designed by Mr. Gaskin.” Id. ¶ 12. He proposes and explains how the use of 25 conjoint analysis can “calculate any Overpayment Damages (wherein consumers would receive 26 back a portion of the price they paid that reflects the reduction in value of the Class Pistols at the 27 point of purchase that is solely attributable to Glock's conduct of selling Class Pistols with the 1 Chamber Defect).” Id. Weir describes how, after Gaskin uses a conjoint analysis to determine 2 “the reduction in market value at the point of purchase resulting from the Defect,” he will be able 3 to estimate classwide damages. Id. ¶¶ 52-54. 4 Glock moves to strike the testimony and declarations of both Gaskin and Weir, arguing 5 that these experts have “defined the alleged defect inconsistently with Plaintiff’s liability 6 witnesses” and that while conjoint analysis might be appropriate in some cases, it is not 7 appropriate here where its application rests on significant flaws that results in unreliable opinions. 8 See Motion to Strike Gaskin, Dkt. N0. 158 (“MTS Gaskin”), at 2. 9 A. Gaskin 10 Glock contends that: (i) Gaskin’s proposed conjoint analysis does not “fit” the facts of this 11 case; (ii) results in unavoidable “segmentation” of the proposed class; (iii) would produce 12 unreliable results; and (iv) is not based on “adequate” facts and data. Motion to Strike Declaration 13 of Steven Gaskin (“MTS Gaskin”), Dkt. No. 158. 14 Glock says there is a lack of fit between plaintiff’s theory of defect – the design of the 15 UCD/safety valve when defective ammunition is used – and the proposed conjoint analysis 16 focusing on the defective design only. MTS Gaskin at 3-5. It argues that because Gaskin’s 17 proposed survey asks respondents solely about the design defect – separate from the needed use of 18 over pressurized or weak-cased ammunition – the conjoint model fails. But the crux of plaintiff’s 19 allegations and showing on class certification is that it is the design of the UCD/safety valve that 20 creates the (disputed) safety risk to users when factory ammunition is used as Glock recommends. 21 Plaintiff has alleged and shown that Glock knows that factory ammunition can be over pressurized 22 or have weak casings, leading to casings bursting and damage to guns or users as an express result 23 of the intentionally designed safety valve. Gaskin’s proposed conjoint study sufficiently fits that 24 theory but may be attacked at summary judgment or on cross-examination at trial.19 25

26 19 To be clear, Glock may still challenge the materiality of the alleged failure to disclose the safety risk caused by its design when used with defective but factory made ammunition. For example, if 27 plaintiff cannot show that the safety risk is significant to some extent – quantitively or 1 Glock also argues that conjoint analysis is not appropriate in a “case like this.” Its 2 position, based on its expert Dr. J. Andrew Peterson, is that conjoint analysis is not appropriately 3 used in a hidden defect or failure to disclose case. MTS Gaskin at 6. That argument has been 4 rejected repeatedly by numerous courts and does not succeed here. The methodology of applying 5 a conjoint model to an undisclosed product attribute is a well-accepted methodology that passes 6 the Rule 702 bar. See, e.g., Johnson v. Nissan N. Am., Inc., No. 3:17-CV-00517-WHO, 2022 WL 7 2869528, at *9 (N.D. Cal. July 21, 2022) (rejecting Rule 702 challenge to conjoint methodology in 8 a failure to disclosure safety risk case); see also Krommenhock v. Post Foods, LLC, 334 F.R.D. 9 552, 575 (N.D. Cal. 2020) (“The design, structure, and methodology Gaskin used to conduct the 10 analysis in support of the Consumer Impact Model also fits plaintiffs’ theory of damages. Similar 11 conjoint surveys and analyses have been accepted against Comcast and Daubert challenges by 12 numerous courts in consumer protection cases challenging false or misleading labels.”). 13 Next, Glock argues that Gaskin’s conjoint analysis is fatally defective because he does not 14 provide adequate support for his selection of the “attributes,” the factors real-life consumers 15 consider when purchasing pistols. MTS Gaskin at 6-8. In support, it points to the Peterson 16 Declaration, where its expert opines that the attributes Gaskin suggests using are not sufficiently 17 relevant to gun purchase decisions, and that factors Gaskin omits are significant. It argues that 18 Gaskin ignores attributes that Johnson testified were important to his gun purchase. Id. at 7 (citing 19 Peterson Report (Dkt. No 156-16) ¶ 42). That said, Gaskin has explained the many, facially 20 reliable sources that he reviewed to select attributes. Gaskin Decl. ¶¶ 25-31. Glock (and Peterson) 21 may challenge Gaskin at trial on why he included or excluded different attributes. But Gaskin’s 22 showing is sufficient at this juncture. See Orshan v. Apple Inc., No. 5:14-CV-05659-EJD, 2023 23 WL 3568079, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 31, 2023) (reviewing Ninth Circuit precedent holding that 24 “challenges to survey methodology go to the weight” and not admissibility) (internal quotation 25 omitted); Hadley v. Kellogg Sales Co., 324 F. Supp. 3d 1084, 1108 (N.D. Cal. 2018) (same). 26 Finally, Glock contends that other errors require exclusion, including: using misleading 27 “choice levels” to rank attributes; failing to “segment” the class according to the different models 1 attribute” which will make the results unreliable; and failing to support his proposed model with 2 sufficient evidence of “external validity.” MTS at 9-12. The choice level and segmentation issues 3 have not been shown by Glock and its expert to impact the validity of the model Gaskin proposes 4 in a way that would lead to unreliable results. For example, the UCD/safety valve is present in 5 every Class Gun and, according to plaintiff, carries a similar safety risk. Glock has not shown that 6 unidentified differences in models, different intended uses, or different attributes generally 7 considered by pistol buyers would impact the materiality of the undisclosed safety risk for a 8 reasonable consumer. Any negative focal attribute is addressed, in part, by the randomization of 9 the order and appearance of the attributed in the survey, but also reflects in part the nature of this 10 case. See Gaskin Decl. ¶¶ 16-17. In any event, the “focalism bias objection goes to the weight, 11 and not to the admissibility, of Gaskin’s proposed conjoint analysis.” Hadley, 324 F. Supp. 3d at 12 1110. The remaining critiques are grounds for cross-examination and not exclusion. See, e.g., 13 Johnson v. Nissan N. Am., Inc., No. 3:17-CV-00517-WHO, 2022 WL 2869528, at *8 (N.D. Cal. 14 July 21, 2022 (“in general, purported flaws in survey design and attribute selection will usually go 15 to the weight a jury accords the survey, not whether the jury can be shown it in the first place.”). 16 The motion to exclude Gaskin is DENIED. 17 B. Weir 18 Glock argues that: (i) Weir (like Gaskin) misapprehends the nature of plaintiff’s 19 allegations; (ii) as his work rests on Gaskin’s, it too is unreliable and not based on sufficient data 20 or facts; and (iii) his damage estimates are unvalidated, over simplified and faulty because they 21 fail to address appropriate supply-side concerns. Motion to Strike Declaration of Colin B. Weir 22 (“MTS Weir”), Dkt. No. 159. 23 The main thrust of the motion to exclude Weir is that he relies on Gaskin. MTS Weir at 3- 24 6, 8-9. I reject these arguments for the same reasons discussed above. Separately, Glock 25 challenges Weir’s failure to adequately account for supply-side concerns or validate his 26 assumptions. MTS Weir 6-8. But Weir describes how he accounted for supply-side 27 considerations. Weir Decl. ¶¶ 33-47. Hadley v. Kellogg Sales Co., 324 F. Supp. 3d 1084, 1106 1 adequately accounts for supply-side factors and does not merely measure demand-side 2 willingness-to-pay.”). Disputes between the experts on whether specific supply-side factors were 3 appropriately considered or improperly ignored go to weight, not admissibility. 4 Glock’s final argument, that Weir’s analysis fails because it does not take into account 5 variations in purchase price or individual preferences, is misplaced. As noted above, conjoint 6 analyses have routinely been approved as an appropriate methodology to determine class wide 7 damages in similar consumer protection cases, irrespective of the individual preferences and 8 variations in purchase price that exist for every consumer product. 9 The motion to exclude Weir is DENIED. 10 V. MOTIONS TO SEAL 11 The parties have asked to file under seal significant portions of the pleadings and exhibits 12 filed in connection with the motions for class certification and to strike. See Dkt. Nos. 145, 146, 13 147, 156, 167, 169. These motions are GRANTED in part and DENIED in part. 14 There are some narrow categories of information within these filings that may remain 15 under seal under the compelling justifications standard, e.g., trade secrets of Glock that are 16 protected by Glock, not publicly known, and where continued sealing outweighs the public 17 interest. However, much of the information that is currently conditionally under seal may not 18 merit continued sealing under that strict standard, including but not limited to information that was 19 discussed on the public record during the hearing on the motions. In addition, the information 20 conditionally filed under seal by plaintiff was material designated as confidential by Glock or non- 21 parties. Under this Court’s Standing Order on Administrative Motions to Seal and Civil Local 22 Rule 79-5, the designating party was required within seven days after the filing of the documents 23 conditionally under seal to file a declaration based on personal knowledge justifying the continued 24 sealing. See https://cand.uscourts.gov/who-standing-on-administrative-motions-to-seal- 25 september-2022/; see also Civ. L.R. 79-5(c) & (f). No such declarations have been filed. 26 Therefore, within twenty (20) days of the date of this Order, the parties and any 27 designating third-party shall submit a joint chart identifying by docket number and exhibit (e.g., 1 compelling justifications standard. That chart should reference, for each item of information that a 2 || party or non-party contends should remain under seal, the declaration of a person with knowledge 3 || justifying the sealing. The chart should also indicate whether plaintiff agrees or objects to the 4 sealing of the portions of the information identified in the chart. 5 CONCLUSION 6 Plaintiff's motion for class certification is GRANTED. Defendant’s motions to exclude 7 are DENIED. The following class is certified: 8 Consumers who purchased any Glock pistol designed to shoot the following calibers: (1) 10mm, (2) 40 S&W, (3) 9mm, (4) 45 ACP, (5) 9 45 GAP, (6) .380, and (7) .357 Sig. in the State of California since 10 introduced into the stream of commerce by Defendants. Within thirty (30) days of the date of this Order, the parties shall meet and confer on the 11 text of a Notice and Notice Plan to be disseminated. Any objections or disputes over the text of 12 the Notice or Notice Plan shall be submitted to the Court for resolution within forty five (45) days 13 of the date of this Order.

© IT IS SO ORDERED. 15 Dated: September 30, 2024 16 .

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Z 18 William H. Orrick 19 United States District Judge 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28