Dibell, J.
This is an action to recover $1,100 upon the constitutional double liability of the defendant as a stockholder to the extent of 11 shares in the U. S. I. Realty Company, á Minnesota corporation. There was a verdict for the defendant. The plaintiff moved in the alternative for judgment notwithstanding the verdict or for a new trial and appeals from the order denying his motion.
On January 29, 1926, the district court of Hennepin county, pursuant to G. S. 1923, § 8025, levied an assessment of 100 per cent upon the stock of all the stockholders of the U. S. I. Realty Company, of which the plaintiff is the receiver. There was an affirmance in Webster v. U. S. I. Realty Co. 170 Minn. 360, 212 N. W. 806.
The constitution, art. 10, § 3, provides:
“Each stockholder in any corporation, excepting those organized for the purpose of carrying on any kind of manufacturing or mechanical business, shall be liable to the amount of sto,ck held or owned by him.”
This is the so-called stockholder’s constitutional double liability. Minnesota is almost alone in imposing it. 7 Minn. L. Rev. 79. Its hardship was recognized in MacLaren v. Wold, 168 Minn. 234, 210
N. W. 29, 55 A. L. R. 321, where the stockholders of a co-operative association were subjected to grievous liability without much apparent good to others; but all this does not permit anything but a fair finding upon the question whether one is in fact a stockholder.
The receiver may enforce the assessment by action. G. S. 3923 (2 Mason, 1927) § 8028. The question is whether the defendant holds or owns stock in the U. S. I. Realty Company. The plaintiff claims that he OAvns stock to the extent of $1,100. The defendant claims that he oaatis none.
Corporate books and records are competent evidence of stock Ownership. Holland v. Duluth I. M. & D. Co. 65 Minn. 324, 68 N. W. 50, 60 A. S. R. 480; Randall Printing Co. v. Sanitas M. W. Co. 120 Minn. 268, 139 N. W. 606, 43 L.R.A.(N.S.) 706; Lebens v. Nelson, 148 Minn. 240, 181 N. W. 350; Ohman v. Lee, 149 Minn. 451, 384 N. W. 43. The books and records of the U. S. I. Realty Company evidenced ownership in defendant of 11 shares. But one cannot be made a stockholder without his consent. Ohman v. Lee, 149 Minn. 451, 184 N. W. 41. In Bartlett v. Stephens, 137 Minn. 213, 215, 163 N. W. 288, 289, it was said:
“The usual evidence of who are stockholders in a corporation is the stock record of the corporation. This is prima facie evidence, and one AAdiose name appears on the corporate records as a stockholder is prima facie subject to the liabilities of a stockholder. The corporation record is not conclusive evidence. This would not do, for if it were held to be conclusive, a person might be held bound as a stockholder through the error or connivance of others and without his knoAvledge.”
No question is made but that there is eAddence in the record that the defendant was a stockholder in the U. S. I. Realty Company. There is evidence, to which we now call attention, that the defendant did not enter into a subscription contract with that corporation, and it sustains the jury’s finding that he did not.
The U. S. Installment Realty Company was incorporated under the lavvs of Minnesota on July 15, 1902, with a capital stock of $25,000. The IT. S. I. Realty Company Avas incorporated under the
laws of Minnesota on May 4, 1915, with a capital stock of $1,000,000. We sometimes refer to the first company as No. 1 and to the second as No. 2.
The stock of company No. 1, $25,000, Qs OAA’ned by Evans, Larimore and Reynolds. The company Avas engaged in the sale of bonds and real ('state. Its name Avas frequently abbreviated to U. S. I. Realty Company, and other abbreviations Avere used. Company No. 2 Avas capitalized at $1,000,000. It had no bonds. It sold its stock to the amount of $600,000. Letterheads of No. 1 frequently Avere signed in the' shorter name of No. 2 before and after the latter Avas incorporated. The officers of the tAvo corporations Avere the same. They occupied the same offices. It Avould seem impossible for either to hold a corporate meeting of the directors at the same time as the other; and one dealing Avith either at such a meeting Avould need to assure himself of its identity; and the tAvo corporations hardly could treat with each other in an adversary attitude.
The literature of company No. 2 soliciting subscriptions represented it as being capitalized in 1902, which Avas the date of incorporation of No. 1. It was represented that No. 2 had returned to its bondholders over $1,000,000. It had no bondholders. No. 1 had.
On November 1, 1910, Freid invested in a bond of No. 1. On May 13, 1916, this Avas traded, so it is claimed, for five shares of stock in No. 2, and later Freid took six shares more. He did surrender his bond but thought he Avas getting stock in the same company. Under date of April 1, 1916, a circular letter Avas sent on the letterhead of No. 1 in Avhich it Avas stated:
“We noAv give you as a bond holder an opportunity to join us as one of the OAvners of the company, in order that you may receive your full share of the profits. We offer you as a special proposition one share of the stock and one unit for $150.00 the price at which the stock alone is noAv selling. You may pay for the same either in cash or in payments as on your bond, the least monthly payment being $3.00.”
The circular Avas signed in the name of the U. S. I. Realty Company and by one Avho was president of both No. 1 and No. 2. It
stated that the last annual dividend was four and one-half per cent and that it ivas expected to be increased. The oil unit of $10 going with the stock, the details of which need not be discussed, was something appertaining to No. 1 and not at all to No. 2; and it was agreed that in any event the face amount would be returned at maturity, which was ten years. It was stated that this proposition was “given to our bond holders only and is for
one
share of stock
only
as an inducement to have every one of our bond holders owning an interest in our company, and will be withdrawn May 15, 1916.”
Another circular letter was sent under date of May 1, 1916, and announced the election of additional directors, but the directors mentioned were retained. It also announced a semi-annual dividend of five per cent and expressed hope of doubling it.
The defendant understood that he was dealing with No. 1, which was an apparently prosperous company at that time. No. 1 was itself inducing or allowing No. 2 to induce the defendant to buy the stock on the supposition tliat it was the stock of No. 1 and that he was dealing with No. 1. The defendant sent a number of checks to No. 1 payable to it for its stock. They were received and indorsed by it and deposited in bank.
To make a purchase it was necessary that there be an expressed or manifested mutual assent of the parties. There was in the mind of the defendant a mistake as to identity and a mistake as to the stock consequent on the mistake as to identity. The finding that the defendant did not become a stockholder of No. 1 is sustained.
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Dibell, J.
This is an action to recover $1,100 upon the constitutional double liability of the defendant as a stockholder to the extent of 11 shares in the U. S. I. Realty Company, á Minnesota corporation. There was a verdict for the defendant. The plaintiff moved in the alternative for judgment notwithstanding the verdict or for a new trial and appeals from the order denying his motion.
On January 29, 1926, the district court of Hennepin county, pursuant to G. S. 1923, § 8025, levied an assessment of 100 per cent upon the stock of all the stockholders of the U. S. I. Realty Company, of which the plaintiff is the receiver. There was an affirmance in Webster v. U. S. I. Realty Co. 170 Minn. 360, 212 N. W. 806.
The constitution, art. 10, § 3, provides:
“Each stockholder in any corporation, excepting those organized for the purpose of carrying on any kind of manufacturing or mechanical business, shall be liable to the amount of sto,ck held or owned by him.”
This is the so-called stockholder’s constitutional double liability. Minnesota is almost alone in imposing it. 7 Minn. L. Rev. 79. Its hardship was recognized in MacLaren v. Wold, 168 Minn. 234, 210
N. W. 29, 55 A. L. R. 321, where the stockholders of a co-operative association were subjected to grievous liability without much apparent good to others; but all this does not permit anything but a fair finding upon the question whether one is in fact a stockholder.
The receiver may enforce the assessment by action. G. S. 3923 (2 Mason, 1927) § 8028. The question is whether the defendant holds or owns stock in the U. S. I. Realty Company. The plaintiff claims that he OAvns stock to the extent of $1,100. The defendant claims that he oaatis none.
Corporate books and records are competent evidence of stock Ownership. Holland v. Duluth I. M. & D. Co. 65 Minn. 324, 68 N. W. 50, 60 A. S. R. 480; Randall Printing Co. v. Sanitas M. W. Co. 120 Minn. 268, 139 N. W. 606, 43 L.R.A.(N.S.) 706; Lebens v. Nelson, 148 Minn. 240, 181 N. W. 350; Ohman v. Lee, 149 Minn. 451, 384 N. W. 43. The books and records of the U. S. I. Realty Company evidenced ownership in defendant of 11 shares. But one cannot be made a stockholder without his consent. Ohman v. Lee, 149 Minn. 451, 184 N. W. 41. In Bartlett v. Stephens, 137 Minn. 213, 215, 163 N. W. 288, 289, it was said:
“The usual evidence of who are stockholders in a corporation is the stock record of the corporation. This is prima facie evidence, and one AAdiose name appears on the corporate records as a stockholder is prima facie subject to the liabilities of a stockholder. The corporation record is not conclusive evidence. This would not do, for if it were held to be conclusive, a person might be held bound as a stockholder through the error or connivance of others and without his knoAvledge.”
No question is made but that there is eAddence in the record that the defendant was a stockholder in the U. S. I. Realty Company. There is evidence, to which we now call attention, that the defendant did not enter into a subscription contract with that corporation, and it sustains the jury’s finding that he did not.
The U. S. Installment Realty Company was incorporated under the lavvs of Minnesota on July 15, 1902, with a capital stock of $25,000. The IT. S. I. Realty Company Avas incorporated under the
laws of Minnesota on May 4, 1915, with a capital stock of $1,000,000. We sometimes refer to the first company as No. 1 and to the second as No. 2.
The stock of company No. 1, $25,000, Qs OAA’ned by Evans, Larimore and Reynolds. The company Avas engaged in the sale of bonds and real ('state. Its name Avas frequently abbreviated to U. S. I. Realty Company, and other abbreviations Avere used. Company No. 2 Avas capitalized at $1,000,000. It had no bonds. It sold its stock to the amount of $600,000. Letterheads of No. 1 frequently Avere signed in the' shorter name of No. 2 before and after the latter Avas incorporated. The officers of the tAvo corporations Avere the same. They occupied the same offices. It Avould seem impossible for either to hold a corporate meeting of the directors at the same time as the other; and one dealing Avith either at such a meeting Avould need to assure himself of its identity; and the tAvo corporations hardly could treat with each other in an adversary attitude.
The literature of company No. 2 soliciting subscriptions represented it as being capitalized in 1902, which Avas the date of incorporation of No. 1. It was represented that No. 2 had returned to its bondholders over $1,000,000. It had no bondholders. No. 1 had.
On November 1, 1910, Freid invested in a bond of No. 1. On May 13, 1916, this Avas traded, so it is claimed, for five shares of stock in No. 2, and later Freid took six shares more. He did surrender his bond but thought he Avas getting stock in the same company. Under date of April 1, 1916, a circular letter Avas sent on the letterhead of No. 1 in Avhich it Avas stated:
“We noAv give you as a bond holder an opportunity to join us as one of the OAvners of the company, in order that you may receive your full share of the profits. We offer you as a special proposition one share of the stock and one unit for $150.00 the price at which the stock alone is noAv selling. You may pay for the same either in cash or in payments as on your bond, the least monthly payment being $3.00.”
The circular Avas signed in the name of the U. S. I. Realty Company and by one Avho was president of both No. 1 and No. 2. It
stated that the last annual dividend was four and one-half per cent and that it ivas expected to be increased. The oil unit of $10 going with the stock, the details of which need not be discussed, was something appertaining to No. 1 and not at all to No. 2; and it was agreed that in any event the face amount would be returned at maturity, which was ten years. It was stated that this proposition was “given to our bond holders only and is for
one
share of stock
only
as an inducement to have every one of our bond holders owning an interest in our company, and will be withdrawn May 15, 1916.”
Another circular letter was sent under date of May 1, 1916, and announced the election of additional directors, but the directors mentioned were retained. It also announced a semi-annual dividend of five per cent and expressed hope of doubling it.
The defendant understood that he was dealing with No. 1, which was an apparently prosperous company at that time. No. 1 was itself inducing or allowing No. 2 to induce the defendant to buy the stock on the supposition tliat it was the stock of No. 1 and that he was dealing with No. 1. The defendant sent a number of checks to No. 1 payable to it for its stock. They were received and indorsed by it and deposited in bank.
To make a purchase it was necessary that there be an expressed or manifested mutual assent of the parties. There was in the mind of the defendant a mistake as to identity and a mistake as to the stock consequent on the mistake as to identity. The finding that the defendant did not become a stockholder of No. 1 is sustained.
The plaintiff claims that the defendant, by allowing his name to appear on the books of the company for so long a time as stockholder, is estopped to deny that he is the owner. One who by mistake becomes the apparent owner of corporate stock may be estopped to assert that he is not. The case before us is not a case of rescission for fraud nor a case of rescission for mistake. The defendant claims that he never made a contract with the U. S. I. Eealty Company and is not the owner and should be left alone. He is not asking affirmative relief, though one Avho through mistake has entered into
a contract in form may have relief in equity by way of rescission. The defendant might have brought an action of rescission.
Upon the facts the question of estoppel gives us some concern. If it had been submitted to the jury and the jury had found under appropriate instructions that there Aims not an estoppel Ave would have no trouble.
Upon full consideration Ave conclude that the court’s refusal to submit the question should be sustained.
The defendant Avas a station agent of the Milwaukee road at Adams in MoAver county in the southern part of the state. He Avas there some 19 years. He had been a station agent about all his active life. He did not knoiv of the existence of No. 2 until its bankruptcy in 1923, unless the circulars, deceptive in nature, or the receipt of dividends bound him. These circulars and correspondence came on the letterheads of No. 1. They referred to stock Avhich No. 1 was going to have its bondholders take so that they would be interested in the corporation. There are in evidence 13 checks Avhich Avere intended for payment of stock, all apparently received by No. 1, and all but one made by Freid to No. 1, and indorsed in its name and deposited in bank. There is trouble in finding that No. 1 and No. 2 Avere working otheiwise than in Avrongful conjunction for the purpose of getting their bondholders into company No. 2 Avith the thought that they Avere getting into No. 1.
It is not necessary to find fraud, and fraud Avas not submitted by the court. Freid did not attend the meetings of No. 2 and did not participate in its affairs. The case is distinguished from Johnson v. Christlieb, 178 Minn. 9, 225 N. W. 927, where the one estopped was a director in No. 2 for a number of years and active in its management, and from other similar cases. We hold as a matter of laAV that the defendant did not know of company No. 2 until 1923, Avlien bankruptcy intervened and the rights of creditors attached; and that he is not estopped from asserting that he is not a stockholder. The case was argued and is briefed at great length; but Ave feel that a further discussion or review of the cases Avould not be Avise. We have examined every phase of the controversy. Necessarily there can be but one just result.
Order affirmed.