1 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 2 DISTRICT OF NEVADA 3 Tyrone Johnson, Case No.: 2:20-cv-01309-JAD-VCF
4 Plaintiff
5 v. Order Screening and Dismissing 6 Complaint with Limited Leave to Amend Core Civic, et al., by November 24, 2021 7 Defendants 8
9 Federal inmate Tyrone Johnson brings this civil-rights action, claiming that his Eighth 10 Amendment rights were violated by the COVID-19 policies and procedures in place during his 11 federal incarceration at Core Civic’s Nevada Southern Detention Center (NSDC). Because 12 Johnson applies to proceed in forma pauperis,1 I screen his complaint under 28 U.S.C. § 1915A. 13 Although the complaint states that this is a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action, that statute only works for 14 claims against state actors, which these defendants are not. So, I liberally construe this action as 15 one under § 1983’s federal corollary—the case of Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Fed. 16 Bureau of Narcotics.2 Upon doing so, I find that he has not pled a colorable claim, so I dismiss 17 without leave to amend his claims against Core Civic, Koehn, Laurer, and the John Doe 18 defendants, as amendment would be futile. And I dismiss Johnson’s claims against Jefferson 19 with leave to file an amended complaint by November 24, 2021, if he can cure the defects that I 20 identify in this order. 21 22
23 1 ECF No. 6. 2 Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Fed. Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388 (1971). 1 Background 2 Johnson, a federal inmate, was housed at NSDC, which he alleges is operated by private 3 entity Core Civic under contract with the United States Marshal Service and Department of 4 Justice.3 Johnson sues Core Civic, Koehn (who is employed as Core Civic’s warden at NSDC),
5 Laurer (who is employed as Core Civic’s deputy warden at NSDC), Jefferson (who is employed 6 as a United States Marshal), and “John Does.”4 Johnson brings Eighth Amendment claims and 7 seeks damages.5 8 Discussion 9 I. Screening standard 10 Federal courts must conduct a preliminary screening in any case in which a prisoner 11 seeks redress from a governmental entity or an officer or employee of one.6 In its review, the 12 court must identify any cognizable claims and dismiss any claims that are frivolous or 13 malicious.7 The court must also dismiss those that fail to state a claim upon which relief may be 14 granted or that seek monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. All or
15 part of the complaint may be dismissed sua sponte if the prisoner’s claims lack an arguable basis 16 in law or fact. This includes claims based on legal conclusions that are untenable, like claims 17 against defendants who are immune from suit or claims of infringement of a legal interest that 18 19 20
21 3 ECF No. 1-1 at 1-2. 4 Id. 22 5 Id. at 2. 23 6 See 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(a). 7 See 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1)(2). 1 clearly does not exist, as well as claims based on fanciful factual allegations or fantastic or 2 delusional scenarios.8 3 Dismissal for failure to state a claim is proper only if it is clear that the plaintiff cannot 4 prove any set of facts in support of the claim that would entitle him or her to relief.9 In making
5 this determination, the court takes all allegations of material fact as true and construes them in 6 the light most favorable to the plaintiff.10 Allegations of a pro se complainant are held to less 7 stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers,11 but a plaintiff must provide more 8 than mere labels and conclusions.12 “While legal conclusions can provide the framework of a 9 complaint, they must be supported with factual allegations.”13 “Determining whether a 10 complaint states a plausible claim for relief . . . [is] a context-specific task that requires the 11 reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and common sense.”14 12 II. Analysis of claims 13 A. Claims against John Does 14 Johnson lists “John Does” as defendants and alleges that they are staff members.15 But a
15 complaint cannot be served on an unnamed person, and a lawsuit cannot proceed against a 16 person unless that person has been served. The use of “Doe” pleading to identify unnamed 17
8 See Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 327–28 (1989); see also McKeever v. Block, 932 F.2d 18 795, 798 (9th Cir. 1991). 19 9 See Morley v. Walker, 175 F.3d 756, 759 (9th Cir. 1999). 10 See Warshaw v. Xoma Corp., 74 F.3d 955, 957 (9th Cir. 1996). 20 11 Hughes v. Rowe, 449 U.S. 5, 9 (1980). See also Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t, 901 F.2d 21 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1990) (recognizing that pro se pleadings must be liberally construed). 12 Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). 22 13 Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 679 (2009). 23 14 Id. 15 ECF No. 1-1 at 2. 1 defendants is disfavored.16 I recognize that situations exist in which “the identity of alleged 2 defendants will not be known prior to the filing of a complaint.”17 But to the extent possible, a 3 plaintiff must try to identify the names of each defendant and identify them separately by 4 description or number. It is insufficient to allege Doe defendants as a group because the court
5 must be able to discern which specific unnamed person allegedly violated a plaintiff’s rights in a 6 particular claim. Here, Johnson has neither separately identified any individual John Doe 7 defendant nor stated a colorable claim against him or her. And to the extent that Johnson asserts 8 claims against John Does who are Core Civic employees at NSDC for deliberate indifference to 9 unsafe conditions or deliberate indifference to serious medical needs, he may not pursue such 10 Bivens claims, so I dismiss them with prejudice. 11 B. Claims against Core Civic 12 Johnson alleges that Core Civic has a contract with the United States Marshal Service and 13 the Department of Justice to house federal inmates at its detention center, NSDC.18 As a private 14 entity and not a governmental entity, Core Civic may not be held liable in a Bivens action.19 I
15 therefore dismiss without leave all claims against Core Civic because amendment would be 16 futile. 17 18 19
20 16 Gillespie v. Civiletti, 629 F.2d 637, 642 (9th Cir. 1980). 21 17 Id. 18 ECF No. 1-1 at 1. Johnson also alleges that Core Civic is “employed as a detention center for 22 the United States Marshal Service. Id. To the extent he attempts to sue the detention center itself, he cannot do so because it is a building and is therefore not subject to suit and liability. 23 19 Corr. Servs. Corp. v. Malesko, 534 U.S. 61, 66 (2001) (holding that Bivens does not extend to private entities acting under color of federal law). 1 C. Claims against Core Civic employees 2 Johnson alleges facts that could show that the Core Civic employees created unsafe 3 conditions of confinement for him at NSDC, including exposing him to an increased risk of 4 being infected with COVID-19.20 In addition, Johnson alleges that some of the people in his
5 section at NSDC felt sick and had symptoms of COVID-19 but were denied medical care by 6 Core Civic employees (though it is unclear whether he is alleging that he was among those). 7 Johnson alleges that the Deputy Warden and head of Medical at NSDC said that the people who 8 were sick in the unit did not qualify for medical treatment because they did not have fevers.21 9 Thus, Johnson’s complaint appears to assert Eighth Amendment claims against Core Civic 10 employees for deliberate indifference to unsafe conditions of confinement and possibly also for 11 deliberate indifference to serious medical needs. 12 In Bivens, the United States Supreme Court held that, even absent statutory authorization, 13 it would enforce a damages remedy to compensate persons injured by federal officers who 14 violated the prohibition against unreasonable search and seizures. The High Court later
15 expanded Bivens damages claims in specific gender-discrimination and inadequate-medical- 16 treatment scenarios involving defendants who were federal employees.22 Then in Ziglar v. 17 Abbasi, the Court significantly limited the availability of Bivens actions, cautioning lower courts 18 19
20 20 ECF No. 1-1 at 3–8. 21 Id. at 7. 21 22 See Davis v. Passman, 442 U.S. 228, 248–49 (1979) (permitting a damages remedy for gender discrimination under the Fifth Amendment Due Process Clause); Carlson v. Green, 446 U.S. 14, 22 19 (1980) (allowing a damages remedy for an Eighth Amendment violation for failure to provide adequate medical treatment); see also Hernandez v. Mesa, 140 S. Ct. 735, 743 (2020) 23 (“A Bivens claim may arise in a new context even if it is based on the same constitutional provision as a claim in a case in which a damages remedy was previously recognized.”). 1 not to expand Bivens remedies outside those specific three scenarios very specific contexts 2 without special circumstances.23 3 When a Bivens action is brought in a context different from the three recognized 4 scenarios, as is the situation in this plaintiff’s case, the availability of alternative remedies will
5 generally preclude the Bivens claim.24 The alternative remedies and a potential Bivens remedy 6 “need not be perfectly congruent.”25 Bivens does not extend to new situations if there is an 7 alternative remedial structure like tort law, injunction actions, or remedial mechanisms 8 established by the BOP for review of a federal prisoner’s conditions-of-confinement issues.26 9 This is true even if that alternative remedy is less generous than one available under Bivens27 or 10 the plaintiff’s claims for those remedies may ultimately fail.28 Johnson’s claims do not fall into 11 one of the three categories for which Bivens claims are authorized, both because the claims raise 12
23 Ziglar v. Abbasi, 137 S. Ct. 1843, 1854–55, 1857–61 (2017) (explaining that a context is new 13 if the case differs in any meaningful way from the three previous Bivens cases); Minneci v. Pollard, 565 U.S. 118, 126 (2012) (recognizing that defendant’s status as private employee is a 14 new context). 15 24 Ziglar, 137 S. Ct. at 1858, 1864–65; Vega v. United States, 881 F.3d 1146, 1153–55 (9th Cir. 2018) (declining to extend Bivens to Fifth Amendment due-process claim). 16 25 Minneci v. Pollard, 565 U.S. 118, 129 (2012); see also Vega, 881 F.3d at 1155 (recognizing that the alternative remedial structure and the potential Bivens remedy need not be identical, 17 and “any alternative, existing process for protecting the interest amounts to a convincing reason for the Judicial Branch to refrain from a new and freestanding remedy in damages”). 18 26 See Minneci, 565 U.S. at 131 (holding that Bivens claim may not be brought against 19 employees working at a privately operated federal prison where the allegedly wrongful conduct is of a kind that typically falls within the scope of traditional state tort law); Malesko, 534 U.S. at 20 74 (declining to apply Bivens where inmate in privately operated prison had full access to the remedial mechanisms established by the BOP, including suits in federal court for injunctive 21 relief and grievances filed through the BOP’s Administrative Remedy Program as set forth in 28 C.F.R. 542.10); Vega, 881 F.3d at 1148 (holding that Bivens did not apply to Fifth Amendment 22 due process claim because plaintiff had alternative means for relief against private entity’s employees through 28 C.F.R. 542.10). 23 27 Minneci, 565 U.S. at 129. 28 Vega, 881 F.3d at 1155. 1 issues about deliberate indifference to unsafe conditions and because they target employees of a 2 privately operated prison. So I must consider whether Bivens remedies should be extended to 3 this situation. 4 1. Conditions-of-confinement claims
5 Because Johnson has had access to alternative remedial structures for his conditions-of- 6 confinement claims against the Core Civic employees, this is not a case for a Bivens expansion. 7 Johnson could have brought constitutional claims for injunctive relief to address allegedly 8 unconstitutional unsafe conditions, but he chose not to do so. For example, one of Johnson’s 9 greatest concerns appeared to be transfers of other inmates to NSDC over the course of months, 10 and he could have brought a claim seeking an injunction to stop such transfers. Furthermore, 11 Johnson could have brought a Nevada state-tort-law action for claims like negligence.29 So it 12 would not be appropriate under current law to extend Bivens in this context, and I dismiss the 13 Bivens claims against the Core Civic employees for allegedly unconstitutional conditions of 14 confinement. Because it is clear that Johnson cannot cure these defects in the Bivens claims
15 against the Core Civic employees, I dismiss them with prejudice and without leave to amend. 16 2. Deliberate-indifference claims 17 To the extent that Johnson brings Eighth Amendment claims for deliberate indifference to 18 serious medical needs against the Core Civic employees based on a failure to provide medical 19 care for him when he was sick, I also dismiss those. Such a claim also represents a new context 20 for the application of Bivens. The Supreme Court has held that if a federal prisoner seeks 21 damages from defendants who are employed by an entity privately operating a federal prison, 22
23 29 See, e.g., Turner v. Mandalay Sports Entm’t, LLC, 180 P.3d 1172, 1175 (2008) (outlining elements of negligence claims under state law). 1 where “the conduct allegedly amounts to a violation of the Eighth Amendment, and where that 2 conduct is of a kind that typically falls within the scope of traditional state tort law (such as the 3 conduct involving improper medical care at issue here), the prisoner must seek a remedy under 4 state tort law” and the court cannot imply a Bivens remedy.30 So Johnson may not pursue his
5 Eighth Amendment claims for deliberate indifference to serious medical needs against the Core 6 Civic employees, and I dismiss them. And because it is clear that Johnson cannot cure these 7 Bivens claims against the Core Civic employees, I dismiss them without leave to amend. 8 D. Claims against Jefferson 9 Johnson alleges that Jefferson is a U.S. Marshal and is therefore an employee of the 10 federal government, not of a private entity, and he claims that Jefferson “is in charge over the 11 care of federal inmates housed within NSDC.”31 Whether Bivens would authorize a claim for 12 this scenario remains to be seen. But before I even reach that question, I must dismiss Johnson’s 13 claims against Jefferson because Johnson has not pled any factual allegations against Jefferson to 14 state any constitutional-violation theory against him.
15 To be liable under Bivens, the particular defendant himself must personally have violated 16 the plaintiff’s constitutional rights.32 Thus, alleging that a defendant held a particular position or 17 that the defendant’s subordinate, co-workers, or some other person associated with the defendant 18 violated the plaintiff’s civil rights is insufficient to state a colorable claim against the 19 20 21
22 30 Minneci, 565 U.S. at 131. 31 ECF No. 1-1 at 2. 23 32 Ziglar, 137 S. Ct. at 1860 (holding that “Bivens is not designed to hold officers responsible for acts of their subordinates”). 1 defendant.33 So Johnson’s allegation that Jefferson is a U.S. Marshal assigned to NSDC is not 2 and cannot be sufficient to state a colorable Bivens claim against Jefferson, even if Johnson 3 stated colorable claims against others. Johnson cannot hold Jefferson liable merely because of 4 his position and because others might have violated his Eighth Amendment rights. I therefore
5 dismiss the Eighth Amendment claims against Jefferson, but I grant Johnson leave to amend. 6 Although it is not clear that Johnson can state a colorable Eighth Amendment claim 7 against Jefferson and that such a claim would be cognizable under Bivens and its progeny, I 8 cannot yet determine that it is impossible for Johnson to allege facts that would be sufficient to 9 state such a claim. So I dismiss any claims against Jefferson without prejudice and with leave to 10 amend. If Johnson amends any claim against Jefferson, he must allege facts sufficient to show 11 that Bivens extends to the claim against Jefferson, and he must otherwise allege facts sufficient to 12 state a colorable Eighth Amendment claim against Jefferson. 13 To assist Johnson in determining whether he can state a colorable Eighth Amendment 14 claim and what kinds of true facts he must allege to state one against Jefferson, I provide
15 Johnson with applicable Eighth Amendment law. If Johnson chooses to file an amended 16 complaint, he should not cite to or discuss the law or make conclusory allegations based on the 17 law. Rather, Johnson should allege true facts sufficient to state a colorable claim based on this 18 law. Because it is not clear which Eighth Amendment theory, if any, Johnson seeks to apply to 19 Jefferson, I provide Johnson with law about deliberate indifference to (1) unsafe conditions of 20 confinement and (2) serious medical needs. 21 22
33 Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 676 (holding that “[b]ecause vicarious liability is inapplicable to Bivens and 23 § 1983 suits, a plaintiff must plead that each Government-official defendant, through the official’s own individual actions, has violated the Constitution”). 1 1. Deliberate indifference to unsafe conditions of confinement 2 The “treatment a prisoner receives in prison and the conditions under which he is 3 confined are subject to scrutiny under the Eighth Amendment.”34 The Ninth Circuit has long 4 held that merely being placed in harsh conditions is not a violation of the Eighth Amendment.35
5 To establish a violation, a plaintiff must allege facts sufficient to show that a particular condition 6 is, in and of itself, cruel and unusual punishment.36 Generally, prison officials have a duty to 7 ensure that prisoners are provided adequate shelter, food, clothing, sanitation, medical care, and 8 personal safety.37 To challenge the sufficiency of those conditions under the Eighth 9 Amendment, a plaintiff must meet both an objective and subjective test.38 The objective prong 10 requires a showing that the deprivation was sufficiently “extreme” to form the basis for an 11 Eighth Amendment violation by examining the conditions of confinement and the length of the 12 prisoner’s confinement.39 And the subjective prong of the Eighth Amendment analysis requires 13 prisoners to establish prison officials’ “deliberate indifference” to the unconstitutional conditions 14 of confinement, showing that “the official [knew] of and disregard[ed] an excessive risk to
15 inmate . . . safety.”40 Mere negligence is insufficient to show a violation of the Eighth 16 Amendment.41 17
34 Helling v. McKinney, 509 U.S. 25, 31 (1993). 18 35 Hoptowit v. Ray, 682 F.2d 1237, 1255–56 (9th Cir. 1982) overruled on other grounds, Sandin 19 v. Conner, 515 U.S. 472 (1995) (holding that incorrect classification to maximum-security prison was not a violation of the Eighth Amendment even if it was due to misclassification). 20 36 Hoptowit, 682 F.2d at 1255. 21 37 Johnson v. Lewis, 217 F.3d 726, 731 (9th Cir. 2000). 38 Id. 22 39 Hudson v. McMillian, 503 U.S. 1, 9 (1992); Johnson, 217 F.3d at 731. 23 40 Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 837 (1994). 41 Id. at 835–36. 1 If Johnson seeks to amend his complaint to bring a conditions-of-confinement claim 2 against Jefferson, he must allege facts sufficient to show a particular serious risk to his health 3 and safety. He also must allege true facts sufficient to show that Jefferson knew of the particular 4 risk and that Jefferson responded unreasonably to that risk. Johnson should also allege facts
5 sufficient to show what harm Jefferson caused him. Allegations that Jefferson should have 6 known of a particular risk—but did not—or that he was negligent will be insufficient to state a 7 colorable claim against him. Conclusory allegations will also be insufficient. In addition, 8 allegations that would show that Core Civic employees knew of a specific risk and responded 9 unreasonably to that risk will be insufficient to state a claim against Jefferson. And allegations 10 that Jefferson was the U.S. Marshal assigned to NSDC and that Johnson’s constitutional rights 11 were violated at NSDC will be insufficient to state a colorable Eighth Amendment claim against 12 Jefferson. 13 2. Deliberate indifference to serious medical needs 14 To establish an Eighth Amendment deliberate-indifference-to-serious-medical-needs
15 claim, a plaintiff must satisfy both an objective standard—that the deprivation was serious 16 enough to constitute cruel and unusual punishment—and a subjective standard—deliberate 17 indifference.”42 For the first prong, “the plaintiff must show a serious medical need by 18 demonstrating that failure to treat [his] condition could result in further significant injury or the 19 unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain.”43 For the second prong, he must show “(a) 20 purposeful act or failure to respond to a prisoner’s pain or possible medical need and (b) harm 21 22
23 42 Snow v. McDaniel, 681 F.3d 978, 985 (9th Cir. 2012). 43 Jett v. Penner, 439 F.3d 1091, 1096 (9th Cir. 2006) (internal quotations omitted). 1 caused by the indifference.”44 This requires that the prison official “knows of and disregards an 2 excessive risk to inmate health or safety; the official must both be aware of facts from which the 3 inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm exists, and he must also draw the 4 inference.”45
5 When a prisoner claims deliberate indifference based on a delay in providing medical 6 treatment, he must show that the delay led to further harm.46 Prison officials who know of a 7 substantial risk to an inmate’s health and safety are liable only if they responded unreasonably to 8 the risk, even if the harm ultimately was not averted.47 Thus, if a prison medical official is 9 denied resources necessary to provide medical care, that person cannot be said to have punished 10 the inmate and cannot be held liable under the Eighth Amendment.48 Because deliberate 11 indifference is required, a complaint that a medical provider inadvertently or negligently 12 misdiagnosed or treated a medical condition is not sufficient to state a valid claim under the 13 Eighth Amendment as “[m]edical malpractice does not become a constitutional violation merely 14 because the victim is a prisoner.”49 Even gross negligence is insufficient to establish deliberate
15 indifference to serious medical needs.50 16 17 18 44 Id. 19 45 Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837; see also Peralta, 744 F.3d at 1086. 20 46 See Shapley v. Nevada Bd. of State Prison Comm’rs, 766 F.2d 404, 407 (9th Cir. 1985) (holding that “mere delay of surgery, without more, is insufficient to state a claim of deliberate 21 medical indifference”). 47 Farmer, 511 U.S. at 844. 22 48 Peralta v. Dillard, 744 F.3d at 1084. 23 49 Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 106 (1976). 50 See Toguchi v. Chung, 391 F.3d 1051, 1060 (9th Cir. 2004). 1 A mere difference of opinion between medical professionals concerning the appropriate 2 course of treatment, or a difference of opinion between the prisoner-patient and the medical-care 3 provider, also cannot support a claim for deliberate indifference to serious medical needs51 4 unless the prisoner can “show that the course of treatment the doctors chose was medically
5 unacceptable under the circumstances” and “that they chose this course in conscious disregard of 6 an excessive risk to [the prisoner’s] health.”52 But if a defendant chooses to override medical 7 recommendations and deny a person medical care solely based on an administrative policy that 8 he knows would require an inmate to suffer medically (and not based on differences of medical 9 opinions or because medical care was not medically indicated or would be unhelpful) there may 10 be deliberate indifference.53 Advancing a policy that requires subordinates to commit 11 constitutional violations cannot be sufficient for § 1983 liability, however, if the policy does not 12 proximately cause the plaintiff’s constitutional harm.54 A plaintiff cannot plead a colorable 13 claim on such a theory by merely offering the conclusory statement that there is a policy;55 the 14 plaintiff must plead facts that show that there is a policy, what the policy is, and what role each
15 particular defendant played in creating that policy.56 And because “[t]here is no respondeat 16 17 18 19
51 Sanchez v. Vild, 891 F.2d 240, 242 (9th Cir. 1989); Franklin v. State of Or., State Welfare 20 Div., 662 F.2d 1337, 1344 (9th Cir. 1981). 21 52 Jackson v. McIntosh, 90 F.3d 330, 332 (9th Cir. 1996) (emphasis added). 53 Colwell v. Bannister, 763 F.3d 1060, 1068 (9th Cir. 2014). 22 54 OSU Student All. v. Ray, 699 F.3d 1053, 1076 (9th Cir. 2012). 23 55 Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 680–81 (2009). 56 Id. at 678–81. 1 superior liability under [§]1983,”57 every target of a prisoner civil-rights claim must have 2 personally participated in the constitutional deprivation.58 3 Johnson’s allegations fail to state such a claim against Jefferson, but I am not yet 4 convinced that he can’t amend his claim to do so. If Johnson chooses to amend the complaint to
5 include a claim for deliberate indifference to serious medical needs against Jefferson, he must 6 first identify the particular serious medical need, including particular symptoms and what 7 medical care Johnson needed. He then must allege facts sufficient to show that Jefferson himself 8 knew of these medical needs but responded unreasonably, causing Johnson specified harm. 9 Johnson should also allege facts sufficient to show what harm Jefferson caused. Allegations that 10 Jefferson should have known of a specific medical need—but did not—or that Jefferson was 11 negligent will be insufficient to state a colorable claim against him. Allegations that would show 12 that Core Civic employees knew of a specified serious medical need and responded unreasonably 13 will also be insufficient to state a claim against Jefferson, as will allegations that Jefferson was 14 the U.S. Marshal assigned to NSDC and that Johnson’s constitutional rights were violated at
15 NSDC. 16 E. Johnson is granted leave to amend the claims against Jefferson only. 17 I dismiss Johnson’s claims against Core Civic, the Core Civic employees, and the John 18 Does without leave to amend, so Johnson may not pursue them in this action. But I dismiss any 19 Bivens claim against Jefferson without prejudice and with leave to amend. Johnson should file 20 an amended complaint only if he believes that he can state a colorable Bivens claim. If Johnson 21
22 57 Id.; see also Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 676 (2009) (holding that “[b]ecause vicarious liability is inapplicable to Bivens and § 1983 suits, a plaintiff must plead that each Government- 23 official defendant, through the official’s own individual actions, has violated the Constitution”). 58 Taylor v. List, 880 F.2d 1040, 1045 (9th Cir. 1989). 1 chooses to file an amended complaint, he is advised that an amended complaint replaces the 2 original complaint, so the amended complaint must be complete in itself. He must allege true 3 facts sufficient to show that Jefferson himself violated his Eighth Amendment rights and that 4 Bivens extends to the claim.
5 If Johnson chooses to file an amended complaint, he must comply with Rule 8 of the 6 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Under Rule 8(a), a complaint must include a short and plain 7 statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.59 Rule 8(e) requires that 8 “[e]ach averment of a pleading shall be simple, concise and direct.”60 A district court has the 9 power to dismiss a complaint when a plaintiff fails to comply with Rules 8(a) and 8(e).61 If the 10 factual elements of a cause of action are not organized into a short and plain statement of the 11 particular claim, dismissal for failure to satisfy Rule 8 is proper.62 Johnson is advised that in 12 accordance with Rule 8, a plaintiff may not allege facts that are extraneous and not part of the 13 factual basis for the particular constitutional claims he includes in the complaint.63 Johnson must 14 file the amended complaint by November 24, 2021. That amended complaint may not include
15 unrelated claims against different defendants. 16 17 18 19 59 Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a). 20 60 Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(e). 21 61 McHenry v. Renne, 84 F.3d 1172, 1179 (9th Cir. 1996); Nevijel v. N. Coast Life Ins. Co., 651 F.2d 671, 673 (9th Cir. 1981). 22 62 Sparling v. Hoffman Constr. Co., 864 F.2d 635, 640 (9th Cir. 1988). See also Nevijel, 651 F.2d at 674. 23 63 See Knapp v. Hogan, 738 F.3d 1106, 1109 (9th Cir. 2013) (recognizing that Rule 8 can be violated when the plaintiff says too much). 1 III. Motion for appointment of counsel and class certification [ECF No. 1-2]. 2 Like many prisoners who file civil-rights claims, Johnson asks the court to find and 3 appoint him a free lawyer.64 A litigant does not have a constitutional right to appointed counsel 4 in 42 U.S.C. § 1983 civil-rights claims.65 The statute that governs this type of litigation, 28
5 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(1), provides that “[t]he court may request an attorney to represent any person 6 unable to afford counsel.” However, the court will appoint counsel for indigent civil litigants 7 only in “exceptional circumstances.”66 “When determining whether ‘exceptional circumstances’ 8 exist, a court must consider ‘the likelihood of success on the merits as well as the ability of the 9 petitioner to articulate his claims pro se in light of the complexity of the legal issues involved.”67 10 “Neither of these considerations is dispositive and instead must be viewed together.”68 I do not 11 find exceptional circumstances here. Johnson has not stated a colorable claim, and there is no 12 longer a pending complaint. So he has not shown a likelihood of success. Therefore, I deny his 13 motion for appointment of counsel. 14 I also deny Johnson’s motion for class certification. Although pro se litigants like
15 Johnson have the right to plead and conduct their own cases personally,69 non-lawyers can 16 represent no one but themselves.70 Johnson may therefore not act as an attorney or in any other 17 representative capacity for anyone else by filing pleadings and otherwise litigating on behalf of 18
19 64 ECF No. 1-2. 65 Storseth v. Spellman, 654 F.2d 1349, 1353 (9th Cir. 1981). 20 66 Palmer v. Valdez, 560 F.3d 965, 970 (9th Cir. 2009) (§ 1983 action). 21 67 Id. 22 68 Id. 69 See 28 U.S.C. § 1654. 23 70 See Cato v. United States, 70 F.3d 1103, 1105 n.1 (9th Cir. 1995); C.E. Pope Equity Trust v. United States, 818 F.2d 696, 697 (9th Cir. 1987). 1 the class, so his motion must be denied.71 The fact that his complaint has been dismissed, 2 leaving no currently viable claims, is yet one more reason why class certification is 3 unwarranted.72 4 Conclusion
5 IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that the Clerk of the Court is directed to FILE the 6 complaint (ECF No. 1-1). 7 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that: 8 • The claims against Core Civic, Koehn, Laurer, and John Does are DISMISSED 9 without leave to amend, as amendment would be futile. Johnson may not pursue 10 his Bivens claims against these defendants; 11 • The claims against Jefferson are DISMISSED with leave to amend by November 12 24, 2021; 13 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the motion for appointment of counsel and class 14 certification [ECF No. 1-2] are DENIED.
15 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Clerk of the Court is directed to SEND plaintiff 16 the approved form for filing a prisoner civil rights complaint, instructions for the same, and a 17 copy of his original complaint. If plaintiff chooses to file an amended complaint to state a 18 colorable claim against Jefferson, he should use the approved form and he shall write the words 19 “First-Amended” above the words “Civil Rights Complaint” in the caption and should cross out 20
21 71 Simon v. Hartford Life, Inc., 546 F.3d 661, 664–65 (9th Cir. 2008) (recognizing the pro se prisoner could not bring class action on behalf of others); Welch v. Terhune, 11 F. App’x 747, 22 747 (9th Cir. 2001) (unpublished) (holding that pro se plaintiff could not prosecute his action as a class action). 23 72 I defer decision on the application to proceed in forma pauperis until after Johnson has amended to plead a viable claim. ECF No. 6. 1} the words “42 U.S.C. 1983” and put the word “Bivens.” If plaintiff does not file an amended complaint by November 24, 2021, this action will be dismissed with prejudice for failure to state a claim. 4 Dated: October 25, 2021 os ois bea tone USS. District Judge Jen cfr A. Dorsey 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23