NUMBER 13-11-00367-CR
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG
JOHNNY FONSECA, Appellant,
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee.
On appeal from the 25th District Court of Gonzales County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before Chief Justice Valdez and Justices Benavides and Perkes Memorandum Opinion by Justice Perkes Appellant, Johnny Fonseca, appeals his conviction for aggravated assault with a
deadly weapon, a second degree felony. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.02 (West
2011). A jury found appellant guilty and assessed punishment at 27 years confinement
in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division. By two issues,
appellant argues that the trial court erred by: (1) not admitting testimony of potentially exculpatory information that the State objected to on hearsay grounds; and (2) denying
appellant’s motion for mistrial. We affirm.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND1
Fernando Gloria was shot in the left side of his chest, requiring extensive medical
treatment. Although Fernando testified that he did not remember any details of the
shooting, his wife, Yvonne Macias, testified that she and Fernando had been standing
and talking outside the house of Fernando’s brother, Jaime Gloria, at about midnight, and
Fernando was shot after appellant approached the house and lifted his right hand, as if
pointing, which immediately preceded the gunshots. Jaime Gloria testified that he saw
appellant exit a vehicle in which he had been a passenger and start shooting.
John Gloria, another brother of Fernando, testified that he was outside the house
when he saw appellant get out of a vehicle holding a handgun. According to John, none
of the persons accompanying appellant nor of the family and friends at Jaime’s house
possessed a gun. He testified that appellant “just aimed toward the house, and he shot.”
Kathryn Macias, who was dating Jaime Gloria at the time, testified she clearly saw
appellant produce a handgun “from behind his back and start shooting.” She stated
appellant then ran back to the vehicle in which he had been riding, and the car “took off.”
John called 9-1-1, upon discovering that Fernando was shot. Police officers
responded to the scene, followed by EMS. Fernando was taken to a hospital, where
doctors attended to him for almost two weeks before finally discharging him.
1 Because this is a memorandum opinion and the parties are familiar with the facts, we will not recite them here except as necessary to advise the parties of the Court's decision and the basic reasons for it. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.4. 2 The jury returned a guilty verdict for the offense of aggravated assault, and this
appeal followed.
II. EXCLUSION OF HEARSAY EVIDENCE
By his first issue, appellant contends the trial court erred by not admitting certain
testimony from Police Captain James Allen Taylor of the City of Gonzales Police
Department. Specifically, appellant’s attorney asked Captain Taylor on
cross-examination whether the Luling Police Department had contacted him. The State
objected on hearsay, improper foundation, and relevance grounds. Outside the
presence of the jury, appellant’s attorney conducted a voir dire examination of Captain
Taylor.
During the voir dire examination, Captain Taylor testified that an investigator at the
Luling Police Department had contacted him and informed him that “one of their officers
had made a traffic stop and had gotten information that they [sic] may have possibly been
involved in the shooting here in Gonzales.” Captain Taylor confirmed that he reviewed
photographs of text messages related to the traffic stop, but testified that he could not
recall the contents of the text messages. After the voir dire examination, the trial court
sustained the State’s hearsay objection.
Appellant asserts the trial court erred in not admitting Captain Taylor’s testimony,
arguing the statements in the text messages fall under the excited utterance exception to
hearsay. This contention, however, was not presented to the trial court. In order to
have evidence admitted under a hearsay exception, it is the responsibility of the
proponent, not the trial court, to specify the exception. See Reyna v. State, 168 S.W.3d
3 173, 177 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); Willover v. State, 70 S.W.3d 841, 845–46 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2002). Appellant’s failure to give the trial judge an opportunity to rule on the
argument now presented precludes appellant from making the argument for the first time
on appeal. See Johnson v. State, 925 S.W.2d 745, 750 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1996,
writ ref’d). Since appellant’s argument does not comport with his complaint at trial,
appellant has preserved nothing for review. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a). We overrule
appellant’s first issue.
III. DENIAL OF MOTION FOR MISTRIAL
By his second issue, appellant argues the trial court reversibly erred by denying
the motion for mistrial that he requested after a witness, under questioning by the State,
testified that appellant was previously incarcerated. We disagree.
A. Standard of Review
We review the trial judge’s denial of appellant’s motion for mistrial under an abuse
of discretion standard. Coble v. State, 330 S.W.3d 253, 292 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010);
Espinosa v. State, 328 S.W.3d 32, 38 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christ 2010, pet. ref’d). We
review the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling. Ocon v. State,
284 S.W.3d 880, 884 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). We will uphold the trial court’s ruling as
long as it is within the zone of reasonable disagreement. Coble, 330 S.W.3d at 292;
Ocon, 284 S.W.3d at 884; Espinosa, 328 S.W.3d at 38.
B. Applicable Law
A mistrial is an extreme remedy, and “[o]nly in extreme circumstances, where the
prejudice is incurable, will mistrial be required.” Hawkins v. State, 135 S.W.3d 72, 77
4 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) (en banc). “A mistrial is the trial court’s remedy for improper
conduct that is ‘so prejudicial that expenditure of further time and expense would be
wasteful or futile.’” Id. (quoting Ladd v. State, 3 S.W.3d 547, 567 (Tex. Crim. App.
1999)). “Therefore, a mistrial should be granted only in the cases where the ‘reference
was clearly calculated to inflame the minds of the jury or was of such damning character
as to suggest it would be impossible to remove the harmful impression from the juror’s
minds.’” Young v. State, 283 S.W.3d 854, 878 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (quoting Rojas v.
State, 986 S.W.2d 241, 250 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998)). Otherwise, sound discretion
normally requires the trial judge to consider less drastic alternatives. Torres v. State,
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NUMBER 13-11-00367-CR
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG
JOHNNY FONSECA, Appellant,
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee.
On appeal from the 25th District Court of Gonzales County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before Chief Justice Valdez and Justices Benavides and Perkes Memorandum Opinion by Justice Perkes Appellant, Johnny Fonseca, appeals his conviction for aggravated assault with a
deadly weapon, a second degree felony. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.02 (West
2011). A jury found appellant guilty and assessed punishment at 27 years confinement
in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division. By two issues,
appellant argues that the trial court erred by: (1) not admitting testimony of potentially exculpatory information that the State objected to on hearsay grounds; and (2) denying
appellant’s motion for mistrial. We affirm.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND1
Fernando Gloria was shot in the left side of his chest, requiring extensive medical
treatment. Although Fernando testified that he did not remember any details of the
shooting, his wife, Yvonne Macias, testified that she and Fernando had been standing
and talking outside the house of Fernando’s brother, Jaime Gloria, at about midnight, and
Fernando was shot after appellant approached the house and lifted his right hand, as if
pointing, which immediately preceded the gunshots. Jaime Gloria testified that he saw
appellant exit a vehicle in which he had been a passenger and start shooting.
John Gloria, another brother of Fernando, testified that he was outside the house
when he saw appellant get out of a vehicle holding a handgun. According to John, none
of the persons accompanying appellant nor of the family and friends at Jaime’s house
possessed a gun. He testified that appellant “just aimed toward the house, and he shot.”
Kathryn Macias, who was dating Jaime Gloria at the time, testified she clearly saw
appellant produce a handgun “from behind his back and start shooting.” She stated
appellant then ran back to the vehicle in which he had been riding, and the car “took off.”
John called 9-1-1, upon discovering that Fernando was shot. Police officers
responded to the scene, followed by EMS. Fernando was taken to a hospital, where
doctors attended to him for almost two weeks before finally discharging him.
1 Because this is a memorandum opinion and the parties are familiar with the facts, we will not recite them here except as necessary to advise the parties of the Court's decision and the basic reasons for it. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.4. 2 The jury returned a guilty verdict for the offense of aggravated assault, and this
appeal followed.
II. EXCLUSION OF HEARSAY EVIDENCE
By his first issue, appellant contends the trial court erred by not admitting certain
testimony from Police Captain James Allen Taylor of the City of Gonzales Police
Department. Specifically, appellant’s attorney asked Captain Taylor on
cross-examination whether the Luling Police Department had contacted him. The State
objected on hearsay, improper foundation, and relevance grounds. Outside the
presence of the jury, appellant’s attorney conducted a voir dire examination of Captain
Taylor.
During the voir dire examination, Captain Taylor testified that an investigator at the
Luling Police Department had contacted him and informed him that “one of their officers
had made a traffic stop and had gotten information that they [sic] may have possibly been
involved in the shooting here in Gonzales.” Captain Taylor confirmed that he reviewed
photographs of text messages related to the traffic stop, but testified that he could not
recall the contents of the text messages. After the voir dire examination, the trial court
sustained the State’s hearsay objection.
Appellant asserts the trial court erred in not admitting Captain Taylor’s testimony,
arguing the statements in the text messages fall under the excited utterance exception to
hearsay. This contention, however, was not presented to the trial court. In order to
have evidence admitted under a hearsay exception, it is the responsibility of the
proponent, not the trial court, to specify the exception. See Reyna v. State, 168 S.W.3d
3 173, 177 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); Willover v. State, 70 S.W.3d 841, 845–46 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2002). Appellant’s failure to give the trial judge an opportunity to rule on the
argument now presented precludes appellant from making the argument for the first time
on appeal. See Johnson v. State, 925 S.W.2d 745, 750 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1996,
writ ref’d). Since appellant’s argument does not comport with his complaint at trial,
appellant has preserved nothing for review. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a). We overrule
appellant’s first issue.
III. DENIAL OF MOTION FOR MISTRIAL
By his second issue, appellant argues the trial court reversibly erred by denying
the motion for mistrial that he requested after a witness, under questioning by the State,
testified that appellant was previously incarcerated. We disagree.
A. Standard of Review
We review the trial judge’s denial of appellant’s motion for mistrial under an abuse
of discretion standard. Coble v. State, 330 S.W.3d 253, 292 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010);
Espinosa v. State, 328 S.W.3d 32, 38 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christ 2010, pet. ref’d). We
review the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling. Ocon v. State,
284 S.W.3d 880, 884 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). We will uphold the trial court’s ruling as
long as it is within the zone of reasonable disagreement. Coble, 330 S.W.3d at 292;
Ocon, 284 S.W.3d at 884; Espinosa, 328 S.W.3d at 38.
B. Applicable Law
A mistrial is an extreme remedy, and “[o]nly in extreme circumstances, where the
prejudice is incurable, will mistrial be required.” Hawkins v. State, 135 S.W.3d 72, 77
4 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) (en banc). “A mistrial is the trial court’s remedy for improper
conduct that is ‘so prejudicial that expenditure of further time and expense would be
wasteful or futile.’” Id. (quoting Ladd v. State, 3 S.W.3d 547, 567 (Tex. Crim. App.
1999)). “Therefore, a mistrial should be granted only in the cases where the ‘reference
was clearly calculated to inflame the minds of the jury or was of such damning character
as to suggest it would be impossible to remove the harmful impression from the juror’s
minds.’” Young v. State, 283 S.W.3d 854, 878 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (quoting Rojas v.
State, 986 S.W.2d 241, 250 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998)). Otherwise, sound discretion
normally requires the trial judge to consider less drastic alternatives. Torres v. State,
614 S.W.2d 436, 442 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981) (panel op.).
Regarding a witness’s reference to a defendant’s prior incarceration, the Texas
Court of Criminal Appeals has previously held:
[O]ur research also reveals that error will not necessarily be reflected in every unresponsive answer by a State's witness which implicates a reference to the fact that a defendant has been “sent to” or incarcerated in the penitentiary. Even where such prejudicial information is inadvertently placed before a jury, the general rule is still that an instruction by the trial judge to the jury to disregard such answer will be sufficient to cure any unresponsive answer.
Tennard v. State, 802 S.W.2d 678, 685 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) (quoting Williams v. State,
643 S.W.2d 136, 138 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982)); see Fuller v. State, 827 S.W.2d 919, 926
(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, no pet.) (citations omitted); see also Ovalle v. State,
13 S.W.3d 774, 783 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (holding that a prompt instruction to disregard
will cure a witness’s inadvertent reference to an extraneous offense).
5 C. Discussion
Appellant moved for mistrial based on the following excerpt from the State’s
cross-examination of Joe Fonseca, appellant’s nephew:
Q: You don’t want to see him [appellant] get in trouble, do you?
A: No, sir, I don’t.
Q: You don’t want to see him go to prison?
A: No. He’s been there for almost half his life already.
Outside the presence of the jury, appellant’s counsel urged for mistrial because
“the prejudicial effect [of the reference to appellant’s prior incarceration] on my client at
this time in this trial was so severe, that there’s no way that he can get a fair trial in front of
these jurors . . . .” Appellant’s attorney acknowledged that the question was not intended
to elicit the complained-of response. Counsel, however, decided not to pursue an
instruction to disregard for fear that such an instruction would emphasize the testimony,
rather than cure it. The trial court denied appellant’s motion for mistrial.
Appellant contends that the trial court abused its discretion by not granting his
motion for mistrial because the incarceration “reference at this stage of the trial was so
highly prejudicial and incurable . . . .” We are not so persuaded. The question, which
the State asked of other defense witnesses, was not designed to elicit the non-responsive
answer, and appellant does not contend that it was. The answer to the question was not
calculated to inflame the minds of the jury; the reference was made by appellant’s
nephew. See Wilson v. State, 90 S.W.3d 391, 395 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2002, no pet.)
(“The witness’s reference to [the defendant’s] previous incarceration was not so
6 calculated to inflame the minds of the jury . . . .”). Nor was the statement of “such
damning character” that it “would be impossible to remove the harmful impression from
the juror’s minds” through an instruction to disregard. See Young, 283 S.W.3d at 878;
Ladd, 3 S.W.3d at 567; Wilson, 90 S.W.3d at 395.
That appellant opted against requesting the instruction to disregard does not, by
the process of elimination of curative measures, constrain the trial court to grant
appellant’s motion for mistrial. See Hunter v. State, 481 S.W.2d 806, 807 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1972) (upholding trial court’s denial of defendant’s mistrial motion because,
although the defendant did not request an instruction for the jury to disregard, such
instruction could have cured any harm). We overrule appellant’s second issue.
IV. CONCLUSION
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
GREGORY T. PERKES Justice
Do not publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
Delivered and filed the 28th day of March, 2013.