Case: 16-15763 Date Filed: 02/05/2018 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
Nos. 16-15763 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket Nos. 1:15-cv-00061-WLS-TQL; 1:12-cr-00013-WLS-TQL-1
JOHNNIE KENON,
Petitioner-Appellant,
versus
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Respondent-Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Georgia ________________________
(February 5, 2018)
Before WILSON, JORDAN and FAY, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 16-15763 Date Filed: 02/05/2018 Page: 2 of 7
Johnnie Kenon, a federal prisoner, appeals the district court’s denial of his
28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion to vacate his 294-month sentence. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
In 2013, Kenon pled guilty to conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute
more than five kilograms of cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846 and in
connection with 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(A)(ii). In the final Presentence
Investigation Report (“PSI”), the probation officer determined Kenon was a career
offender pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(b)(1), based on two prior convictions: (1) a
2005 Florida conviction for trafficking in cocaine, in violation of section 893.135,
Florida Statutes; and (2) a 2006 Florida conviction for aggravated assault with a
firearm, aggravated assault with a deadly weapon, and violation of an injunction.
The factual allegations concerning the Florida drug trafficking conviction were set
out in the PSI, including that officers had “discovered approximately 139.4 grams
of suspected powder cocaine beneath a floor mat” of Kenon’s vehicle.
Based on a career offender offense level of 34 and a criminal history
category of VI, the probation officer determined that the guidelines imprisonment
range was 262 to 327 months. Although Kenon’s attorney objected to the PSI, he
did not raise a specific challenge to the determination of the Florida trafficking
conviction as a controlled substance offense for purposes of the career offender
determination; nor did he object to the factual allegations set out in the PSI. At the
2 Case: 16-15763 Date Filed: 02/05/2018 Page: 3 of 7
sentencing hearing, Kenon’s attorney made various arguments about the prior
convictions that were the basis for the career offender determination but again did
not argue that Kenon’s prior Florida conviction for drug trafficking was not a
qualifying controlled substance offense under the career offender guidelines.
The district court agreed that the guidelines sentencing range was 262 to 327
months imprisonment and sentenced Kenon to 294 months of imprisonment.
Kenon raised no further objections to the sentence. Kenon appealed. His attorney
filed a brief pursuant to Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738, 87 S. Ct. 1396 (1967),
and moved to withdraw. This court found no arguable issues of merit, granted the
motion to withdraw, and affirmed Kenon’s conviction and sentence. United States
v. Kenon, 559 F. App’x 938 (11th Cir. 2014).
In March 2015, Kenon filed a § 2255 motion to vacate. He asserted that his
counsel was ineffective for failing to challenge the use of a prior conviction to
classify him as a career offender and for failing to raise arguments under United
States v. Shannon, 631 F.3d 1187 (11th Cir. 2011). He contended that his counsel
should have argued that, under Shannon, his prior Florida conviction for trafficking
in cocaine should not have been used to classify him as a career offender because
the conviction is not a controlled substance offense.
The court appointed new counsel for Kenon and held a hearing in December
2015. Kenon’s trial counsel testified that he had researched the subject of career
3 Case: 16-15763 Date Filed: 02/05/2018 Page: 4 of 7
offender designation in preparation for Kenon’s sentencing and understood the
importance of the prior convictions to the career offender determination process.
He had advised Kenon of the career offender designation months before the plea,
and Kenon did not contest the facts of the Florida drug trafficking conviction.
Counsel also testified that he had confirmed the validity of the convictions that
were used to support the career offender designation.
Following the hearing and briefing on the § 2255 motion, the magistrate
judge issued a report and recommendation, finding that the Shepard documents 1
introduced by Kenon showed that he possessed more than 28 grams of cocaine and
that an intent to distribute cocaine was inferred from the possession of more than
28 grams of cocaine. The magistrate judge therefore concluded that Kenon’s prior
conviction for trafficking in cocaine satisfied the definition of a “controlled
substance offense” under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(b), and Kenon had failed to show that
his attorney’s assistance was ineffective.
The district court adopted the magistrate judge’s finding that the Shepard
documents established that Kenon was convicted of possessing more than 28
grams of cocaine, and that the statute under which Kenon was convicted inferred
intent to distribute from possession of more than 28 grams of cocaine. The court
1 In the context of a guilty or nolo contendere plea, Shepard documents include the indictment or information, the transcript of the plea colloquy, the written plea agreement presented to the court, or any “record of comparable findings of fact adopted by the defendant upon entering the plea.” Shepard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13, 20-21, 26, 125 S. Ct. 1254, 1259-60, 1263 (2005). 4 Case: 16-15763 Date Filed: 02/05/2018 Page: 5 of 7
determined that “reasonable jurists could disagree as to whether Kenon’s counsel
was ineffective in failing to object to the career offender enhancement” and,
therefore, granted a certificate of appealability as to that issue only. R. at 620.
On appeal, Kenon argues that his counsel was ineffective when counsel
failed to object to and challenge the use of his Florida drug trafficking conviction
to classify him as a career offender.
II. DISCUSSION
When reviewing the district court’s denial of a motion to vacate, we review
legal issues de novo and findings of fact for clear error. Lynn v. United States, 365
F.3d 1225, 1232 (11th Cir. 2004). Under the Strickland standard, a defendant must
show that (1) counsel’s performance was deficient, and (2) counsel’s deficient
performance prejudiced the defense. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687,
104 S. Ct. 2052, 2064 (1984). In determining whether counsel’s conduct fell
below an objective standard of reasonableness, the court’s review must be “highly
deferential.” Id. at 689, 104 S. Ct. at 2065.
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Case: 16-15763 Date Filed: 02/05/2018 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
Nos. 16-15763 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket Nos. 1:15-cv-00061-WLS-TQL; 1:12-cr-00013-WLS-TQL-1
JOHNNIE KENON,
Petitioner-Appellant,
versus
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Respondent-Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Georgia ________________________
(February 5, 2018)
Before WILSON, JORDAN and FAY, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 16-15763 Date Filed: 02/05/2018 Page: 2 of 7
Johnnie Kenon, a federal prisoner, appeals the district court’s denial of his
28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion to vacate his 294-month sentence. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
In 2013, Kenon pled guilty to conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute
more than five kilograms of cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846 and in
connection with 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(A)(ii). In the final Presentence
Investigation Report (“PSI”), the probation officer determined Kenon was a career
offender pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(b)(1), based on two prior convictions: (1) a
2005 Florida conviction for trafficking in cocaine, in violation of section 893.135,
Florida Statutes; and (2) a 2006 Florida conviction for aggravated assault with a
firearm, aggravated assault with a deadly weapon, and violation of an injunction.
The factual allegations concerning the Florida drug trafficking conviction were set
out in the PSI, including that officers had “discovered approximately 139.4 grams
of suspected powder cocaine beneath a floor mat” of Kenon’s vehicle.
Based on a career offender offense level of 34 and a criminal history
category of VI, the probation officer determined that the guidelines imprisonment
range was 262 to 327 months. Although Kenon’s attorney objected to the PSI, he
did not raise a specific challenge to the determination of the Florida trafficking
conviction as a controlled substance offense for purposes of the career offender
determination; nor did he object to the factual allegations set out in the PSI. At the
2 Case: 16-15763 Date Filed: 02/05/2018 Page: 3 of 7
sentencing hearing, Kenon’s attorney made various arguments about the prior
convictions that were the basis for the career offender determination but again did
not argue that Kenon’s prior Florida conviction for drug trafficking was not a
qualifying controlled substance offense under the career offender guidelines.
The district court agreed that the guidelines sentencing range was 262 to 327
months imprisonment and sentenced Kenon to 294 months of imprisonment.
Kenon raised no further objections to the sentence. Kenon appealed. His attorney
filed a brief pursuant to Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738, 87 S. Ct. 1396 (1967),
and moved to withdraw. This court found no arguable issues of merit, granted the
motion to withdraw, and affirmed Kenon’s conviction and sentence. United States
v. Kenon, 559 F. App’x 938 (11th Cir. 2014).
In March 2015, Kenon filed a § 2255 motion to vacate. He asserted that his
counsel was ineffective for failing to challenge the use of a prior conviction to
classify him as a career offender and for failing to raise arguments under United
States v. Shannon, 631 F.3d 1187 (11th Cir. 2011). He contended that his counsel
should have argued that, under Shannon, his prior Florida conviction for trafficking
in cocaine should not have been used to classify him as a career offender because
the conviction is not a controlled substance offense.
The court appointed new counsel for Kenon and held a hearing in December
2015. Kenon’s trial counsel testified that he had researched the subject of career
3 Case: 16-15763 Date Filed: 02/05/2018 Page: 4 of 7
offender designation in preparation for Kenon’s sentencing and understood the
importance of the prior convictions to the career offender determination process.
He had advised Kenon of the career offender designation months before the plea,
and Kenon did not contest the facts of the Florida drug trafficking conviction.
Counsel also testified that he had confirmed the validity of the convictions that
were used to support the career offender designation.
Following the hearing and briefing on the § 2255 motion, the magistrate
judge issued a report and recommendation, finding that the Shepard documents 1
introduced by Kenon showed that he possessed more than 28 grams of cocaine and
that an intent to distribute cocaine was inferred from the possession of more than
28 grams of cocaine. The magistrate judge therefore concluded that Kenon’s prior
conviction for trafficking in cocaine satisfied the definition of a “controlled
substance offense” under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(b), and Kenon had failed to show that
his attorney’s assistance was ineffective.
The district court adopted the magistrate judge’s finding that the Shepard
documents established that Kenon was convicted of possessing more than 28
grams of cocaine, and that the statute under which Kenon was convicted inferred
intent to distribute from possession of more than 28 grams of cocaine. The court
1 In the context of a guilty or nolo contendere plea, Shepard documents include the indictment or information, the transcript of the plea colloquy, the written plea agreement presented to the court, or any “record of comparable findings of fact adopted by the defendant upon entering the plea.” Shepard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13, 20-21, 26, 125 S. Ct. 1254, 1259-60, 1263 (2005). 4 Case: 16-15763 Date Filed: 02/05/2018 Page: 5 of 7
determined that “reasonable jurists could disagree as to whether Kenon’s counsel
was ineffective in failing to object to the career offender enhancement” and,
therefore, granted a certificate of appealability as to that issue only. R. at 620.
On appeal, Kenon argues that his counsel was ineffective when counsel
failed to object to and challenge the use of his Florida drug trafficking conviction
to classify him as a career offender.
II. DISCUSSION
When reviewing the district court’s denial of a motion to vacate, we review
legal issues de novo and findings of fact for clear error. Lynn v. United States, 365
F.3d 1225, 1232 (11th Cir. 2004). Under the Strickland standard, a defendant must
show that (1) counsel’s performance was deficient, and (2) counsel’s deficient
performance prejudiced the defense. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687,
104 S. Ct. 2052, 2064 (1984). In determining whether counsel’s conduct fell
below an objective standard of reasonableness, the court’s review must be “highly
deferential.” Id. at 689, 104 S. Ct. at 2065.
It is the defendant’s burden to overcome the presumption of adequate
representation and prove that no competent counsel would have taken the action
that his counsel did take. Chandler v. United States, 218 F.3d 1305, 1315 (11th
Cir. 2000) (en banc). As to the second prong, the defendant must show that there
is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result
5 Case: 16-15763 Date Filed: 02/05/2018 Page: 6 of 7
of the proceeding would have been different. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694, 104 S.
Ct. at 2068.
To qualify as a career offender, a defendant must have two prior felony
convictions for a crime of violence or a controlled substance offense. U.S.S.G.
§ 4B1.1(a)(3). The term “controlled substance offense” means an offense under
federal or state law, punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year,
that prohibits the manufacture, import, export, distribution, or dispensing of a
controlled substance or the possession of a controlled substance with intent to
manufacture, import, export, distribute, or dispense. U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2.
Section 893.135, Florida Statutes, indicates that any person who knowingly
sells, purchases, manufactures, delivers, or brings into the state, or who is
knowingly in actual or constructive possession of, 28 grams or more of cocaine,
but less than 150 kilograms of cocaine or any such mixture, commits a felony of
the first degree, known as “trafficking in cocaine.” Fla. Stat. § 893.135.
Kenon qualified for the career offender enhancement based on his two prior
convictions. See U.S.S.G. §§ 4B1.1(a)(3), 4B1.2. The record shows that Kenon
was convicted of drug trafficking in Florida. He admitted, in the plea colloquy,
that he had possessed over 28 grams of cocaine, which fits the definition of
trafficking in section 893.135. Drug trafficking fits the definition of a controlled
substance offense in § 4B1.2. See U.S.S.G. §§ 4B1.1(a)(3), 4B1.2. Moreover,
6 Case: 16-15763 Date Filed: 02/05/2018 Page: 7 of 7
Kenon’s reliance on Shannon is misplaced, because that case dealt only with the
purchase of cocaine. See Shannon, 631 F.3d at 1190 (“[B]ecause we assume that
Roye’s prior conviction involved no more than purchase with intent to distribute,
and this act is not included in § 4B1.2(b)’s definition, his prior conviction was not
a ‘controlled substance offense.’”).
Counsel did not err by failing to object to Kenon’s career offender
designation, as the designation was proper. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687.
Kenon did not meet his burden to show that no competent counsel would have
taken the action that his counsel did take. See Chandler, 218 F.3d at 1315.
Additionally, Kenon cannot show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for
counsel’s alleged unprofessional errors, the result of the proceedings would have
been different. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694, 104 S. Ct. at 2068. Accordingly,
the district court did not err in denying Kenon’s § 2255 motion. See Lynn, 365
F.3d at 1232.
AFFIRMED.