Cite as 2024 Ark. 90 SUPREME COURT OF ARKANSAS No. CV-22-190
Opinion Delivered: May 16, 2024 JOHN THURSTON, IN HIS OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS APPEAL FROM THE PULASKI SECRETARY OF STATE OF THE COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT STATE OF ARKANSAS; SHARON [NO. 60CV-21-3138] BROOKS, BILENDA HARRIS- RITTER, WILLIAM LUTHER, HONORABLE WENDELL GRIFFEN, CHARLES ROBERTS, JAMES SHARP, JUDGE AND J. HARMON SMITH, IN THEIR OFFICIAL CAPACITIES AS REVERSED AND DISMISSED. MEMBERS OF THE ARKANSAS STATE BOARD OF ELECTION COMMISSIONERS APPELLANTS
V.
THE LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS OF ARKANSAS; ARKANSAS UNITED; DORTHA DUNLAP; LEON KAPLAN; NELL MATTHEWS MOCK; JEFFERY RUST; AND PATSY WATKINS APPELLEES
CODY HILAND, Associate Justice
The 93rd Session of the Arkansas General Assembly passed a number of acts regarding
the election process. The League of Women Voters of Arkansas, et al.1 (Appellees), brought
1 Arkansas United; Dortha Dunlap; Nell Matthews Mock; Jeffery Rust; Patsy Watkins; and Leon Kaplan join as appellees. a challenge to four of those acts – Acts 736, 973, 249, and 728 of 2021 (the Acts). The
circuit court held them unconstitutional and permanently enjoined their operation and
enforcement. John Thurston, in his official capacity as Secretary of State for the State of
Arkansas, along with members of the Arkansas State Board of Election Commissioners2
(Appellants) appeal. We hold that the Acts are not clearly incompatible with the sections of
the Arkansas Constitution as alleged by Appellees; thus, we reverse and dismiss.
I. Brief Summary of the Acts
For assistance in understanding the claims, below is a synopsis of the four Acts relating
to the constitutional challenges raised by the Appellees.
A. Act 736
Arkansas law has long required county clerks to verify that the voter’s signature on
an absentee-ballot application is “similar” to the signature on that voter’s registration. Act
736 retained the requirement that the signature be verified and further clarified that clerks
must use the voter’s registration “application” as opposed to the voter’s registration
“records” to conduct that verification.3
B. Act 973
As a method of absentee voting, Arkansas law allows for the in-person delivery of an
absentee ballot by the voter. This method was retained; Act 973 moved the deadline for in-
2 Sharon Brooks, Bilenda Harris-Ritter, William Luther, Charles Roberts, James Sharp, and J. Harmon Smith join as appellants in their official capacity as members of the Board. 3 See Ark. Code Ann. § 7-5-404(a)(1)(B) & (2)(A) (Supp. 2023).
2 person ballot delivery back one business day—from the Monday before election day to the
preceding Friday by close of business of the county clerk’s office.4
C. Act 249
The Arkansas Constitution requires a voter to present valid photographic
identification to cast a ballot.5 Before Act 249, voters who failed to present appropriate
identification could complete a sworn statement (“affidavit fail-safe”) indicating that they
were registered to vote. Act 249 eliminated that alternative. Now, voters who cast
provisional ballots must provide photo identification to the county board of election
commissioners or the clerk “by 12:00 noon on the Monday following the election” for their
vote to be counted.6
D. Act 728
Arkansas law penalizes voting-related offenses designed to unfairly influence the way
in which an individual might vote. Act 728 added one action to the list of prohibited
election activities. Now, “a person shall not enter or remain in an area within one hundred
feet (100′) of the primary exterior entrance to a building where voting is taking place except
for a person entering or leaving a building where voting is taking place for lawful purposes.”7
4 See Ark. Code Ann. § 7-5-411(a)(1)(C) & (D) (Supp. 2023). 5 See Ark. Const. amend. 99, § 1, proposed by Acts of 2017, H.J.R. 1016, § 1, approved at Nov. 6, 2018, election that amended Ark. Const. art. 3, § 1. 6 See Ark. Const. amend. 51, § 13. 7 See Ark. Code Ann. § 7-1-103(a)(24) (Supp. 2023).
3 II. Procedural History
After the General Assembly passed the four Acts in the spring of 2021,8 Appellees
filed suit in circuit court for injunctive and declaratory relief alleging that the Acts violated
various provisions of the Arkansas Constitution and would burden lawful, eligible voters in
the exercise of their right to vote.9 Specifically, Appellees argued that (1) Act 736 would
make it substantially harder for voters to obtain an absentee ballot by making the signature-
matching process more unreliable and error-prone, thereby disenfranchising voters properly
entitled to absentee ballots; (2) Act 973 would disenfranchise voters without reasonable
justification by shortening the deadline for voters to return absentee ballots in person; (3)
Act 249 would disenfranchise voters who do not have acceptable photographic
identification by enacting a strict voter-identification requirement; and (4) Act 728 is
unnecessarily vague and would impede nonpartisan voter-support activities by excluding
nonvoters from providing support to voters waiting in line.10 Appellees further argued that
both Act 736 and Act 973 violate the equal protection clause, the free and equal election
clause, and the voter qualifications clause of the Arkansas Constitution; that Act 249 violates
the equal protection clause, the free and equal election clause, and amendment 51, section
8 Act 736 was approved April 15, 2021; Act 973 was approved April 27, 2021; Act 249 was approved March 3, 2021; and Act 728 was approved April 15, 2021. The effective date for all four Acts was July 28, 2021. 9 Appellees’ initial complaint was filed May 19, 2021, and their amended complaint was filed July 1, 2021––before the Acts took effect. 10 More specifically, Appellees argue Act 728 will prohibit organizations from providing free water bottles or snacks while voters are “forced to wait in unreasonably long lines.”
4 19 of the Arkansas Constitution; and that Act 728 violates the equal protection clause, the
free and equal election clause, and the free speech and free assembly clauses of the Arkansas
Constitution.11 In response, Appellants argued that the Acts were enacted to advance the
compelling governmental interests of protecting the integrity of Arkansas elections by
preventing fraudulent voting and to promote public confidence in election security.
Before reaching the merits of the constitutional claims, Appellants filed a motion to
dismiss claiming sovereign immunity barred the suit. On November 1, 2021, after
conducting a hearing on the matter, the circuit court entered a written order in favor of the
Appellees. In response, Appellants filed an interlocutory appeal with this court based on the
circuit court’s denial of their motion, and this court affirmed on February 17, 2022.12
Upon the resumption of the case, the circuit court held a hearing and entered an
order striking down all four of the Acts as violating the Arkansas Constitution and
permanently enjoined their enforcement. Throughout its strict-scrutiny analysis, the circuit
court relied on the “fundamental right to vote” as the legal basis for its findings, stating the
Acts failed to advance a compelling government interest or that the Acts were the least-
restrictive infringement on the rights guaranteed by the Arkansas Constitution. Appellants
also sought an emergency stay of the injunction, which we granted. We now consider the
constitutionality of the Acts that the circuit court invalidated. This court has jurisdiction
pursuant to Ark. Sup. Ct. R. 1-2(a)(1) (appeals involving the interpretation or construction
11 It is important to note that the Appellees’ complaint alleges violations of the Arkansas Constitution only, not the United States Constitution. 12 Thurston v. League of Women Voters of Arkansas, 2022 Ark. 32, 639 S.W.3d 319.
5 of the Constitution of Arkansas) and (a)(4) (appeals pertaining to elections and election
procedures).
III. Legal Analysis
Our standard of review of a circuit court’s ruling on the constitutionality of an act is
clear. This court reviews a circuit court's interpretation of the constitution de novo because
it is for this court to determine what a constitutional provision means. Chandler v. Martin ex
rel. State, 2014 Ark. 219, 433 S.W.3d 884. Acts of the legislature are presumed
constitutional, and the party challenging the statute has the burden of proving otherwise.
Archer v. Sigma Tau Gamma Alpha Epsilon, Inc., 2010 Ark. 8, 362 S.W.3d 303. An act will
be struck down only when there is a clear incompatibility between the act and the
constitution. Bakalekos v. Furlow, 2011 Ark. 505, 410 S.W.3d 564.
Before reaching our analysis, we address the fundamental right to vote. “The right
to vote is the right to participate in an electoral process that is necessarily structured to maintain
the integrity of the democratic system.” Burdick v. Takushi, 504 U.S. 428, 441 (1992)
(emphasis added). Thus, while the right to vote has been held to be fundamental, the right
to vote in a particular manner is not guaranteed.
As many courts have noted, absentee voting is not a fundamental right. See, e.g.,
Saucedo v. Gardner, 335 F. Supp. 3d 202, 217 (D.New Hampshire 2018). Even the United
States Supreme Court has concluded restrictions on absentee voting do not deny voters “the
exercise of the franchise.” McDonald v. Bd. of Election Comm’rs of Chicago, 394 U.S. 802, 807
(1969). Similarly, there is no fundamental right to vote by affidavit, rather than by photo
6 identification, such that strict scrutiny should automatically be applied. See, e.g., Crawford v.
Marion Cnty. Election Bd., 553 U.S. 181 (2008).
Upon examination of the plain language of the Acts, it is clear the fundamental right
to vote is not at stake here; thus, the State was not required to prove a compelling state
interest. See Jegley v. Picado, 349 Ark. 600, 632, 80 S.W.3d 332, 350 (2002) (“When a statute
infringes upon a fundamental right, it cannot survive unless a compelling state interest is
advanced by the statute and the statute is the least restrictive method available to carry out
the state interest.”). The circuit court’s conclusion that strict scrutiny applied across the
board to these four Acts was an error of law.
Nonetheless, we must examine the Acts under the Arkansas constitutional provisions
on which they were challenged and invalidated.
A. Equal Protection
The equal protection clause of the Arkansas Constitution can be found in article 2,
section 3 and states: “The equality of all persons before the law is recognized, and shall ever
remain inviolate; nor shall any citizen ever be deprived of any right, privilege or immunity;
nor exempted from any burden or duty, on account of race, color or previous condition.”13
In deciding whether an equal-protection challenge is warranted, there must first be
a determination that there is a state action that differentiates among individuals. Ghegan &
Ghegan, Inc. v. Barclay, 345 Ark. 514, 521, 49 S.W.3d 652, 656 (2001). So, the first question
13 Ark. Const. art. 2, § 3.
7 that must be asked is “what is the government’s classification?”––that is, how is the
government drawing a distinction among people?
There are two ways to prove the existence of a classification: (1) showing that a
distinction exists on the face of the law; or (2) by demonstrating that a facially neutral law
has a discriminatory impact and a discriminatory purpose. Only once equal protection is
invoked [by determining that a classification exists] must we determine what standard of
analysis applies. Bosworth v. Pledger, 305 Ark. 598, 604, 810 S.W.2d 918, 920-21 (1991)
(emphasis added).
When the language of the challenged provision contains no classification of any kind
and has a similar effect on all persons similarly situated, it cannot deny equal protection. See
Quinn-Moore v. Lambert, 272 Ark. 324, 330, 614 S.W.2d 230 (1981). “Almost every
constitutional provision has indirect consequences that may affect different persons in
different ways, but there is no denial of equal protection unless the constitutional provision
itself embodies an unreasonable classification.” Id.
First, the Acts are neutral on their face. Next, to the extent Appellees tried to prove
a discriminatory impact or purpose, the evidence fell short. The laws were not yet in effect
at the time of their challenge.14 And while Appellees put on a myriad of witnesses to testify
as to what they believed will be the potential discriminatory impact in application, the
evidence provided was only speculative. Because the Acts are facially neutral and do not
contain any discriminatory classes, equal protection was not invoked.
14 See Brown v. State, 2015 Ark. 16, at 6–7, 454 S.W.3d 226, 231.
8 Upon our de novo review, the circuit court improperly engaged in an equal-
protection analysis of all four Acts. The circuit court concluded Act 736 violated equal-
protection—namely, by making it easier to disenfranchise the elderly, the illiterate, and
those with poor penmanship. However, this Act created no distinction between old voters
and young voters; voters with bad handwriting and those with good handwriting; or
between those who can read and those who can’t. All absentee voters are treated the same
under the plain terms of the Act. Because it is facially neutral and does not contain a
discriminatory classification on its face, the equal-protection challenge to Act 736 fails.15
The circuit court concluded Act 973 violated equal protection because the Act
provided “no administrative benefit” and because a “change to the deadline may confuse
voters.” Yet there is no evidence that an absentee ballot was not counted for failure to timely
deliver. Just as with Act 736, it is facially neutral and did not contain a discriminatory
classification on its face, so the equal-protection analysis should have concluded.
As it relates to Act 249, the circuit court found that it violated equal protection
because it would suppress Arkansas voters “who lack the means, time, or wealth required
to procure a compliant photo [identification].” However, because the Act itself is facially
neutral and draws no classifications since it does not distinguish between those with means
to obtain valid identification and those that do not, the circuit court, yet again, incorrectly
ruled as a matter of law on a facial challenge and relied on speculation of a potential future
15 There was no evidence that any voters’ absentee ballots had been rejected because of an unmatched signature; thus, it was improper for the circuit court to rely on the same as proof of a discriminatory impact.
9 discriminatory impact on those with reduced financial means. In his concurring opinion on
another state’s similar law requiring photo identification, Justice Scalia stated: “a voter
complaining about such a law’s effect on him has no valid equal-protection claim because,
without proof of discriminatory intent, a generally applicable law with disparate impact is
not unconstitutional.”16
Finally, regarding Act 728, the circuit court’s order is entirely devoid of the path
taken to reach its conclusion that this law violated the equal protection clause. Be that as it
may, as discussed above, an equal-protection analysis is not triggered until it can be
established that the government has created a classification or distinction among people.
Because this Act, just as the three above, applies equally to every qualified voter, it is
unnecessary to further examine the asserted challenge.
In light of the foregoing, because each of the Acts is facially neutral and a classification
was not, and cannot be, determined for any of the Acts, the equal protection clause was not
implicated. The circuit court’s conclusion that the Acts violated article 2, section 3 of the
Arkansas Constitution was incorrect as a matter of law. We reverse.
B. Free and Equal Elections
The Arkansas Constitution’s free and equal election clause, found in article 3, section
2, states: “Elections shall be free and equal. No power, civil or military, shall ever interfere
to prevent the free exercise of the right of suffrage; nor shall any law be enacted whereby
16 Crawford, 553 U.S. 181, 207 (2008) (Scalia, J., concurring).
10 such right shall be impaired or forfeited, except for the commission of a felony, upon lawful
conviction thereof.”17
A free and equal election in Arkansas has long been understood to be one in which
qualified voters can vote in accordance with rules and processes established by the legislature.
While the clause constrains the General Assembly’s ability to disqualify otherwise qualified
voters, it does not limit the General Assembly’s ability to ensure open and honest elections.
Historically speaking, this court has interpreted this provision narrowly as a
protection against “fraud and [voter] intimidation.” Patton v. Coates, 41 Ark. 111, 126
(1883). A qualified voter, pursuant to this clause, is ensured the ability to exercise the right
to vote free from outside influence. In 1953, this court framed the rights afforded under this
clause as follows:
By declaring that elections shall be free and equal, the constitutional guaranty is not only that ‘the voter shall not be physically restrained in the exercise of his right by either civil or military authority’ but it is that by no intimidation, threat, improper influence, or coercion of any kind shall the right be interfered with. The test of the constitutional freedom of elections is the freedom of the elector to deposit his vote as the expression of his own unfettered will, guided only by his own conscience, as he may have had it properly enlightened. Each individual voter as he enters the booth is given an opportunity to freely express his will, with no one by him to influence or intimidate him, and from the face of the ballot he is instructed how to mark it. This is the right given to every elector, and therefore is an equal one.
Davidson v. Rhea, 221 Ark. 885, 888, 256 S.W.2d 744, 746 (1953).
The focus of this provision is the certainty of the election itself. It ensures that the
outcome reflects the will of the voting majority. Whitley v. Cranford, 354 Ark. 253, 260, 119
17 Ark. Const. art. 3, § 2.
11 S.W.3d 28, 32 (2003). Generally, the remedy for a violation of this sort is to void an election.
Id. Thus, the remedial focus of the free and equal election clause is postelection—as it will
allow a court to void an election when “the result was rendered uncertain by fraud and
intimidation” or “where the voters have received insufficient notice.” Id.
Unless the specific language of the challenged Act implicates the rights afforded under
the free and equal election clause, we need not decide whether the Act had a rational basis
or whether it survives strict scrutiny. With this in mind, we now turn to the Acts.
In its order, the circuit court made a conclusory finding that each Act violated the
free and equal election clause but failed to conduct the requisite analysis. Article 3, section
2, is not implicated by laws regulating the manner and method of absentee voting as Act
736 and Act 973 are. Similarly, the free and equal election clause says nothing about a photo
identification requirement as indicated by Act 249. Last, regarding Act 728, the circuit
court’s finding that the Act violated this provision of the constitution is particularly
perplexing. If anything, the anti-influence prohibition of this Act seems to promote the
purpose of the free and equal election clause, not violate it.
In any event, there is no precedent requiring the application of this provision of the
constitution to a pre-enforcement election law challenge. Article 3, section 2, of the
Arkansas Constitution does not confer a constitutionally protected right to absentee voting,
voting without identification, or the right to “support” while waiting in line to vote, as the
circuit court’s finding so indicates. As it is for this court to determine the meaning of a
constitutional provision, we hold that the circuit court erred as a matter of law when it not
only subjected the Acts to a strict scrutiny analysis, but in its peculiar finding that the Acts
12 violated the free and equal election clause. Accordingly, we reverse any legal finding to the
contrary.
C. Voter Qualifications
Except as otherwise provided by the Arkansas Constitution, any person may vote in
an election in the State of Arkansas who is (1) a citizen of the United States; (2) a resident
of Arkansas; (3) at least eighteen years of age; and (4) lawfully registered to vote in the
election.18 Further, amendment 99 provided that the General Assembly shall provide by law
that a voter shall present valid photographic identification before receiving a ballot to vote
in person and enclose a copy of valid photographic identification with the ballot when
voting absentee.19
This court has held that the General Assembly may not add voter qualifications
beyond those contained in article 3, section 1. See Martin v. Kohls, 2014 Ark. 427, 444
S.W.3d 844. Thus, the question here becomes, did the language of Act 736 or Act 973
establish additional qualifications a person must meet before becoming eligible to vote in
the State of Arkansas?
The circuit court summarily found, without explanation, that both Act 736 and Act
973 violated the voter qualification clause of the Arkansas Constitution. As addressed above
repeatedly, both Act 736 and Act 973 amended the law regarding the mechanics of absentee
voting. They do not, however, impose additional qualifications beyond those in the
constitution. Neither matching an absentee voter’s signature nor setting a deadline for
18 Ark. Const. art. 3, § 1(a). 19 Ark. Const. art 3, § 1(b).
13 absentee ballot delivery alters who is qualified to vote. Further, to the extent there was any
doubt that regulations related to the method of voting do not implicate the voter
qualification clause, amendment 99 resolved any potential uncertainty. Subsection (f)
provides that “[a] voter meeting the requirements of this section also shall comply with all
additional laws regulating elections necessary for his or her vote to be counted.” 20 Thus, the
constitution itself explicitly recognizes that election regulations requiring compliance are
not additional voter qualifications.21 Accordingly, we must reverse.
D. Amendment 51, Section 19
The circuit court, yet again without legal rationale, inexplicably found that Act 249
violated amendment 51, section 19 of the Arkansas Constitution, which provides a
comprehensive regulatory scheme governing the registration of voters.22 “The General
Assembly may, in the same manner as required for amendment of laws initiated by the
people, amend Sections 5 through 15 of this amendment, so long as such amendments are
germane to this amendment, and consistent with its policy and purposes.”23
Invoking that power, the General Assembly passed Act 633 of 2017, which amended
amendment 51 to require Arkansas voters to provide verification of voter registration in the
form of either photo identification or via a signed sworn statement (affidavit fail-safe). In
20 Ark. Const. art. 3, § 1(f). 21 See Gatzke v. Weiss, 375 Ark. 207, 211, 289 S.W.3d 455, 458 (2008) (“The Arkansas Constitution must be considered as whole, and every provision must be read in light of other provisions relating to the same subject matter.”). 22 See Martin, 2014 Ark. 427, 444 S.W.3d 844. 23 Ark. Const. amend. 51, § 19.
14 upholding the constitutionality of that law, this court stated, in pertinent part, the following:
Germane means “[r]elevant; pertinent,” or “having a close relationship.” In essence, whether an amendment is relevant, pertinent, or bears a close relationship to Amendment 51 turns on the subject matter and scope of Amendment 51. In our view, providing a system of verifying that a person attempting to cast a ballot is registered to vote is relevant and pertinent, or has a close relationship, to an amendment establishing a system of voter registration. We hold that verifying voter registration as set out in Act 633 is germane to Amendment 51.
Amendment 51’s stated purpose is to “establish a system of permanent personal registration as a means of determining that all who cast ballots in elections are legally qualified to vote in such elections.
[S]ection 3 of Amendment 51 provides: “No person shall vote or be permitted to vote in any election unless registered in a manner provided for by this amendment.” Thus, the amendment itself contemplates some enforcement mechanism, and Act 633 provides a method of ensuring that no person is permitted to vote who is not registered. Providing a method of enforcement is consistent with the policy and purpose of Amendment 51.
Martin v. Haas, 2018 Ark. 283, at 11–12, 556 S.W.3d 509. (internal citations omitted).
Here, Act 249 continues to serve the same purpose as the law in Haas—it provides a
way for poll workers to ensure that the person voting is the person who has registered to
vote. The mere fact that the act removed the alternative of an affidavit to the voter
identification requirement does not make Act 249 inconsistent with this specific
Amendment, or with the other provisions of the Arkansas Constitution, especially in light
of Amendment 99. As stated supra, the constitution requires a voter to provide valid
photographic identification.24 And while the constitution says the legislature “may” pass
laws providing for exceptions to this requirement, because this language is permissive, the
24 Ark. Const. art. 3, § 1(b)(1)(A).
15 legislature may choose, as it has done here, to eliminate any exceptions. 25 Thus, because
Act 249 is germane to Amendment 51 and consistent with its policy and purpose, it is
therefore constitutional. We reverse.
E. Free Speech and Free Assembly
For its final finding, the circuit court concluded Act 728 violated the right to freedom
of speech and assembly because “there is no law in Arkansas against being within 100 feet .
. . of a polling location and handing out bottled water, providing comfort to persons who
are waiting to enter the polling location, or engaging in other lawful conduct” and because
Appellants presented “no evidence that giving water and other comfort to persons waiting
to enter polling places caused disruptions.”
Appellees’ attack, again, amounts to a facial challenge, but this time, to a statute
criminalizing activity under Arkansas’ first amendment provisions.26 But one cannot
challenge a statute “on the ground that it may conceivably be applied in hypothetical
situations not before the court.” Bailey v. State, 334 Ark. 43, 54, 972 S.W.2d 239, 245
(1998). An appellant may challenge a law as being facially invalid only if he shows that the
application of the law will restrict first amendment rights. Id. “The mere fact that [a
legislative] Act might operate unconstitutionally under some conceivable circumstances is
insufficient to render it wholly invalid.” Id.27
25 Id. § (e)(2). 26 Ark. Const. art. 2, §§ 4 & 6. 27 At this time, there is no evidence that any activity protected by the First Amendment has been burdened, but that does not prevent future as-applied challenges.
16 Here, the circuit court made no attempt to grapple with the blackletter law that the
First Amendment allows time, place, and manner restrictions on speech, so long as the
restriction is content neutral, narrowly tailored to serve a significant government interest,
and leaves open ample alternative channels of communication. United States v. Grace, 461
U.S. 171, 177 (1983). “In general, it may be said that the State may place reasonable time,
place, and manner restrictions on speech that takes place in a public forum.” Hodges v. Gray,
321 Ark. 7, 17, 901 S.W.2d 1, 6 (1995). Further, considering the United States Supreme
Court has upheld a content-based restriction on speech within one hundred feet of a polling
place under strict scrutiny, we conclude this content-neutral law––Act 728––easily satisfies
a first amendment challenge, especially at the facial-challenge stage. See Burson v. Freeman,
504 U.S. 191, 211 (1992).
Given the procedural posture of Appellees’ argument constituting a facial challenge,
and because we cannot say there is a clear incompatibility between the Act and the
constitution, it was thus improper for this Act to be struck as unconstitutional.
Reversed and dismissed.
KEMP, C.J., and WOMACK and WEBB, JJ., concur.
SHAWN A. WOMACK, Justice, concurring. I agree with the majority’s decision
to reverse the circuit court’s order in its entirety and dismiss the case. Yet I write separately
because, consistent with my position in the first iteration of this appeal, Thurston v. League
of Women Voters of Ark., I would base the disposition solely on article 5, section 20 of the
17 Arkansas Constitution.1 Absent an express constitutional provision to the contrary, the State
can never properly be a defendant in any of its courts.2 Because there is not an applicable
constitutional carve-out for the underlying suit that named the State as a defendant here,
the circuit court’s order must be reversed and the case dismissed.
For these reasons, I respectfully concur.
BARBARA W. WEBB, Justice, concurring. I concur that this case should be
reversed and dismissed. I agree with the appellants’ argument that the circuit court’s error
can be attributed to its erroneous application of strict scrutiny in evaluating the
constitutionality of four statutes that the General Assembly passed to promote election
integrity.
The threshold issue in this appeal is whether the circuit court incorrectly applied
strict scrutiny where the challenged acts only involved election regulations and thus did not
implicate a fundamental right warranting strict scrutiny. Citing McDaniel v. Spencer, 2015
Ark. 94, at 9, 457 S.W.3d 641, 650 (applying rational basis in the initiative-and-referendum
context); and U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Hill, 316 Ark. 251, 271, 872 S.W.2d 349, 360 (1994),
appellants urge us to reaffirm that ordinary election regulations warrant only rational-basis
scrutiny. This argument is compelling.
In U.S. Term Limits, Inc., supra, we relied on the Supreme Court case, Burdick v.
Takushi, which stated:
1 See Thurston v. League of Women Voters of Ark., 2022 Ark. 32, at 17, 639 S.W.3d 319, 327 (Womack, J., dissenting). 2 Id.
18 It is beyond cavil that “voting is of the most fundamental significance under our constitutional structure.” Illinois Bd. of Elections v. Socialist Workers Party, 440 U.S. 173, 184, 99 S.Ct. 983, 990, 59 L.Ed.2d 230 (1979). It does not follow, however, that the right to vote in any manner and the right to associate for political purposes through the ballot are absolute. Munro v. Socialist Workers Party, 479 U.S. 189, 193, 107 S.Ct. 533, 536, 93 L.Ed.2d 499 (1986). The Constitution provides that States may prescribe “[t]he Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives,” Art. I, § 4, cl. 1, and the Court therefore has recognized that States retain the power to regulate their own elections. Sugarman v. Dougall, 413 U.S. 634, 647, 93 S.Ct. 2842, 2850, 37 L.Ed.2d 853 (1973); Tashjian v. Republican Party of Connecticut, 479 U.S. 208, 217, 107 S.Ct. 544, 550, 93 L.Ed.2d 514 (1986). Common sense, as well as constitutional law, compels the conclusion that government must play an active role in structuring elections; “as a practical matter, there must be a substantial regulation of elections if they are to be fair and honest and if some sort of order, rather than chaos, is to accompany the democratic processes.” Storer v. Brown, 415 U.S. 724, 730, 94 S.Ct. 1274, 1279, 39 L.Ed.2d 714 (1974).
Since at least U.S. Term Limits, Inc., Arkansas has accepted the fundamental
dichotomy between the right to vote and reasonable regulation of elections. The former is
subject to strict scrutiny, while the latter is subject to rational basis scrutiny. We similarly
used this standard in another election-law case, Spencer, supra, when we employed rational
basis scrutiny to evaluate regulations that pertain to a textual constitutional right. The Spencer
court described the rational-basis standard as follows:
The equal-protection clause permits classifications that have a rational basis and are
reasonably related to a legitimate government purpose. Bakalekos v. Furlow, 2011 Ark. 505,
at 12, 410 S.W.3d 564, 573. Equal protection does not require that persons be dealt with
identically; it requires only that classification rest on real and not feigned differences, that
the distinctions have some relevance to the purpose for which the classification is made, and
that their treatment be not so disparate as to be arbitrary. Id. If a rational basis exists, the
statute or, in this case, the regulation, will withstand constitutional challenge. Id.
19 In our de novo review of the challenged acts using rational basis scrutiny there can
be no doubt as to their constitutionality. Because the League of Women Voters alleged that
the four challenged Acts violated various provisions to the Arkansas Constitution and these
challenged Acts do not implicate a fundamental right, I would hold that the challenged Acts
survive constitutional scrutiny under a rational basis standard. See McDaniels, supra; see also
U.S. Term Limits, supra.
I respectfully concur.
KEMP, C.J., joins.
Tim Griffin, Att’y Gen., by: Nicholas J. Bronni, Solicitor Gen.; and Dylan L. Jacobs,
Dep. Solicitor Gen., for appellants.
Kutak Rock LLP, by: Jess Askew III, and McKenzie L. Raub, for appellees; Perkins
Coie LLP, by: Kevin J. Hamilton, pro hac vice, for appellee League of Women Voters of
Arkansas; Elias Law Group LLP, by: Elisabeth Frost and Alexi M. Velez, pro hac vice, for
appellees Arkansas United, Dortha Jeffers Dunlap, Leon Kaplan, Nell Matthews Mock,
Jeffery Rush, and Patsy Watkins.
Brett D. Watson, Attorney at Law, PLLC, by: Brett D. Watson; Holtzman Vogel Baran
Torchinsky & Josefiak, PLLC, by: Jason B. Torchinsky and Mateo Forero-Norena, for Honest
Elections Project, as amicus curiae on behalf of the appellants.