IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
JOHN KINDT and ONAME BURLINGAME, husband and wife No. 87169-2-I
Appellants, DIVISION ONE
v. UNPUBLISHED OPINION
GREG CUNNINGHAM and ELIZABETH STOHR, husband and wife, and the marital community thereof,
Respondents.
DÍAZ, J. — Neighboring couples John Kindt and Oname Burlingame
(together, “Kindt”) and Greg Cunningham and Elizabeth Stohr (together
“Cunningham”) sued each other over a parking space between their properties.
Kindt brought a complaint against Cunningham, who counterclaimed, and
eventually a jury returned special verdicts in Cunningham’s favor, agreeing with
each of the several theories they asserted. Kindt now claims that substantial
evidence does not support the jury’s verdicts and that Cunningham wrongly failed
to present a legal description of the disputed land to the jury, appealed to racial
bias during the trial, and is not entitled to the attorney fees the court awarded.
While we conclude substantial evidence does not support the jury’s finding on
adverse possession, we conclude there is substantial evidence to support setting No. 87169-2-I/2
the boundary in Cunningham’s favor under the doctrine of mutual acquiescence.
In turn, we reverse the attorney fees award, which was based on adverse
possession, and we decline to award fees on appeal. We otherwise affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
At the time in question, Kindt and Cunningham lived next door to one
another. Kindt’s home (with an address of “2619”) is located just to the east of
Cunningham’s (“1009”). The land at issue in this matter, as seen in the image
below, sits on a concrete pad built in 1977 by Susan Sterman, who owned the
home Kindt now lives in. 1
Kindt’s immediate predecessors, Maureen Kearney and Jay Kreissl
(Kearney), bought 2619 from Susan in 1979. Kindt then bought the home from
Kearney in 2018. Cunningham’s immediate predecessor, Joanne Voiland, bought
1009 in 1965, and lived there until 2006. It sat vacant for several years, and
Cunningham bought the home from Voiland in 2011.
1 Susan’s last name is spelled in different ways throughout the record and by the
parties, including as Sterman, Stuurman, Stuurmans, and Sturrmans. We will refer to her simply as “Susan.” 2 No. 87169-2-I/3
In the first few years that Kindt and Cunningham were neighbors, they
parked on the side of the concrete pad adjacent to their respective homes, as prior
occupants had done, without dispute. However, after Cunningham installed an
electric charger for a larger minivan and began parking that vehicle on the pad, the
dispute underlying this case arose and the parties’ relationship devolved.
In December of 2020, Kindt asked Cunningham to no longer park on the
pad, and the parties met informally but could not reach an agreement on who was
entitled to park where. Kindt subsequently requested Cunningham remove all their
possessions from the pad and, in response, Cunningham claimed they owned its
western side. Acrimony between the parties grew, and Kindt installed surveillance
cameras which faced Cunningham’s property, called SPD parking enforcement,
and reported Cunningham twice to adult services, alleging they had abused one
of their own parents. According to Kindt, some of Cunningham’s friends in the
neighborhood engaged in behavior intended to intimidate Kindt.
In April 2021, Kindt sued Cunningham, bringing claims of quiet title,
trespass, and nuisance, and seeking ejectment as well as injunctive and
declaratory relief. In their answer, Cunningham brought a counterclaim to quiet
title under theories of adverse possession, prescriptive easement, mutual
recognition and acquiescence, and estoppel in pais. The parties tried this case
before a jury in August 2022, and Cunningham prevailed on each of their theories,
while Kindt lost on each of theirs.
Subsequently, after some administrative delay, Cunningham successfully
moved the court to enter judgment in January 2024. The next month, the court
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awarded Cunningham $117,293.86 in attorney fees. Kindt then petitioned our
Supreme Court for direct review, which it declined, thereby transferring this appeal
to this court.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Substantial Evidence to Support the Judgment
We will not disturb a jury verdict unless it is “clearly unsupported by
substantial evidence.” Burnside v. Simpson Paper Co., 123 Wn.2d 93, 107-08,
864 P.2d 937 (1994). Our Supreme Court there held that we should not
willingly assume that the jury did not fairly and objectively consider the evidence and the contentions of the parties relative to the issues before it. The inferences to be drawn from the evidence are for the jury and not for this court. The credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given to the evidence are matters within the province of the jury and even if convinced that a wrong verdict has been rendered, the reviewing court will not substitute its judgment for that of the jury, so long as there was evidence which, if believed, would support the verdict rendered.
Id. (quoting State v. O’Connell, 83 Wn.2d 797, 839, 523 P.2d 872 (1974)).
“Substantial evidence is said to exist if it is sufficient to persuade a fair-minded,
rational person of the truth of the declared premise.” Johnson v. Wash. State
Liquor & Cannabis Bd., 197 Wn.2d 605, 611, 486 P.3d 125 (2021).
1. Adverse Possession
To prove adverse possession, a claimant must provide evidence to show
10 years of possession that was (1) exclusive, (2) actual and uninterrupted, (3)
open and notorious, and (4) hostile. Miller v. Anderson, 91 Wn. App. 822, 827,
964 P.2d 365 (1998).
Kindt argues Cunningham did not put forth evidence that their historic
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possession of the disputed property was anything but permissive, meaning that
the jury did not hear evidence to support a showing of hostility, which is fatal to
their claim of adverse possession. We agree.
Hostility does not require personal animosity or adversarial intent, but
rather, a showing of use that was hostile to the true owner’s title. Id. at 828.
Importantly, “[u]se with the true owner's permission . . . cannot be use hostile to
the true owner’s title.” Id. In turn, “permission to occupy . . . land, given by the true
title owner to the claimant or his predecessors in interest, will . . . operate to negate
the element of hostility.” Chaplin v. Sanders, 100 Wn.2d 853, 861-62, 676 P.2d
431 (1984).
Permission need not be expressly granted to negate the required element
of hostility; permission may be implied. Miller, 91 Wn. App. at 828. An inference
of permissive use arises when it is reasonable to assume “that the use was
permitted by sufferance and acquiescence.” Id. (quoting Granston v. Callahan, 52
Wn. App. 288, 294, 759 P.2d 462 (1988)). This court has held that permission
often is granted as a “neighborly accommodation” and held that “permission once
granted is presumed to continue.” Id. at 831. To prove that a previously granted
permission was later terminated, the party claiming adverse possession bears the
burden of showing inter alia an “obvious change in use” asserting a hostile right to
the true ownership. Id. at 829, 832. 2
2 Cunningham argues “there is a split of authority regarding whether a presumption
of permission applies in adverse possession cases” and that any such presumption should not apply here. We need not reach whether any split in authority exists, let alone try to resolve it, even assuming there is one. 5 No. 87169-2-I/6
Here, we hold there is not substantial evidence to support a finding of hostile
possession for 10 years, as required, because the entirety of the evidence
Cunningham presented the jury about the historic use of the disputed land
established only that all prior owners of Kindt’s property impliedly permitted their
neighbors to use the parking strip, and there was no showing of an assertion of
hostile right by Cunningham’s predecessors.
The jury was presented with the following unrebutted evidence. In 1977,
the year Susan built the concrete parking pad, her then-neighbor Voiland began
parking on the western portion of the pad on Susan’s property, and she continued
to do so without complaint from Susan for two years. When Kearney moved in,
they allowed Voiland to continue to park there. No one expressly discussed who
owned the area Voiland was parking on or who owned what part of the pad. But
the jury heard testimony that a “crack” or “seam” in the concrete which divided the
plot roughly down the middle into east and west portions functioned as a point of
demarcation, as evidenced by the neighbors’ use of the area on either side of it,
and this arrangement continued after Cunningham purchased the home from
Voiland in 2011.
For example, the jury learned that when Kearney needed to install a
retaining wall on the west side of the pad, they made sure the pallets of blocks that
were delivered only occupied the area east of the seam, so Voiland could get in
and out of her car without interference. The jury also saw pictures showing
Kearney’s car parked on the east side of the pad. And one of the Kearneys testified
she always considered the west side of the pad to be Voiland’s to use. The jury
6 No. 87169-2-I/7
also learned Kearney built a fenced garden above the retaining wall to the east of
the seam, and maintained it and the rest of their property on that side. And the
jury heard Voiland’s son was sometimes tasked with clearing weeds west of the
seam, but that area was generally kept more overgrown than the east side. After
Cunningham moved in, witnesses testified that Kearney continued to use only the
east portion of the area, and Cunningham installed a drain on the west side and
also used it for storage.
In short, the jury heard evidence that Voiland “initially” used the disputed
parking area without any hint of an assertion of title but only by Susan’s “sufferance
and acquiescence,” which then Kearney continued for Voiland and Cunningham.
Miller, 91 Wn. App. at 828 (quoting Granston, 52 Wn. App. at 294). At no time did
the jury hear testimony or other evidence that Voiland possessed a portion of the
pad in a manner that asserted a hostile right to Susan or Kearney’s ownership, or
that “any subsequent act terminated permission such that a hostile use arose” until
2020, when the present dispute between the couples arose. Id. at 829, 832.
“[W]hen use is permissive at the outset, an adverse claim cannot lie unless the
true owner has some notice that an adverse claim is being made.” Id. at 830.
There is no evidence that any such notice occurred here.
In response, Cunningham asserts that “substantial evidence demonstrates
Joanne Voiland interfered with Ms. Kearney and Mr. Kreissl's use of the concrete
parking pad for many decades.” “Interference with use” does not establish that
“claimant’s use has been hostile to the title owner’s, in that the claimant’s use has
been that of an owner.” Miller, 91 Wn. App. at 828. And, in its recitation of the
7 No. 87169-2-I/8
facts on appeal, nowhere does Cunningham point to any such hostile act, let alone
a revocation of, notice of, or change in use converting the “initial” permissive use
to hostile use. Id. at 829, 832.
Therefore, Cunningham’s counterclaim for quiet title by adverse possession
fails as a matter of law. Chaplin, 100 Wn.2d at 861-62. In turn, the jury verdict on
this theory must be set aside, as “clearly unsupported by substantial evidence.”
Burnside, 123 Wn.2d at 107-08.
2. Boundary by Mutual Recognition and Acquiescence
Kindt next argues the evidence does not support that Cunningham acquired
title to the disputed land under the doctrine of boundary by mutual recognition and
acquiescence. We disagree.
Mutual recognition and acquiescence is “a doctrine of boundary
adjustments that supplements adverse possession in the settlement of
boundaries.” Lloyd v. Montecucco, 83 Wn. App. 846, 855, 924 P.2d 927 (1996)
(citing 17 WILLIAM B. STOEBUCK, WASH. PRAC. REAL ESTATE: PROPERTY LAW § 8.21,
at 519 (1995)). To quiet title under a theory of boundary by acquiescence, the
claimant must establish proof of: (1) a “certain, well-defined” line upon the ground
that is “in some fashion physically delineated;” (2) for which, “in the absence of an
express agreement,” “the adjoining landowners or their predecessors in interest in
good faith manifested by their acts, occupancy, and improvements with respect to
their respective properties a mutual recognition and acceptance of the designated
line as the true boundary line;” (3) for the length of “time required to secure property
by adverse possession,” i.e., 10 years. Lamm v. McTighe, 72 Wn.2d 587, 592-93,
8 No. 87169-2-I/9
434 P.2d 565 (1967) (emphasis added); see also RCW 4.16.020. Kindt does not
challenge that such “acts, occupancy or improvements” may be committed by the
landowners or their “predecessors in interest.”
We hold that substantial evidence supports the jury’s finding that, “for the
requisite period of time,” Kindt and Cunningham’s predecessors in interest
“actually demonstrated, by their possessory actions with regard to their properties
and the asserted line of division between them, a genuine and mutual recognition
and acquiescence in the given line as the mutually adopted boundary between
their properties.” Lamm, 72 Wn.2d at 593.
With respect to the first element, the jury heard testimony that, although
prior owners did not expressly discuss the reach of their properties, they referred
to a “crack” or “seam” in the concrete pad, which is aligned with and extends from
an adjacent retaining wall, which roughly divided the pad down the middle into east
and west portions, and which functioned as a point of demarcation. We conclude
this seam is a sufficiently “certain well-defined” line “upon the ground” that is “in
some fashion physically” delineated that may serve to designate the boundary
under this doctrine. Id. at 593 (emphasis added); cf. Montecucco, 83 Wn. App. at
855 (finding the first element not satisfied because “[t]he designated tidelands
boundary is not certain and well-defined by the Montecuccos' placement of errant
concrete blocks, intermittent moorage, and seeding of oysters and clams”).
As to the second element, the evidence showed previous owners—and the
parties for the first two years of their relationship—used and occupied only their
respective half of the pad. As aforementioned, the jury heard evidence the various
9 No. 87169-2-I/10
prior owners had not only consistently parked on their respective side of the seam,
but had erected a fenced garden, weeded, installed an electric charging station,
put in drainage pipes, and stored belongings only on their sides of the crack.
These are “acts, occupancy, and improvements” on the property that provides
substantial evidence that the parties in good faith, manifested “mutual recognition
and acceptance of the designated line as the true boundary line.” Lamm, 72 Wn.2d
at 593.
As to the third element, Kindt conceded at oral argument, “you can certainly
use any ten-year period” to make the required showing between, not only current
owners, but their predecessors in interest. Wash. Ct. of Appeals oral argument,
Kindt v. Cunningham, No. 87169-2-I (Mar. 5, 2025), at 6 min., 31 sec. through 6
min, 33 sec. video recording by TVW, Washington State’s Public Affairs Network,
https://tvw.org/video/division-1-court-of-appeals-
2025031162/?eventID=2025031162. Indeed, the jury heard evidence from the
Kearneys, who testified about their actions during the period they lived in the
Kindt’s home, which was from 1979 to 2018. Thus, the jury heard evidence of a
mutual recognition and acceptance of the line along with Cunningham and Voiland,
which lasted for a duration beyond the requisite 10-year period.
In response, Kindt first argues that there is no evidence of express
agreement between the parties. But the “existence of an express agreement
between adjoining landowners resolving an uncertainty in or dispute about the
location of the true boundary line . . . is not an indispensable element in the
application of that doctrine.” Lamm, 72 Wn.2d at 593.
10 No. 87169-2-I/11
Otherwise, Kindt offers conclusory arguments that there is no evidence the
parties or their predecessors “manifested” an intent to alter the boundary line and
no evidence Cunningham ever provided them a legal description of the claimed
area. However, none of these facts are required to prove the doctrine, so Kindt’s
assertions are unavailing. Id. at 592-93. Indeed, our Supreme Court has held that
it is a “truism that actions are often, if not always, stronger talismans of intentions
and beliefs than words.” Id. at 593.
In summary, we hold that substantial evidence supports the jury’s verdict
fixing the boundary line and quieting title in Cunningham’s favor under the doctrine
of boundary by acquiescence. As a result, even though we separately conclude
their verdict based on a theory of adverse possession is unsupported, we affirm
the court’s judgment quieting title in Cunningham’s favor because it can be
sustained upon this ground. See Stevens v. Stevens, 10 Wn. App. 493, 497, 519
P.2d 269 (1974) (noting that although the trial court judgment effectively quieted
title “based upon a theory which we deem[ed] inappropriate,” we affirmed it
because, we explained, “if it can be sustained upon any ground it will be upheld.”).3
B. Legal Description of the Disputed Property
Kindt next claims that the court erred in entering judgment in Cunningham’s
favor because it included a technical, legal description of the property never
presented to the jury. In support, they argue that “[f]ailing to provide such a legal
description to the jury is a fatal error” under the requirements of chapter 7.28 RCW.
3 Because the verdict may be affirmed on boundary by acquiescence, we need not
reach Cunningham’s alternate theories of estoppel in pais and prescriptive easement. 11 No. 87169-2-I/12
We reject that contention.
Chapter 7.28 RCW addresses ejectment and quiet title actions. Three
provisions are relevant here. RCW 7.28.120 and .130 set out, inter alia, pleading
requirements for both plaintiff and defendant. In their complaint, a plaintiff must
describe the property “with such certainty as to enable the possession thereof to
be delivered if a recovery be had.” RCW 7.28.120. In any counterclaim, a
defendant must set forth “the nature and duration” of any claimed “estate, license
or right” “with the certainty and particularity required in a complaint.” RCW
7.28.130. Finally, under RCW 7.28.140, a plaintiff will prevail if the jury finds they
are “entitled to the possession of the property described in the complaint” and
determines “the nature and duration of his or her estate in such property[.]” The
defendant will prevail if a jury finds “the plaintiff is not entitled to the possession of
the property described in the complaint . . .” and determines “the estate in such
property . . . or right to [its] possession . . . [is] established on the trial by the
defendant, if any, in effect as the same is required to be pleaded.” Id.
Here, Kindt’s complaint identifies a “concrete pad between [their] Property
and the [Cunningham’s] property,” inserts a color picture which it claims is a
“general[] depiction” of the properties and the pad, and avers Cunningham has
“recently claimed that a seam in the concrete pad marks the boundary between
the properties.” Cunningham’s answer to Kindt’s complaint identified the disputed
area as “the property west of the concrete seam, approximately four feet east of
the seam, and all property west of the fence.”
Further, Kindt’s own trial testimony and argument repeatedly described this
12 No. 87169-2-I/13
area as the property at issue. And there is ample admitted documentary evidence,
including photographs and maps, showing the disputed area. Finally, the jury’s
special verdicts referred to the areas so described as “the disputed area between
the retaining wall and the Defendant’s home” and “the disputed area of the
concrete pad.”
There was never any doubt of the land in dispute. We hold that
Cunningham satisfied the requirements of RCW 7.28.130 of identifying the
disputed land with sufficient certainty and particularity, and that, after it determined
Cunningham prevailed, the jury sufficiently identified the same land consistent with
the description in the complaint and the counterclaim. Thus, the court did not err
in entering judgment based on compliance with chapter 7.28 RCW.
Moreover, nowhere does chapter 7.28 RCW further require that a jury be
presented with or consider a legal description of the property in order to satisfy that
statute or for a court to enter judgment in a claimant’s favor. This court must
respect the legislature’s chosen language and we “must not add words where the
legislature has chosen not to include them.” Rest. Dev., Inc. v. Cananwill, Inc.,
150 Wn.2d 674, 682, 80 P.3d 598 (2003).
In similar contexts, our Supreme Court has held that, if “a person of ordinary
intelligence and understanding can successfully use the description in an attempt
to locate and identify the particular property sought to be conveyed, the description
answers its purpose and must be held sufficient.” Ontario Land Co. v. Yordy, 44
Wn. 239, 243, 87 P. 257 (1906) (an action to recover possession of property);
Lawson v. Bankers Ins. Co., 562 P.3d 785 (2025) (applying the same standard to
13 No. 87169-2-I/14
the requirements for deeds or other instruments affecting title to real estate). Thus,
even without a legal description, the description from Kindt’s complaint, to
Cunningham’s counterclaim, to the jury’s special verdicts is sufficient.
Thus, this assignment of error fails.4
C. Alleged Implicit Appeals to Racial Bias
Kindt next argues they did not a receive a fair trial under Henderson v.
Thompson, 200 Wn.2d 417, 518 P.3d 1011 (2022), because Cunningham made
impermissible appeals to implicit racial bias against Burlingame, who is African
American. We decline to reach this claim because we hold that Kindt affirmatively
waived the issue.
We long have held that a party waives an issue when they explicitly disclaim
it and thereby deprive the trial court the opportunity to address it. See, e.g., City
of Auburn v. Hedlund, 137 Wn. App. 494, 504 n.20, 155 P.3d 149 (2007). 5
4 We decline to address three other specific claims about the entry of judgment
that Kindt lists in their issues relating to assignments of error. They assert the judgment was erroneous because it was: (1) entered 14.5 months after the trial, (2) signed by a judge who did not preside over the trial, and (3) relied on the declaration of a surveyor who did not testify before the jury. However, Kindt provides no argument on these claims in their opening brief. The only claim Kindt later addresses is the second—for the first time in their reply brief. Where a party “present[s] no argument on a claimed assignment of error, [that] assignment of error is waived,” and an issue “argued for the first time in a reply brief is too late to warrant consideration.” Cowiche Canyon Conservancy v. Bosley, 118 Wn.2d 801, 809, 828 P.2d 549 (1992). 5 This holding is based on and consistent with a well-recognized principle of judicial
economy. Namely, our Supreme Court has held “an ‘appellate court may refuse to review any claim of error which was not raised in the trial court,’” based on the policy “to ‘encourage the efficient use of judicial resources.’” State v. O’Hara, 167 Wn.2d 91, 97-98, 217 P.3d 756 (2009) (citations omitted) (quoting RAP 2.5(a)). It further explained, “‘appellate courts will not sanction a party’s failure to point out at trial an error which the trial court, if given the opportunity, might have been able to correct to avoid an appeal and a consequent new trial.’” Id. at 98 (quoting State v. 14 No. 87169-2-I/15
Kindt did not make any objection during trial on the basis of any appeal to
racial bias, did not move for a new trial on that basis, and did not raise the issue in
response to Cunningham’s motion for entry of judgment. Only in response to
Cunningham’s motion for fees (“Response”) did Kindt first allege that the
Cunninghams themselves “were influenced by and acted upon the systemic racial
injustice suffered by people like [Kindt] whether they admit it or not.” Notably,
however, both in their brief and in a declaration in support of their Response, Kindt
states that “there is no evidence of any impropriety by [Cunningham’s counsel].
Neither [Kindt themselves] nor [Kindt’s counsel] make any such suggestion.” In
her declaration, Kindt’s counsel stated, “I have reviewed the pleadings and files in
this case, including a transcript of trial, and have not found evidence of any racial
improprieties by [Cunningham’s counsel].” (Emphasis added.) Thus, Kindt does
not substantively rely on Henderson, although it had been published and they were
aware of it as they cite to it in their Response.
Now on appeal—although they do not actually assign error or include the
claim in their related issues—Kindt argues they were deprived, expressly under
Henderson, of a fair trial because Cunningham’s counsel “elicited testimony” in a
way that “color[ed]” Kindt as “combative, unreasonable, and litigious” in a “subtl[e]
appeal[] to racial and tribal emotions.” Specifically, Kindt claims Cunningham’s
counsel engaged in the “same” tactics as in Henderson as they “‘primed’ the jurors
Scott, 110 Wn.2d 682, 685, 757 P.2d 492 (1988)); see also Smith v. Shannon, 100 Wn.2d 26, 37, 666 P.2d 351 (1983) (“Failure to raise an issue before the trial court generally precludes a party from raising it on appeal. . . . The reason for this rule is to afford the trial court an opportunity to correct any error, thereby avoiding unnecessary appeals and retrials.”) (citations omitted) (citing inter alia RAP 2.5(a)). 15 No. 87169-2-I/16
with appeals to racial bias” through its characterization of Burlingame as “‘an angry
Black woman,’” unfavorably comparing the Black plaintiff (Burlingame) with the
White defendants (Cunningham), and allusions that Burlingame was seeking
simple financial gain. (quoting Henderson, 200 Wn.2d at 436, 422, & 400.)
Likewise, at oral argument, Kindt attributed alleged racial misconduct
specifically to Cunningham’s counsel, in stating that choosing to characterize their
actions as “petty and stupid” was the “theme that got carried through the entire
theory” at trial. Wash. Ct. of Appeals oral argument, supra at 20 min., 40 sec.
through 20 min., 43 sec. Kindt argued, “to continually paint the only Black woman
in the neighborhood as petty, stupid, angry, and filing complaints taint[ed] the
whole thing.” Id. at 21 min., 21 sec. through 21 min., 29 sec.
These are each different arguments than ever presented to the trial court.
Not only were these assertions not before the trial court, but Kindt explicitly
disclaimed them in a sworn declaration. Because the trial court was deprived the
opportunity to address this issue and Kindt explicitly waived these claims, we do
not reach the merits. Hedlund, 137 Wn. App. at 504 n.20.
In their reply brief, Kindt argued that issues of racial bias can be raised for
the first time on appeal as manifest constitutional error. Setting aside whether this
is procedurally proper,6 Kindt conceded at oral argument that a RAP 2.5 analysis
is required for us to consider whether the error is manifest. Wash. Ct. of Appeals
oral argument, supra at 20 min., 07 sec. through 20 min., 18 sec.; see State v.
6 See Cowiche Canyon Conservancy, 118 Wn.2d at 809 (an issue “argued for the
first time in a reply brief is too late to warrant consideration.”). 16 No. 87169-2-I/17
Kirkman, 159 Wn.2d 918, 926-27, 155 P.3d 125 (2007). And when Kindt was
reminded the appellant bears the burden of establishing manifest error and asked
if their appeal included such an analysis, Kindt admitted, “I did not argue that in the
brief, your honor.” Wash. Ct. of Appeals oral argument, supra at 20 min., 54 sec.
through 20 min., 56 sec.; see State v. O’Hara, 167 Wn.2d 91, 98, 217 P.3d 756
(2009). Thus, Kindt has not argued, let alone established, that they are entitled to
RAP 2.5(a)’s exception to Kindt’s affirmative waiver.
Thus, this assignment of error fails.
D. Attorney Fees
1. Trial Award
The trial court granted Cunningham attorney fees. Its entry of judgment had
found, consistent with the jury verdicts, that Cunningham established ownership of
the disputed property under their various theories and awarded fees “[p]ursuant to
RCW 7.28.083(3) and Workman . . . [as] the prevailing party in this action asserting
title to real property by Adverse Possession.” (citing Workman v. Klinkenberg, 6
Wn. App. 2d 291, 430 P.3d 716 (2018)). Cunningham appears to argue we should
uphold the award if we affirm the outcome quieting title in their favor under any of
their theories. We disagree and reverse the trial court’s fee award because, as
explained above, substantial evidence does not support the verdict on adverse
possession.
We apply a two-part standard of review to a trial court’s award or denial of
attorney fees. Park Place Motors, Ltd. v. Elite Cornerstone Constr., LLC, 18 Wn.
App. 2d 748, 753, 493 P.3d 136 (2021). We review whether there is a legal basis
17 No. 87169-2-I/18
to award fees de novo, and we review the court’s decision to award or deny fees
and the reasonableness of the resulting award for an abuse of discretion. Id.
Where “substantial evidence” in the record does not support a finding from which
a trial court draws a conclusion of law, the court has abused its discretion. In re
Marriage of Fahey, 164 Wn. App. 42, 55-56, 262 P.3d 128 (2011).
RCW 7.28.083(3) provides that “the prevailing party in an action asserting
title to real property by adverse possession may request the court to award costs
and reasonable attorneys’ fees.” (Emphasis added.) It continues, “[t]he court may
award all or a portion of costs and reasonable attorneys’ fees to the prevailing party
if, after considering all the facts, the court determines such an award is equitable
and just.” Id. The statute makes no reference to claims seeking to quiet title under
theories of boundary by acquiescence or estoppel in pais.
This court has consistently held that “a claim of mutual recognition and
acquiescence is a separate claim from adverse possession,” such that one may
recover fees under the latter, but not otherwise. Green v. Hooper, 149 Wn. App.
627, 631, 205 P.3d 134 (2009); Travis v. Wash. Horse Breeders Ass’n, Inc., 111
Wn.2d 396, 411, 759 P.2d 418 (1988) (remanding a fee award for which only some
of the underlying claims permitted recovery because, “[w]hile a number of
fundamental facts are essential to every aspect of the lawsuit, the law pertaining
to [the various theories asserted] is not the same [and,] while there may be an
interrelationship as to the basic facts, the legal theories which attach to the facts
are different.”); see also SW Suburban Sewer Dist. v. Fish, 17 Wn. App. 2d 833,
840-41, 488 P.3d 839 (2021) (holding that a party is entitled to fees under RCW
18 No. 87169-2-I/19
7.28.083(3) on a prescriptive easement claim only “when claims involving
prescriptive easement also involve claims of adverse possession”); McColl v.
Anderson, 6 Wn. App. 2d 88, 92, 429 P.3d 1113 (2018) (same as to claims
involving other interests); McCallum v. Smith, No. 86175-1-I, slip op. at 18 (Wash.
Ct. App. Apr. 22, 2024) (unpublished),
https://www.courts.wa.gov/opinions/pdf/861751.pdf.7
Here, as we explained above, we conclude Cunningham did not provide
substantial evidence to support the sole claim they raised for which fees are
authorized, namely, adverse possession. RCW 7.28.083(3). Therefore, we hold
that attorney fees were awarded in error. Park Place, 18 Wn. App. 2d at 753;
Fahey, 164 Wn. App. at 55-56. Even though there is substantial evidence to
support the verdict on acquiescence, that claim is a separate theory—one we have
not interpreted to provide a basis for attorney fees. See Green, 149 Wn. App. at
631; Smith, No. 86175-1-I, slip op. at 18.
7 In Smith, this court specifically addressed the question whether RCW 7.28.083(3)
permits fees for quieting title under a theory of boundary by acquiescence. No. 86175-1-I, slip op. at 18. McCallum had successfully brought claims of both acquiescence and adverse possession, and Smith argued the trial court erred in its fee award because it did not segregate fees for the acquiescence claim from the sum it awarded. Id. The trial court cited RCW 7.28.083(3) as the authority for the award and stated the theory of adverse possession was “inextricably linked” with McCallum’s boundary by acquiescence theory, so it could not separate the time counsel had spent on each. Id. at 20. We affirmed the outcome in favor of McCallum on both theories, but we held the sum awarded was not just and equitable because we agreed with Smith that fees for boundary by acquiescence were not awardable under RCW 7.28.083(3). Id. We held RCW 7.28.083 does not permit fees for claims of mutual recognition and acquiescence, and we remanded the case to reduce the award on the basis of equity, even if the court could not separate the precise time spent on each claim. Id. Pursuant to GR 14.1, we discuss this opinion as necessary to a reasoned decision as illustrative of this court’s approach to such questions. 19 No. 87169-2-I/20
In response, Cunningham relies on Mayer v. City of Seattle, 102 Wn. App.
66, 79-80, 10 P.3d 408 (2000), for the broad contention that we have “discretion
to award attorney’s fees for claims without independent authorization for recovery.”
But Mayer does not stand for this sweeping proposition. Instead, it mandates
“segregation” of fees for those claims a party is authorized to recover fees on, from
those claims for which it is not. It does not entitle a party who loses the only
statutory basis for fees on appeal to retain an award based on distinct claims with
no authorization for recovery. See also Dalton M, LLC v. N. Cascade Tr. Servs.,
Inc., 2 Wn.3d 36, 57 n.6, 534 P.3d 339 (2023) (holding that there is no authority to
support the proposition that an award of attorney fees may be based solely on a
losing claim.) And, here, there has been no showing that no reasonable
segregation can be made between their claims that allow for fees, namely, adverse
possession—and those that do not, namely, acquiescence. See Hume v. Am.
Disposal Co., 124 Wn.2d 656, 673, 880 P.2d 988 (1994) (holding it is not enough
to simply assert that various claims cannot be segregated because they are
“related and to some extent rest on a common core of facts.”).
2. Fees on Appeal
Both Kindt and Cunningham also seek attorney fees on appeal, and we
decline to grant them to either party.
Attorney fees may be awarded only when authorized by a contract, a
statute, or a recognized ground of equity. Labriola v. Pollard Grp., Inc., 152 Wn.2d
828, 839, 100 P.3d 791 (2004). In turn, RAP 18.1 allows this court to award fees
and costs where they are statutorily allowed. In re Marriage of Goodell, 130 Wn.
20 No. 87169-2-I/21
App. 381, 394, 122 P.3d 929 (2005).
This court has held RCW 7.28.083(3) provides a basis to grant fees on
appeal to a party who successfully defends against a claim to quiet title under
adverse possession—who we deemed “the prevailing party on appeal.” See
Workman, 6 Wn. App. 2d at 308-09. Contrary to Cunningham’s suggestion, we
did not hold in Workman that a party is entitled to appellate fees simply for
succeeding on any related claim “in an adverse possession action.” Yet, because
we hold substantial evidence does support Cunningham’s boundary by
acquiescence claim, we affirm the overall judgment quieting title in their favor. In
other words, “both parties partially prevailed” here. Consequently, we exercise our
discretion to decline to award attorney fees on appeal to either party. See Acord
v. Pettit, 174 Wn. App. 95, 114, 302 P.3d 1265, (2013). 8
III. CONCLUSION
We affirm that portion of the court’s judgment quieting title in Cunningham’s
favor, reverse that portion awarding attorney fees to Cunningham, and decline to
award either party fees on appeal.
WE CONCUR:
8 Kindt’s briefing also contains an assignment of error alleging “[t]he jury instructions were erroneous.” But we do not reach this claim because Kindt presents “no argument . . . on [this] claimed assignment” of error. Cowiche Canyon Conservancy, 118 Wn.2d at 809.