SECOND DIVISION BARNES, P. J., ADAMS and MCFADDEN, JJ.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. (Court of Appeals Rule 4 (b) and Rule 37 (b), February 21, 2008) http://www.gaappeals.us/rules/
September 18, 2012
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A12A1368. GARMON v. THE STATE.
MCFADDEN, Judge.
After a jury trial, John Lamar Garmon was convicted of aggravated battery,
burglary, and criminal attempt to commit armed robbery. As detailed below, we find
that the evidence was sufficient to authorize Garmon’s convictions and the trial court
did not abuse its discretion in denying his motion to sever his trial from that of his co-
defendant, Eddie Dodd. Accordingly, we affirm.
1. Garmon challenges the sufficiency of the evidence. On appeal, “the relevant
question is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the
crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” (Citation omitted; emphasis in original.) Jackson
v. Virginia, 443 U. S. 307, 319 (III) (B) (99 SC 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979). So viewed, the evidence showed that, early in the morning on July 23, 2008,
Larry Cleveland awoke to find two men in his bedroom. The men beat Cleveland with
their fists and a flashlight. The men also demanded his keys and money. Cleveland
fought with the men and chased them out of his house. In doing so, he glimpsed both
men’s faces. In the course of the altercation, Cleveland sustained injuries to his head
that required numerous stitches and staples and resulted in a scar on his face. At trial,
Cleveland identified John Garmon and Eddie Dodd as the two men he had seen in his
bedroom.
“The testimony of a single witness is generally sufficient to establish a fact.”
OCGA § 24-4-8; accord Wilcox v. State, 310 Ga. App. 382, 384-385 (713 SE2d 468)
(2011). So Cleveland’s testimony that Garmon was one of the two men who came
into his house, beat him with fists and a flashlight, and demanded his keys and money
authorized the jury to find Garmon guilty of burglary, aggravated battery, and
criminal attempt to commit armed robbery. See OCGA §§ 16-4-1 (a person commits
criminal attempt when, with intent to commit a specific crime, he performs an act
constituting a substantial step toward the crime’s commission); 16-5-24 (a) (a person
commits aggravated battery when he maliciously causes another bodily harm by
seriously disfiguring the victim’s body); 16-7-1 (b) (a person commits burglary when,
2 without authority and with the intent to commit a felony or theft, he enters another’s
dwelling house); 16-8-41 (a) (a person commits armed robbery when, with the intent
to commit theft, he takes another’s property from another’s person or immediate
presence by use of an offensive weapon). See also Brown v. State, 275 Ga. App. 99,
100-101 (1) (619 SE2d 789) (2005) (evidence that husband struck wife on head with
sword, causing wounds that required stitches, was sufficient to authorize conviction
for aggravated battery); Livery v. State, 233 Ga. App. 882, 884 (1) (506 SE2d 165)
(1998) (an offensive weapon includes an instrumentality that, while not offensive per
se, may be found by a jury to be likely to produce death or great bodily injury
depending on the manner and means of its use). Although Garmon challenges the
credibility of Cleveland and other trial witnesses who corroborated Cleveland’s
testimony, on appeal we do not judge witness credibility and “[t]he resolution of [any]
conflicts in the evidence is entrusted to the jury.” (Citation omitted.) Brown, 275 Ga.
App. at 101 (1).
2. Garmon challenges the trial court’s denial of his motion to sever his trial
from that of his co-defendant, Dodd. Where, as here, defendants are jointly indicted
for a non-capital felony, they “may be tried jointly or separately in the discretion of
the trial court.” OCGA § 17-8-4 (a).
3 In exercising that discretion, the court must consider the following factors: (1) Will the number of defendants create confusion as to the law and evidence applicable to each? (2) Is there a danger that evidence admissible against one defendant will be considered against the other despite the court’s instructions? (3) Are the defenses of the defendants antagonistic to each other or to each other’s rights?
(Citation and punctuation omitted.) Butler v. State, 290 Ga. 412, 413 (2) (721 SE2d
876) (2012).
Garmon asserts that the trial court was required to expressly address in its
ruling each of the above three factors. We disagree. The requirement that a trial court
consider certain factors in making a discretionary ruling does not necessarily mean
that the court must expressly articulate in its ruling its specific findings on those
factors. See Clay v. State, 290 Ga. 822, 835-837 (3) (B) (725 SE2d 260) (2012)
(holding that trial court should apply five factors in conducting balancing test to
determine admissibility of evidence of witness’s past conviction, when conviction
was within ten years, but overruling Court of Appeals decisions requiring trial court
to expressly list the specific factors in its ruling thereon). Garmon has cited no
authority requiring the trial court to make express findings on each factor to be
considered in ruling on a motion to sever. The statute authorizing the defendants to
4 be tried jointly requires only that the trial court exercise its discretion without
specifying any specific findings that the court must make in that regard. Compare
OCGA § 17-8-4 (a) with OCGA § 9-15-14 (b) (setting forth specific findings a court
must make to support an award of attorney fees and expenses of litigation) and
OCGA § 9-11-23 (f) (3) (requiring trial court, in deciding whether to certify a class,
to enter a written order addressing whether factors set out in other subsections of
Code section have been met and specifying findings of fact and conclusions of law
supporting court’s decision as to each factor). Moreover, we have found no cases
requiring express findings on the factors pertaining to a motion to sever. Compare
Porter v. Felker, 261 Ga. 421, 422 (3) (405 SE2d 31) (1991) (vacating award of
attorney fees under OCGA § 9-15-14 because trial court’s order did not contain
findings of conduct that authorized award under that Code section); Aleman v. UHS-
Pruitt Holdings, 306 Ga. App. 650, 650-651 (703 SE2d 96) (2010) (vacating ruling
on class certification because trial court failed to specify any findings of facts or
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SECOND DIVISION BARNES, P. J., ADAMS and MCFADDEN, JJ.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. (Court of Appeals Rule 4 (b) and Rule 37 (b), February 21, 2008) http://www.gaappeals.us/rules/
September 18, 2012
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A12A1368. GARMON v. THE STATE.
MCFADDEN, Judge.
After a jury trial, John Lamar Garmon was convicted of aggravated battery,
burglary, and criminal attempt to commit armed robbery. As detailed below, we find
that the evidence was sufficient to authorize Garmon’s convictions and the trial court
did not abuse its discretion in denying his motion to sever his trial from that of his co-
defendant, Eddie Dodd. Accordingly, we affirm.
1. Garmon challenges the sufficiency of the evidence. On appeal, “the relevant
question is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the
crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” (Citation omitted; emphasis in original.) Jackson
v. Virginia, 443 U. S. 307, 319 (III) (B) (99 SC 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979). So viewed, the evidence showed that, early in the morning on July 23, 2008,
Larry Cleveland awoke to find two men in his bedroom. The men beat Cleveland with
their fists and a flashlight. The men also demanded his keys and money. Cleveland
fought with the men and chased them out of his house. In doing so, he glimpsed both
men’s faces. In the course of the altercation, Cleveland sustained injuries to his head
that required numerous stitches and staples and resulted in a scar on his face. At trial,
Cleveland identified John Garmon and Eddie Dodd as the two men he had seen in his
bedroom.
“The testimony of a single witness is generally sufficient to establish a fact.”
OCGA § 24-4-8; accord Wilcox v. State, 310 Ga. App. 382, 384-385 (713 SE2d 468)
(2011). So Cleveland’s testimony that Garmon was one of the two men who came
into his house, beat him with fists and a flashlight, and demanded his keys and money
authorized the jury to find Garmon guilty of burglary, aggravated battery, and
criminal attempt to commit armed robbery. See OCGA §§ 16-4-1 (a person commits
criminal attempt when, with intent to commit a specific crime, he performs an act
constituting a substantial step toward the crime’s commission); 16-5-24 (a) (a person
commits aggravated battery when he maliciously causes another bodily harm by
seriously disfiguring the victim’s body); 16-7-1 (b) (a person commits burglary when,
2 without authority and with the intent to commit a felony or theft, he enters another’s
dwelling house); 16-8-41 (a) (a person commits armed robbery when, with the intent
to commit theft, he takes another’s property from another’s person or immediate
presence by use of an offensive weapon). See also Brown v. State, 275 Ga. App. 99,
100-101 (1) (619 SE2d 789) (2005) (evidence that husband struck wife on head with
sword, causing wounds that required stitches, was sufficient to authorize conviction
for aggravated battery); Livery v. State, 233 Ga. App. 882, 884 (1) (506 SE2d 165)
(1998) (an offensive weapon includes an instrumentality that, while not offensive per
se, may be found by a jury to be likely to produce death or great bodily injury
depending on the manner and means of its use). Although Garmon challenges the
credibility of Cleveland and other trial witnesses who corroborated Cleveland’s
testimony, on appeal we do not judge witness credibility and “[t]he resolution of [any]
conflicts in the evidence is entrusted to the jury.” (Citation omitted.) Brown, 275 Ga.
App. at 101 (1).
2. Garmon challenges the trial court’s denial of his motion to sever his trial
from that of his co-defendant, Dodd. Where, as here, defendants are jointly indicted
for a non-capital felony, they “may be tried jointly or separately in the discretion of
the trial court.” OCGA § 17-8-4 (a).
3 In exercising that discretion, the court must consider the following factors: (1) Will the number of defendants create confusion as to the law and evidence applicable to each? (2) Is there a danger that evidence admissible against one defendant will be considered against the other despite the court’s instructions? (3) Are the defenses of the defendants antagonistic to each other or to each other’s rights?
(Citation and punctuation omitted.) Butler v. State, 290 Ga. 412, 413 (2) (721 SE2d
876) (2012).
Garmon asserts that the trial court was required to expressly address in its
ruling each of the above three factors. We disagree. The requirement that a trial court
consider certain factors in making a discretionary ruling does not necessarily mean
that the court must expressly articulate in its ruling its specific findings on those
factors. See Clay v. State, 290 Ga. 822, 835-837 (3) (B) (725 SE2d 260) (2012)
(holding that trial court should apply five factors in conducting balancing test to
determine admissibility of evidence of witness’s past conviction, when conviction
was within ten years, but overruling Court of Appeals decisions requiring trial court
to expressly list the specific factors in its ruling thereon). Garmon has cited no
authority requiring the trial court to make express findings on each factor to be
considered in ruling on a motion to sever. The statute authorizing the defendants to
4 be tried jointly requires only that the trial court exercise its discretion without
specifying any specific findings that the court must make in that regard. Compare
OCGA § 17-8-4 (a) with OCGA § 9-15-14 (b) (setting forth specific findings a court
must make to support an award of attorney fees and expenses of litigation) and
OCGA § 9-11-23 (f) (3) (requiring trial court, in deciding whether to certify a class,
to enter a written order addressing whether factors set out in other subsections of
Code section have been met and specifying findings of fact and conclusions of law
supporting court’s decision as to each factor). Moreover, we have found no cases
requiring express findings on the factors pertaining to a motion to sever. Compare
Porter v. Felker, 261 Ga. 421, 422 (3) (405 SE2d 31) (1991) (vacating award of
attorney fees under OCGA § 9-15-14 because trial court’s order did not contain
findings of conduct that authorized award under that Code section); Aleman v. UHS-
Pruitt Holdings, 306 Ga. App. 650, 650-651 (703 SE2d 96) (2010) (vacating ruling
on class certification because trial court failed to specify any findings of facts or
conclusions of law on which it based its decision regarding certain class certification
factors, as it was required to do under OCGA § 9-11-23 (f) (3)); Bryant v. State, 265
Ga. App. 234, 236 (593 SE2d 705) (2004) (requiring trial court to enter findings of
fact and conclusions of law on factors pertaining to speedy trial decision, but
5 recognizing that “[i]n other circumstances, a summary order entered by a trial court
generally is sufficient to enable the appellate court to determine whether the broad
discretion vested in the trial court has been abused”).
Garmon also argues that “the trial court should have granted a severance in
order to achieve a fair determination of [Garmon’s] guilt or innocence.” “[T]he
exercise of a trial court’s discretion in denying a motion to sever will not be disturbed
on appeal unless the defendant clearly demonstrates that he suffered prejudice by one
or more of the [three] factors amounting to a denial of due process.” (Citation
omitted.) Harper v. State, 300 Ga. App. 757, 769 (12) (686 SE2d 375) (2009).
Garmon asserts that he suffered prejudice by the first factor – that “the number
of defendants create[d] confusion as to the law and evidence applicable to each,”
Butler, 290 Ga. at 413 (2) – because, he contends, the evidence against Dodd was
stronger than that against him, suggesting that “a jury may have, simply upon finding
[Dodd] guilty, also found . . . Garmon guilty.” But “it is not enough for the defendant
to show that he would have a better chance of acquittal at a separate trial or that the
evidence against a co-defendant is stronger.” (Citations and punctuation omitted.)
Butler, 290 Ga. at 413 (2). See also Owen v. State, 266 Ga. 312, 314 (2) (467 SE2d
325) (1996). “[T]he fact that the evidence as to one of two co-defendants is stronger
6 does not demand a finding that the denial of a severance motion is an abuse of
discretion where, as here, there is evidence showing that the defendants acted in
concert.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Smith v. State, 304 Ga. App. 155, 158
(4) (695 SE2d 679) (2010).
Garmon does not argue that he suffered prejudice by way of the other two
factors pertinent to a motion to sever. He has not pointed to any evidence that he
contends was not admissible against himself but was admissible against Dodd, and
he has not claimed that his defense was antagonistic to that of Dodd. See White v.
State, 308 Ga. App. 38, 42, (3) (702 SE2d 570) (2011).
Under these circumstances, we find that Garmon has not met his burden of
showing clearly that the joint trial prejudiced his defense, resulting in a denial of due
process. See Butler, 290 Ga. at 413-414 (2); Owen, 266 Ga. at 314 (2); White, 308 Ga.
App. at 42 (3); Smith, 304 Ga. App. at 157-158 (4). Accordingly, we find that the trial
court did not abuse its discretion in denying the motion to sever. See Butler, 290 Ga.
at 414 (2). Compare Crawford v. State, 148 Ga. App. 523, 525-526 (251 SE2d 602)
(1978) (finding trial court erred in denying motion to sever in child cruelty case
where the evidence and law applicable to the defendant was significantly different
than that applicable to his two co-defendants, in that there was no evidence that the
7 defendant was ever a party or witness to the co-defendants’ abuse of the child victim
and the state sought to convict the defendant on a different legal theory than the co-
defendants).
Judgment affirmed. Barnes, P. J., and Adams, J., concur.