John Douglas Mitchell Jr. v. State

• Court: Court of Appeals of Texas
• Decided: November 5, 2020
• Docket: 09-20-00060-CV
• Status: Published

Opinion

In The

Court of Appeals

Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont

__________________

NO. 09-20-00060-CV __________________

JOHN DOUGLAS MITCHELL JR., Appellant

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

__________________________________________________________________

On Appeal from the 163rd District Court Orange County, Texas Trial Cause No. B200042-C __________________________________________________________________

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Pro se Appellant John Douglas Mitchell Jr. appeals the trial court’s denial of

his petition for expunction of records relating to his 2004 indictment for aggravated

sexual assault. In a single issue, Mitchell argues that the trial court erred in denying

his petition for expunction and that the trial court erred by failing to conduct a

hearing on his petition for expunction as required by article 55.02 of the Code of

Criminal Procedure. We affirm.

1 Background

In January 2020, Mitchell filed a Petition for Expunction of Records alleging

that he was indicted in 2004 for aggravated sexual assault and tried in the 163rd

District Court of Orange County, Texas in cause number B-040383-R. This Court

previously issued an opinion in Mitchell’s appeal from his criminal trial and

conviction. See generally Mitchell v. State, No. 09-05-316-CR, 2006 Tex. App.

LEXIS 9713 (Tex. App.—Beaumont Nov. 8, 2006, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not

designated for publication) (Mitchell I). We take judicial notice of the appellate

record in Mitchell I, and we briefly reference the facts from Mitchell I as necessary

to the issue before us in this appeal.1 Mitchell was indicted on three counts of sexual

assault against the same victim, A.R., a child younger than the age of fourteen. See

id. at **2-3. In the criminal trial, the jury convicted Mitchell on count two of the

indictment—aggravated sexual assault of a child—and assessed punishment at

ninety-nine years of confinement. See id. at *1-2. Mitchell appealed his conviction,

and we affirmed the conviction and judgment. See id. at *22.

Mitchell’s petition for expunction alleged that he was charged with

“aggravated sexual assault” and he alleged that he was acquitted on counts one and

1A court may take judicial notice of its own records in a cause involving the same subject matter between the same (or practically the same) parties. See Gardner v. Martin, 345 S.W.2d 274, 276 (Tex. 1961); Reynolds v. State, 548 S.W.2d 733, 734 n.1 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977); Staten v. State, 328 S.W.3d 901, 903 n.1 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2010, no pet.). 2 three. 2 In his petition, Mitchell argued that under article 55.02, § 3(a) of the Code

of Criminal Procedure, he was entitled to expunction of the charges on counts one

and three because he was acquitted of those charges. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann.

art. 55.02, § 3(a). Mitchell also filed a motion for a bench warrant the same day he

filed his petition. On February 4, 2020, the trial court denied Mitchell’s petition and

his motion for a bench warrant, and Mitchell appealed.

Applicable Law

Expunction proceedings are authorized by Chapter 55 of the Texas Code of

Criminal Procedure and are considered civil actions. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann.

art. 55.01; State v. T.S.N., 547 S.W.3d 617, 619 (Tex. 2018). The movant in the

petition for expunction bears the burden of proof and must satisfy each statutory

element for expunction. See Tex. Dep’t of Pub. Safety v. J.A.G. Jr., No. 09-19-00085-

CV, 2020 Tex. App. LEXIS 199, at *4 (Tex. App.—Beaumont Jan. 9, 2020, no pet.)

(mem. op.) (citing Collin Cty. Criminal Dist. Att’y’s Office v. Dobson, 167 S.W.3d

625, 626 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2005, no pet.); Hous. Police Dep’t v. Berkowitz, 95

S.W.3d 457, 460 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, pet. denied)); Heine v. Tex.

Dep’t of Pub. Safety, 92 S.W.3d 642, 646 (Tex. App.—Austin 2002, pet. denied).

2 We use initials to refer to the victim. See Tex. Const. art. I, § 30(a)(1) (granting crime victims “the right to be treated with fairness and with respect for the victim’s dignity and privacy throughout the criminal justice process”). 3 Mitchell filed a pro se petition for expunction, and he is pro se on appeal. We

hold a pro se litigant to the same standards as licensed attorneys. See Strange v.

Cont’l Cas. Co., 126 S.W.3d 676, 677 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2004, pet. denied); In re

Office of Att’y Gen. of Tex., 193 S.W.3d 690, 693-94 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2006,

orig. proceeding); see also Mansfield State Bank v. Cohn, 573 S.W.2d 181, 184-85

(Tex. 1978) (“There cannot be two sets of procedural rules, one for litigants with

counsel and the other for litigants representing themselves.”).

We review a trial court’s ruling on a petition for expunction under an abuse

of discretion standard. See T.S.N., 547 S.W.3d at 620 (citing Heine, 92 S.W.3d at

646. A trial court errs if it rules on a petition for expunction without holding a hearing

when a hearing is required. See Ex parte Wilson, 224 S.W.3d 860, 863 (Tex. App.—

Texarkana 2007, no pet.). Article 55.02, § 2(c) provides that “[t]he trial court shall

set a hearing on the matter no sooner than thirty days from the filing of the petition

and shall give to each official or agency or other governmental entity named in the

petition reasonable notice of the hearing[.]” Tex. Crim. Proc. Code Ann. art. 55.02,

§ 2(c). While a prisoner has a constitutional right of access to the courts, prisoners

have no absolute right to appear personally at civil proceedings. In re M.M., 980

S.W.2d 699, 701 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1998, no pet.) (citing Bounds v. Smith,

430 U.S. 817, 820 (1977); Nance v. Nance, 904 S.W.2d 890, 892 (Tex. App.—

Corpus Christi 1995, no writ)).

4 “A ‘hearing’ does not necessarily contemplate a personal appearance before

the court or an oral presentation to the court.” Cire v. Cummings, 134 S.W.3d 835,

844 (Tex. 2004); Gulf Coast Inv. Corp. v. Nasa 1 Bus. Ctr., 754 S.W.2d 152, 153

(Tex. 1988) (explaining that not every hearing called for under every rule of civil

procedure necessarily requires an oral hearing, unless required by the express

language or the context of the particular rule). A trial court may rule on an

expunction petition without conducting a formal hearing and without the

consideration of live testimony, if it has all the information it needs to resolve the

issues raised by the petition. See Wilson, 224 S.W.3d at 863. The information might

be available by a review of the pleadings or by judicially noticing court records. See

id. (citing Ex parte Current, 877 S.W.2d 833, 839-40 (Tex. App.—Waco 1994, no

writ)); see also Tex. R. Evid. 201 (providing for judicial notice of adjudicative facts).

If the matter presented addresses only an issue of law and can be determined by the

record alone, a court may rule without holding any evidentiary hearing provided it

gives all parties the opportunity to present argument and evidence through written

materials. See Tex. R. Evid. 201; Current, 877 S.W.2d at 839-40 (concluding that

the trial court properly ruled on the petition for expunction without holding a hearing

because all the facts necessary to determine the issue were available to the court).

“[T]o the extent a ruling on an expunction petition turns on a question of law, we

review the ruling de novo because a trial court has no discretion in determining what

5 the law is or applying the law to the facts.” Tex. Dep’t of Pub. Safety v. Ibarra, 444

S.W.3d 735, 738 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2014, pet. denied); see also T.S.N.,

547 S.W.3d at 620.

Under article 55.01(a)(2) of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, a person

who has been arrested is entitled to have all records and files relating to the arrest

expunged if the person has been released and the charge has not resulted in a final

conviction and there was no court-ordered community supervision for the offense.

Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 55.01(a)(2). Article 55.01(c) provides an exception

whereby:

A court may not order the expunction of records and files relating to an arrest for an offense for which a person is subsequently acquitted, whether by the trial court, a court of appeals, or the court of criminal appeals, if the offense for which the person was acquitted arose out of a criminal episode, as defined by Section 3.01, Penal Code, and the person was convicted of or remains subject to prosecution for at least one other offense occurring during the criminal episode.

Id. art. 55.01(c). The Penal Code defines “criminal episode” as:

. . . the commission of two or more offenses, regardless of whether the harm is directed toward or inflicted upon more than one person or item of property, under the following circumstances: (1) the offenses are committed pursuant to the same transaction or pursuant to two or more transactions that are connected or constitute a common scheme or plan; or (2) the offenses are the repeated commission of the same or similar offenses.

Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 3.01.

6 The purpose of the expunction statute is to permit a defendant to obtain an

expunction of records for wrongful arrests. Harris Cty. Dist. Att’y’s Office v. J.T.S.,

807 S.W.2d 572, 574 (Tex. 1991); Travis Cty. Dist. Att’y v. M.M., 354 S.W.3d 920,

926 (Tex. App.—Austin 2011, no pet.). “When an arrest is not wrongful, removal

and destruction of records relating to it harms the public’s interest of using the

records ‘in subsequent punishment proceedings, including subsequent applications

for probation.’” S.J. v. State, 438 S.W.3d 838, 841 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2014,

no pet.) (quoting J.T.S., 807 S.W.2d at 574). A petitioner’s right to expunction is

purely a matter of statutory privilege. Id.

We may not reverse the trial court’s ruling unless the appellant has established

that the trial court’s ruling was in error and that the error was reasonably calculated

to cause and probably did cause the rendition of an improper judgment. See Tex. R.

App. P. 44.1(a)(1). Any error in failing to conduct a hearing on a petition for

expunction is harmless where the petitioner is unlikely to succeed on the merits. See

McCarroll v. Tex. Dep’t of Pub. Safety, 86 S.W.3d 376, 378 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth

2002, no pet.) (citing Tex. R. App. P. 44.1(a)(1); Jones v. Jones, 64 S.W.3d 206, 210

(Tex. App.—El Paso 2001, no pet.)).

Analysis

Appellant admits that the three charges of sexual assault in trial cause

B-040383-R were against the same victim or as stated in the petition against “the

7 same complainant alleged in all three counts.” 3 The count one and count three

charges on which Appellant was acquitted were for the repeated commission of the

same or similar offenses. All three counts were for aggravated sexual assault, and

the jury convicted Mitchell on count two. We conclude that the charges Appellant is

seeking to have expunged arise from the same or a similar criminal episode as the

charge for which he was convicted. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 3.01. Article

55.01(c) bars the expunction of charges under these circumstances. See Tex. Code

Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 55.01(c); Benner v. State, No. 2-07-271-CV, 2008 Tex. App.

LEXIS 3216, at **5-6 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth May 1, 2008, pet. denied) (mem.

op.); Addicks v. State, No. 03-06-00114-CV, 2007 Tex. App. LEXIS 2162, at **7-8

(Tex. App.—Austin Mar. 21, 2007, no pet.) (mem. op.).

Appellant’s petition for expunction was filed in the 163rd District Court of

Orange County, Texas, and the petition alleges that he was tried for the underlying

3 Appellant attached a copy of the 2004 indictment as Exhibit A to his brief. Although the indictment names the same complainant in all three charges, the indictment is not part of the appellate record. See Tex. R. App. P. 34.1 (“The appellate record consists of the clerk’s record and, if necessary to the appeal, the reporter’s record.”); Atkins-January v. State Office of Risk Mgmt., No. 09-16-00439- CV, 2017 Tex. App. LEXIS 7330, at *5 n.1 (Tex. App.—Beaumont Aug. 3, 2017, no pet.) (mem. op.) (explaining that, with limited exceptions, an appellate court may not consider materials outside the appellate record) (citing In re K.M., 401 S.W.3d 864, 866 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, no pet.)); In re Expunction of M.T., 495 S.W.3d 617, 622 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2016, no pet.) (“We cannot consider documents attached to a brief as an exhibit or appendix, but not appearing in the appellate record, on appellate review.”). 8 charges in the same court, and he was convicted on count two. A trial court may rule

on an expunction petition without conducting an oral hearing and without

considering live testimony if it has available the necessary proof to satisfy the

statutory requirements. See Wilson, 224 S.W.3d at 863; Current, 877 S.W.2d at 839-

40. In this case, the trial court could have taken judicial notice of its own file in trial

cause number B-040383-R and from the petition and its own file in the trial court it

could have determined that the charges Mitchell sought to have expunged arose out

of the same criminal episode in the same trial cause as the offense for which the jury

convicted Mitchell. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. arts. 55.01, 55.02; Tex. Penal

Code Ann. § 3.01; Gardner v. Martin, 345 S.W.2d 274, 276 (Tex. 1961) (“[A] trial

court may take judicial notice of its own records in a cause involving the same

subject matter between the same, or practically the same, parties.”); Roberts v. Tex.

Dep’t of Pardons & Parole, No. 01-09-01058-CV, 2011 Tex. App. LEXIS 4577, at

**4-5 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] June 16, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op.)

(concluding that the trial court did not err in not conducting an oral hearing because

it had before it all the information necessary to rule on the petition for expunction).

Accordingly, the trial court did not err in failing to conduct a hearing. See Cire, 134

S.W.3d at 844; Wilson, 224 S.W.3d at 863. But even if the trial court erred in failing

to set a hearing, we conclude that any such error is harmless because, as explained

above, the record reflects that Mitchell failed to satisfy the expunction statute and

9 his expunction claim is meritless. See McCarroll, 86 S.W.3d at 378; see also Tex.

R. App. P. 44.1(a)(1). We conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion, we

overrule Appellant’s issue, and we affirm the trial court’s order.

AFFIRMED.

_________________________ LEANNE JOHNSON Justice

Submitted on October 12, 2020 Opinion Delivered November 5, 2020

Before McKeithen, C.J., Kreger and Johnson, JJ.