NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION File Name: 20a0198n.06
Case No. 19-3520
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT FILED Apr 06, 2020 JOHN DOE, ) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk ) Plaintiff-Appellant, ) ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED v. ) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR ) THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY; ) OHIO BARBARA R. SNYDER; LOU STARK; G. ) DEAN PATTERSON, JR.; GEORGE ) O’CONNELL; SHANNON J. GREYBAR ) MILLIKEN, ) ) Defendants-Appellees. )
BEFORE: SILER, GIBBONS, and READLER, Circuit Judges.
CHAD A. READLER, Circuit Judge. While a student at Case Western Reserve
University, John Doe was accused of violating the University’s sexual misconduct policy. Early
in the ensuing investigation, John admitted to engaging in at least one form of non-consensual
sexual intercourse with a fellow student. With the goal of resolving the matter without involving
other students, John selected a streamlined hearing process, one that did not afford him the
opportunity to question witnesses.
That forthrightness and candor nonetheless undermines John’s challenge to the resolution
of his disciplinary proceeding. While John now believes a more robust proceeding was necessary,
we see no reason not to hold him to his earlier choices. Nor do we see blatant errors in the Case No. 19-3520, Doe v. Case Western Reserve University
University’s handling of the investigatory and adjudicatory process. Accordingly, we AFFIRM
the district court’s decision rejecting John’s claims.
I. BACKGROUND
During their sophomore and freshman years, respectively, Case Western Reserve
University students John Doe and Jane Roe began a casual sexual relationship. The relationship
included kissing and, on at least one occasion, digital penetration and oral sex. But it did not
include sexual intercourse—Jane told John she did not want that type of relationship with anyone
to whom she was not in a committed relationship. And when John later expressed stronger feelings
towards Jane, Jane thought it better for the two to separate, rather than advance their relationship.
Night of the Incident. A few days after their separation, John and Jane separately went out
drinking with their respective friends. Around one in the morning, John received a text from a
friend stating that Jane appeared intoxicated, with the suggestion that John check on her. John
went to find Jane. When he found her, John convinced her to return with him to his fraternity
house.
What unfolded next is disputed. According to Jane, as she started to fall asleep, John began
to kiss her. John proceeded to undress her, digitally penetrate her, and perform oral sex on her.
John then inserted his penis into Jane’s vagina. She stopped him. Suggesting that Jane instead
perform oral sex on him, John, in Jane’s words, “put it in [her] face.” Jane began performing oral
sex before stating that she did not want to do that either. She began to cry, at which point John
drove Jane back to her dorm.
For John’s part, he admits that he digitally penetrated Jane and performed oral sex on her.
But he denies that he inserted his penis into her vagina, or that she performed oral sex on him.
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Initial Inquiry. Roughly two months after the incident, Jane emailed Dr. Shannon Milliken,
Case Western’s Deputy Title IX Misconduct Investigator. An initial inquiry into the incident
ensued. Milliken interviewed Jane. Milliken’s assistant then emailed John to set up a time for
Milliken to interview him. When John sought out Jane to discuss the situation, Jane let Milliken
know that John had contacted her. The next day, Milliken emailed John with a no-contact order.
Not long thereafter, Milliken interviewed John. John made several incriminating
comments. Chief among them was his admission that “[w]hat happened in the basement, I know
I didn’t physical [sic] force her or abuse her, but it was without her consent. She was not, by
definition, capable of giving consent. What happened was my fault.”
Sexual Misconduct Investigation. Milliken determined that the incident implicated the
University’s sexual misconduct policy. As a result, Milliken, as directed by the policy, undertook
a more formal, broad-based investigation. As a part of this investigation, Milliken and the
University’s outside counsel interviewed 15 students. Milliken also met again separately with
Jane and John. Following the investigation, Milliken created a report wherein she summarized the
incident and the findings of her investigation.
Following Milliken’s investigation, the University had to decide the appropriate
adjudicatory process for resolving the matter. Within the “formal” adjudicatory process, the
University policy provided two options: an administrative hearing and a board hearing. An
administrative hearing is the more informal process of the two. Indeed, there is no “hearing” in
the traditional sense. Instead, a single adjudicator meets individually with the parties, as she deems
necessary. Based on these meetings and a review of the underlying investigatory materials, the
adjudicator determines culpability and punishment. The parties do not present evidence or conduct
cross-examination. A board hearing, by comparison, takes place before a three-member panel.
3 Case No. 19-3520, Doe v. Case Western Reserve University
During the hearing, witnesses may testify, and a modified form of cross-examination is permitted.
The accuser and the accused are invited to ask questions of the witnesses, and they can also submit
to the panel questions they wish to ask each other. The panel then determines culpability and,
when appropriate, administers punishment.
In signed statements, John and Jane each indicated they preferred an administrative hearing
as opposed to a board hearing. In accordance with those expressed preferences, the University
referred the matter to an administrative hearing.
John’s Administrative Hearing. George O’Connell, the Director of the University Office
of Student Conduct & Community Standards at Case Western, conducted the administrative
hearing. O’Connell met with both John and Jane and reviewed materials provided to him from the
investigation. “Based on [his] review of all provided information,” O’Connell concluded that John
was “responsible for non-consensual sexual intercourse under the university sexual misconduct
policy.” As a result, O’Connell ordered John to be suspended for two years, deemed persona non
grata (meaning he was not permitted on campus during the suspension), and barred from residing
in University housing upon his return.
Challenging the severity of his punishment on appeal, John requested either a three-month
or one-year suspension. Alternatively, he sought a three-year suspension—to allow Jane to
graduate before he returned to campus and so he could “have a clearer vision on how to proceed
with [his] life.” The appeals board rejected the first two requests, but granted the third, increasing
John’s suspension and persona non grata status to three years.
Almost two years later, John sued in district court, alleging that Case Western violated
Title IX and breached its contract with him. Following dismissal of those claims at summary
judgment, John brought this appeal.
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II. ANALYSIS
A. Title IX
Title IX prohibits universities that receive federal funds from discriminating against
students because of their sex. 20 U.S.C. § 1681(a); Doe v. Baum, 903 F.3d 575, 585 (6th Cir.
2018). As evidence of a Title IX violation, John claims that Case Western’s disciplinary process
resulted in an “erroneous outcome.” See Doe v. Miami Univ., 882 F.3d 579, 589 (6th Cir. 2018).
To prevail under Title IX, the plaintiff must “show that the ‘outcome of [Case Western’s]
disciplinary proceeding was erroneous because of sex bias.’” Doe v. Cummins, 662 F. App’x 437,
452 (6th Cir. 2016) (quoting Mallory v. Ohio Univ., 76 F. App’x 634, 639 (6th Cir. 2003)). Doing
so requires two showings: first, that the outcome of the proceeding was tainted by some
“articulable doubt,” and second, that gender bias caused the articulable doubt. Baum, 903 F.3d at
585 (quoting Miami Univ., 882 F.3d at 592).
John’s Admission of Misconduct. We can resolve John’s claim on the basis of the first
prong, as he fails to show articulable doubt as to the outcome of his proceeding. Case Western’s
sexual misconduct policy defines non-consensual sexual intercourse as “intercourse that involves
all of the following: a) any sexual intercourse (anal, oral or vaginal); b) with any object or body
part; c) by a person upon a person; and d) without consent.” As part of the University’s
investigation, John acknowledged that he digitally penetrated Jane without her consent. As John
described the pair’s interaction: “[w]hat happened in the basement, I know I didn’t physical [sic]
force her or abuse her, but it was without her consent. She was not, by definition, capable of giving
consent. What happened was my fault.” When Milliken provided John the opportunity to walk-
back or clarify this statement during a subsequent interview, he did not do so. By John’s own
word, then, he engaged in a) vaginal intercourse; b) with his finger; c) by himself upon Jane; and
5 Case No. 19-3520, Doe v. Case Western Reserve University
d) without Jane’s consent. This conduct, under the policy, constitutes non-consensual sexual
intercourse.
True, there is some dispute over the extent of the non-consensual sexual activity that
occurred. But that dispute, at most, goes to the degree to which John violated the policy, not
whether he violated the policy in the first instance. Any discrepancies in John’s and Jane’s stories
thus do not alter the investigation’s ultimate conclusion that John violated University policy.
Absent some unique circumstance, John’s concession is enough to dispel the notion that his
hearing resulted in an “erroneous outcome.” Cf. United States v. Oufnac, 449 F. App’x 472, 476
(6th Cir. 2011) (finding that, in the criminal context, “admission of guilt is sufficient evidence to
sustain the conviction[]” (citing United States v. Mellies, 329 F. App’x 592, 607 (6th Cir. 2009))).
While Case Western thus arrived at the correct outcome, we note that its decision finding
John guilty of a violation and punishing him with a two-year suspension lacked some precision.
While there is no doubt John violated the policy by digitally penetrating Jane without her consent,
she made other allegations against him as well, allegations that were also mentioned in the
decision. Yet the hearing officer failed to make express findings as to what exact conduct occurred
between the two. O’Connell’s decision states only that Jane did not consent to any kind of sexual
intercourse. The degree of the violation (i.e., the exact type(s) of non-consensual sexual activity
that occurred) is potentially relevant to the punishment John received. While John did not argue
in his briefing that his punishment was harsher due to the degree of the violation, and while there
is no evidence suggesting that O’Connell’s finding hinged on the precise sexual activity that
occurred, it may behoove the University, going forward, to articulate the precise basis for finding
a violation and the precise basis for the punishment administered.
6 Case No. 19-3520, Doe v. Case Western Reserve University
John Waived Any Right He May Have Had To Cross-Examination. As grounds for
challenging the reliability of his disciplinary proceeding’s outcome, John cites his inability to
cross-examine witnesses. According to John, the disciplinary proceeding turned on whether the
University believed John’s or Jane’s version of events—making each one’s credibility a central
issue. And, John adds, cross-examination would have resolved this credibility dispute, and thus
enhanced the accuracy of the proceedings.
John is correct that, as a general matter, procedural flaws can undermine the veracity of a
disciplinary proceeding’s outcome. See Baum, 903 F.3d at 585–86 (citing Yusaf v. Vassar Coll.,
35 F.3d 709, 715 (2d Cir. 1994)). And he is likewise correct to note that, at least in the context of
due process considerations applicable to Title IX proceedings conducted by public institutions,
cross-examination is required when “the university’s determination turns on the credibility of the
accuser, the accused, or witnesses.” Id. at 581. We have yet to decide expressly how those
considerations apply in the context of Title IX proceedings conducted by a private university,
where constitutional due process principles lack the same force. See id. at 585–86 (noting that a
plaintiff’s allegation of a procedural flaw is enough to plead articulable doubt, but making no
statement as to whether all Title IX claims require cross-examination as a matter of right). And
we need not do so today. For even if John was entitled to some manner of cross-examination, he
waived that right.
Individuals subject to administrative proceedings are free to waive rights they may
otherwise be entitled to in that forum. See, e.g., Lamay v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 562 F.3d 503, 510
(2d Cir. 2009) (finding that a plaintiff waived her statutory right to counsel in a social security
hearing); Covucci v. Apfel, 31 F. App’x 909, 912 (6th Cir. 2002) (mem.) (finding that plaintiff
waived his right to counsel at an administrative hearing); Butler v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 96-
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1211, 1997 WL 259374, at *4 (6th Cir. May 15, 1997) (per curiam) (table decision) (finding that
the due process right to cross-examination in an administrative hearing is waived when an attorney
is silent during the opportunity for cross-examination); Worthams v. Bd. of Educ. of Memphis City
Sch., No. 90-5936, 1991 WL 119266, at *2 (6th Cir. July 1, 1991) (per curiam) (table decision)
(finding that a dismissed teacher waived his right to a board hearing when he opted to have an
arbitrator review his dismissal) (citing Malone v. U.S. Postal Serv., 526 F.2d 1099, 1105 (6th Cir.
1975)). To be sure, disciplinary cases in which waiver principles are enforced often arise in the
due process context. See Leary v. Daeschner, 228 F.3d 729, 744 (6th Cir. 2000) (finding that
plaintiffs waived their due process right to a pre-deprivation hearing when they failed to attend the
hearing). But those principles would seem to apply with equal force in the Title IX context. At
least one court has expressly said as much. In Pacheco v. St. Mary’s University, the district court,
like here, addressed claims that a Title IX proceeding produced an erroneous outcome. No. 15-
cv-1131 (RCL), 2017 WL 2670758, at *15 (W.D. Tex. June 20, 2017). And like here, the plaintiff
complained that he did not get to cross-examine and confront his accusers. Id. at *17. But that
alleged shortcoming was of the plaintiff’s own making: he failed to “participate meaningfully in
the investigatory hearing—he did not attend, and chose not to examine any witnesses at all.” Id.
With the plaintiff having failed to avail himself of those opportunities, among other reasons, there
was no process-related flaw casting doubt over the outcome. Id.
So too here. John affirmatively waived any right to cross-examination when he stated: “I
don’t want any witnesses. I would like the sole administrator hearing.” In fact, John’s waiver was
twice-over. In addition to expressly disclaiming an interest in calling witnesses, he also selected
a form of hearing that did not allow for the presentation of evidence or cross-examination of
witnesses (unlike a board hearing, which afforded him more robust rights). Not only that, but in
8 Case No. 19-3520, Doe v. Case Western Reserve University
his briefing, he now likewise acknowledges that “the Pacheco court correctly found that there was
no procedural flaw casting doubt on the accuracy of the proceeding.” We see no difference
between a plaintiff who chooses not to attend his witness-based hearing and a plaintiff who
essentially forgoes that type of hearing altogether. Put differently, it is difficult to accept John’s
claim of procedural deficiency when he received exactly the procedure he requested.
B. Breach of Contract
In addition to his Title IX claim, John also alleges that Case Western breached contractual
duties owed to him. John bases his claim on the rules and procedures articulated in the University’s
sexual misconduct policy applicable to all admitted students. As a matter of Ohio law, “[w]hen a
student enrolls in a college or university, pays his or her tuition and fees, and attends such school,
the resulting relationship may reasonably be construed as being contractual in nature.” Savoy v.
Univ. of Akron, 15 N.E.3d 430, 436 (Ohio Ct. App. 2014). This contractual relationship is
governed by the “college or university catalog, handbook, and/or other guidelines supplied to the
students.” Id. But universities need not strictly adhere to those policies. See Tate v. Owens State
Cmty. Coll., No. 10AP-1201, 2011 WL 2685664, at *3 (Ohio Ct. App. July 12, 2011) (“[T]he court
is to defer to the decisions of the school unless it can find ‘such a substantial departure from
accepted academic norms as to demonstrate that the person or committee responsible did not
actually exercise professional judgment.’” (quoting Bleicher v. Univ. of Cincinnati Coll. of Med.,
604 N.E.2d 783, 788 (Ohio Ct. App. 1992))). When a university’s adherence to a particular
disciplinary policy is questioned, we generally ask only whether the university abused its
discretion during the disciplinary process. Faparusi v. Case W. Res. Univ., 711 F. App’x 269, 277
(6th Cir. 2017). Asked another way, did the university apply the rules in a reasonable manner?
Id. None of the policy violations alleged by John clear that high hurdle.
9 Case No. 19-3520, Doe v. Case Western Reserve University
(1) Presence of a Support Person. John first finds error in the fact that a “support person”
was not provided to him during Milliken’s initial inquiry. True, students have a right under the
University’s policy to a “support person” present with them at all stages of the process—including
the initial inquiry. But as we read the policy, it does not require a support person attend the initial
inquiry; it simply allows the student to have one. While John could have chosen to bring a support
person, he did not. And when meeting with John, Milliken asked him if there were any
accommodations John would like to request; he requested none.
(2) Notification of Jane’s Complaint and the Ability to Remain Silent. John next claims
that Case Western failed timely to inform him both of the complaint against him as well as of his
policy-based right to remain silent while a subject of investigation. As to the former, however,
before his initial interview with Milliken, and after a conversation with Jane about the complaint
she filed, John received a no-contact order from Milliken, which stated: “[t]he University Office
of Student Conduct and Community Standards (UOSC&CS) is currently in the process of
investigating allegations made regarding the sexual-misconduct policy. This letter is to serve as
official notice that you are to have no contact with Jane Roe for the duration of this investigation.”
Nor, in any event, does the policy explicitly state that John must be notified of the specific charges;
it only requires that, as was the case for John, he be notified of a complaint.
As to the latter, when John met with Milliken for his initial interview, John did make
statements that amounted to a concession of a violation of the University’s sexual misconduct
policy. But John could have chosen to refrain from making any statements at that time. Nothing
in the University’s policy required the University to assert this right on John’s behalf, or otherwise
notify him that he did not need to answer questions posed.
10 Case No. 19-3520, Doe v. Case Western Reserve University
(3) Wrong Procedure. Nor do we accept John’s assertion that he was contractually
guaranteed the board hearing, with witness testimony and cross-examination. According to
University policy, an administrative hearing “may” be used in certain situations, while “a board
hearing is used when . . . [t]he respondent does not admit that the alleged sexual misconduct has
occurred and/or does not admit that the alleged conduct is or could be construed as sexual
misconduct under this policy.” (Emphasis added). Contrary to John’s contention, the policy does
take into account the accused’s preference of forum—it considers “[t]he wishes of the complainant
and the respondent”—and John requested an administrative (not a board) hearing. What is more,
while some facts were in dispute, it was undisputed that John admitted to the conduct of which he
was accused: non-consensual sexual intercourse. For these reasons, the University was well within
its rights to utilize the administrative hearing.
(4) Non-Neutral Administrator. Equally unavailing is John’s claim that Milliken failed to
act in a neutral manner. Milliken’s questions, even if leading, are not indicators of bias; they are
tools to employ at the investigator’s discretion to uncover the truth. See Doe v. Tr. of Boston Coll.,
892 F.3d 67, 84 (1st Cir. 2018) (citing United States v. DeCologero, 530 F.3d 36, 56 (1st Cir.
2008)) (finding that the chairperson overseeing the questioning of witnesses did not exhibit gender
bias when the plaintiff alleged that they received cross-examination like questions); see also Liteky
v. United States, 510 U.S. 540, 555 (1994) (finding that, in the criminal context, “remarks during
the course of a trial that are critical or disapproving of, or even hostile to, counsel, the parties, or
their case, ordinarily do not support a bias or partiality challenge”). And in any event, John was
under no obligation to answer them in an incriminating manner.
(5) Delivery of Policy. Finally, John argues that he was not provided a copy of the sexual-
misconduct policy in a timely fashion. Once a sexual misconduct investigation begins, the policy
11 Case No. 19-3520, Doe v. Case Western Reserve University
itself provides that the university will “consider interim” actions “as appropriate,” including
“[p]rovid[ing] a copy of the university sexual misconduct policy to both parties,” which should be
done “as promptly as possible.” That permissive standard to “consider” providing the misconduct
policy is far from an iron-clad, mandatory requirement. This optional step would typically be
taken, as stated in the policy, to “protect the safety and well-being of the individuals involved in a
complaint of sexual misconduct.” Yet whether John was provided a copy of the policy seemingly
had little impact on his “safety or well-being.” We thus do not see how the University’s actions
lacked professional judgment or constituted a clear abuse of discretion, especially when one
considers that the policy was available online, and that Milliken provided John a printed copy of
the policy prior to his administrative hearing. See Tate, 2011 WL 2685664, at *3; Valente v. Univ.
of Dayton, 438 F. App’x 381, 384–85 (6th Cir. 2011).
CONCLUSION
For these reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.