In The
Court of Appeals Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont ____________________ NO. 09-18-00056-CR _______________________
JOHN DAVID COLLETTI, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 9th District Court Montgomery County, Texas Trial Cause No. 17-02-02174-CR
MEMORANDUM OPINION
A jury found Appellant John David Colletti guilty of possession with intent
to deliver a controlled substance, namely four grams or more but less than 200 grams
of methamphetamine. See Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. § 481.112(d) (West
2017). The indictment alleged a prior felony conviction for enhancement purposes.
The trial court found the enhancement true and sentenced Colletti to twenty years’
confinement. In four issues, Colletti appeals his conviction. We affirm.
1 Background
A grand jury indicted Colletti for manufacture or possession of a controlled
substance—methamphetamine—with intent to deliver, in an amount of four grams
or more but less than 200 grams, with allegations of a prior felony conviction.
Colletti pleaded “not guilty” to the offense and “not true” to the enhancement.
Testimony of Sergeant Clyde Vogel
Sergeant Clyde Vogel, with the Conroe Police Department (CPD), testified
that he commonly works with a confidential informant (CI) on narcotics cases
because drug users are unlikely to engage directly with police officers, even
undercover officers. Vogel testified that he used a paid CI in this case. The CI had
worked before as a CI, and had some criminal and drug history, but Vogel believed
the CI was credible and reliable. According to Vogel, the CI had called him and said
he knew where he could get a quarter ounce of methamphetamine, and Vogel,
Detective Foxworth, and a DEA agent met with the CI and searched him and his car
before the buy. Vogel testified that the officers gave the CI $200 and an audio/video
recording device that allowed the officers to observe events in “almost real[-]time[,]”
with a two-to-three second lag time. Vogel and Detective Foxworth followed the CI
in one car, and the DEA agent followed in another car as the CI drove to a house on
Paradise Cove in Willis. The officers parked at some distance away from the house
2 to avoid being identified. According to Vogel, they also placed a GPS tracking
device on the CI’s vehicle.
Vogel testified that with video of the events, although he could not see the
physical exchange of narcotics, he could hear the CI and Colletti talking about the
price and he could hear Colletti counting the money. According to Vogel, he had
obtained a photograph of Colletti beforehand, he was able to identify Colletti in the
video counting money and in a still photograph taken from the video recording, and
he also identified the defendant in the courtroom as Colletti. Upon the CI’s return to
the officers’ location, the officers searched the CI and his car again and paid the CI.
The officers received the purchased drugs from the CI, logged them in at the police
department as evidence, and the drugs were then sent to the Texas Department of
Public Safety (DPS) for testing. Vogel identified State’s Exhibit 1 as the video of
the buy transaction, and the video was published to the jury.
Testimony of Detective Joseph Foxworth
Detective Joseph Foxworth, a narcotics detective for the CPD, testified that
he usually works with CIs and that CIs commonly have a criminal history. Foxworth
agreed that he worked with Sergeant Vogel on the Colletti case. According to
Foxworth, he and Vogel searched the CI and his vehicle and gave the CI a recording
device before he went to make the narcotics purchase. Foxworth testified that he and
3 Vogel followed the CI up to a point and then watched the live video feed. Following
the buy, Foxworth observed the CI hand over the purchased drugs to Vogel, the
recording device was deactivated, and the CI and vehicle were searched again. The
drugs were taken back to the police department and logged as evidence and later sent
to DPS for testing.
Testimony of the DEA Agent
The DEA agent testified that he is a special agent and he has worked with the
CPD targeting methamphetamine distributors. He explained that he became
interested in Colletti because of multiple “cooperators” who had approached CPD
detectives identifying Colletti as a distributor as well as Colletti’s Facebook posts.
The DEA agent testified that Sergeant Vogel told him that a CI might be able to buy
from Colletti. According to the DEA agent, he watched everything that happened in
the Colletti case—including the searches of the CI and his vehicle and the CI turning
over the drugs to the officers—except for “the actual transaction of the money for
the dope[]” and the live video of the buy.
Testimony of Cheryl Szkudlarek
Cheryl Szkudlarek testified that she is a forensic scientist with the DPS Safety
Crime Lab in Houston, and she was an analyst on the case. Szkudlarek testified that
the substance she tested weighed 6.71 grams and her analysis identified the
4 substance as containing methamphetamine. Szkudlarek’s lab report for the CPD was
entered into evidence.
Testimony of the CI
The State called the CI to testify, and he testified that he worked with the CPD
and, in working with Sergeant Vogel, he would purchase illegal narcotics. The CI
agreed he had some criminal history, including using methamphetamine, theft, and
possession of a controlled substance. According to the CI, he would be paid between
$150 and $400 for each case he brought to the CPD.
The CI agreed that on February 5, 2016, he met with police, who searched
him and his vehicle and gave him $200 before he went to Colletti’s house to buy
methamphetamine. He agreed that the officers also gave him a recording device to
record the transaction. The CI gave Colletti the money and Colletti gave him the
drugs, after which the CI returned to the officers, who then searched him and his
vehicle again, and he gave the drugs to the officers. The CI identified Colletti as the
individual who sold him drugs on February 5, 2016. The CI also testified that he
mentioned “Robert” to Colletti, a name the CI made up, and that the CI believed
Colletti thought the CI planned to resell the drugs to “Robert.”
5 Covert Witness Instruction
In two issues, Colletti argues that he was denied the effective assistance of
counsel because his trial attorney failed to request a covert witness instruction and
that without such an instruction, there was not legally sufficient evidence to support
Colletti’s conviction. Colletti argues that had a covert witness instruction been given,
the jurors could have been “empowered . . . to outright disregard” the CI’s testimony
if they found it insufficiently corroborated. Colletti argues that the evidence was
insufficient to support the jury’s verdict and that he was prejudiced as a result of his
trial counsel’s failure to request such an instruction because the other evidence, aside
from the CI’s testimony, was a “dark, low-quality video” and testimony of officers
who did not go to Colletti’s house, did not track the CI, and did not adequately track
the money for the controlled buy.
A defendant cannot be convicted of an offense under Chapter 481 on the
testimony of a confidential informant acting as a covert agent “unless the testimony
is corroborated by other evidence tending to connect the defendant with the offense
committed.” Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.141(a) (West 2005). When
weighing the sufficiency of the evidence under the covert-witness rule, we apply the
same standard for corroboration used for the accomplice-witness rule. Malone v.
State, 253 S.W.3d 253, 258 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008); see also Tex. Code Crim. Proc.
6 Ann. art. 38.14 (West 2005), 38.141. When weighing the sufficiency of
corroborating evidence under article 38.141(a), a reviewing court must exclude the
testimony of the covert agent from consideration and examine the remaining
evidence to determine whether there is evidence that tends to connect the defendant
to the commission of the offense. See Malone, 253 S.W.3d at 258. We view the
independent evidence in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict to determine
whether it tends to link the defendant to the crime. Brown v. State, 270 S.W.3d 564,
567 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008).
We consider the combined weight of the non-informant evidence, even if that
evidence is entirely circumstantial. See Padilla v. State, 462 S.W.3d 117, 126 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2015, pet. ref’d) (citing Saunders v. State, 817 S.W.2d
688, 692 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991)); see also Temple v. State, 390 S.W.3d 341, 359
(Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (“A criminal conviction may be based upon circumstantial
evidence.”). The corroborating evidence does not need to be sufficient by itself to
establish that the accused is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Smith v. State, 392
S.W.3d 190, 195 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2012, pet. ref’d). Likewise, the
corroborating evidence need not directly link the accused to the offense. Castillo v.
State, 221 S.W.3d 689, 691 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). Though “mere presence” is
insufficient corroboration, evidence that the accused was at or near the scene when
7 or about when it was committed may sufficiently tend to connect the accused to the
crime, provided the evidence is “coupled with other suspicious circumstances[.]”
Malone, 253 S.W.3d at 257; Brown v. State, 159 S.W.3d 703, 708 (Tex. App.—
Texarkana 2004, pet. ref’d). Corroboration does not require a set quantum of proof.
Malone, 253 S.W.3d at 257. “[T]he evidence must simply link the accused in some
way to the commission of the crime and show that ‘rational jurors could conclude
that this evidence sufficiently tended to connect [the accused] to the offense.’” Id. at
257 (quoting Hernandez v. State, 939 S.W.2d 173, 179 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997)).
When the State relies on testimony that is required by statute to be
corroborated, it is error for the trial court not to instruct the jury that the defendant
cannot be convicted on that testimony unless there is other evidence tending to
connect the defendant with the offense and that evidence showing only the
commission of the offense is insufficient. See Simmons v. State, 205 S.W.3d 65, 77
(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2006, no pet.) (failure to instruct jury on requirement of
corroboration of informant’s testimony is error); Jefferson v. State, 99 S.W.3d 790,
793 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2003, pet. ref’d) (same); cf. Herron v. State, 86 S.W.3d
621, 631 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (failure to instruct jury about requirement of
corroboration of accomplice-witness testimony was error). The jury charge here did
not include an independent-corroboration instruction.
8 Because Colletti did not object to the charge, we may reverse Colletti’s
conviction on this basis only if we determine that he was egregiously harmed by the
error. Arrington v. State, 451 S.W.3d 834, 840 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015). Under the
egregious-harm standard, the omission of a corroborating-evidence instruction may
be rendered harmless if evidence of other non-informant testimony exists that fulfills
the purpose of the instruction. See Herron, 86 S.W.3d at 632. The purpose of the
instruction is to inform the jury that it cannot use an informant’s testimony unless it
determines that other evidence exists connecting the defendant to the offense. Id. If
other evidence exists, the purpose of the instruction may have been fulfilled. Id.; see
also Simmons, 205 S.W.3d at 77.
In this case, the drug deal between Colletti and the CI was recorded on audio
and video, it was observed in “almost real[-]time” at a distance by two law
enforcement officers, and the recording of the transaction was delivered directly to
the officers. The CI was searched before and after the controlled buy, he took money
given to him by Officer Vogel, and after meeting with Colletti, the CI returned to
the officers without the money but with methamphetamine. Given the additional
evidence linking Colletti to the charged offense, we cannot say that Colletti was
egregiously harmed by the omission of a corroborating-evidence instruction, and we
conclude that the evidence is sufficient to meet the corroboration requirement of
9 article 38.141. See Pena v. State, 251 S.W.3d 601, 608 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] 2007, pet. ref’d).
Effective Assistance of Counsel
A defendant has a Sixth Amendment right to the effective assistance of
counsel at trial. U.S. Const. amend. VI; see Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668,
685-86 (1984). To establish that he received ineffective assistance of counsel,
Colletti must demonstrate that (1) counsel’s performance fell below an objective
standard of reasonableness, and (2) there is a reasonable probability that, but for
counsel’s errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. See
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687-88, 694. The party alleging ineffective assistance has the
burden to develop facts and details necessary to support the claim. See Jackson v.
State, 877 S.W.2d 768, 771 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994). A party asserting an ineffective-
assistance claim must overcome the “strong presumption that counsel’s conduct fell
within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.” See Thompson v. State,
9 S.W.3d 808, 813 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689). An
appellant’s failure to make either of the required showings of deficient performance
or sufficient prejudice defeats the claim of ineffective assistance. Rylander v. State,
101 S.W.3d 107, 110 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003); see also Williams v. State, 301 S.W.3d
10 675, 687 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (“An appellant’s failure to satisfy one prong of the
Strickland test negates a court’s need to consider the other prong.”).
The right to effective assistance of counsel ensures the right to “reasonably
effective assistance[,]” and it does not require that counsel must be perfect or that
the representation must be errorless. See Ingham v. State, 679 S.W.2d 503, 509 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1984). The appropriate context is the totality of the representation;
counsel should not be judged on isolated portions of his representation. See
Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 813; Solis v. State, 792 S.W.2d 95, 98 (Tex. Crim. App.
1990). Isolated failures to object to improper evidence or argument ordinarily do not
constitute ineffective assistance of counsel. See Ingham, 679 S.W.2d at 509; Ewing
v. State, 549 S.W.2d 392, 395 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977). To meet his burden on his
claim that his counsel was ineffective for failing to object to evidence, an appellant
must also establish that the trial court would have committed error in overruling that
objection had the objection been made. See Vaughn v. State, 931 S.W.2d 564, 566
(Tex. Crim. App. 1996).
Ordinarily, on direct appeal, the record will not have been sufficiently
developed during the trial to demonstrate in the appeal that trial counsel provided
ineffective assistance under the Strickland standards. Menefield v. State, 363 S.W.3d
591, 592-93 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). Before we denounce trial counsel’s actions as
11 ineffective, counsel should normally be given an opportunity to explain the
challenged actions. Goodspeed v. State, 187 S.W.3d 390, 392 (Tex. Crim. App.
2005). When counsel has not been given an opportunity to explain the challenged
actions, we will find deficient performance only when the conduct was “‘so
outrageous that no competent attorney would have engaged in it.’” Id. (internal
citations omitted).
The Court of Criminal Appeals has held that when the State’s case for
conviction depends heavily on the testimony of the accomplice witness, trial
counsel’s failure to request an accomplice-witness corroboration instruction
constitutes deficient performance under the first Strickland prong. See Davis v. State,
278 S.W.3d 346, 352 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). Assuming without deciding that and
the failure to request a corroboration instruction would constitute deficient
performance, we must still determine whether there is a reasonable probability that,
but for counsel’s errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. See
id. at 352-53 (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 692).
The record reflects that a significant amount of non-covert-witness testimony
was presented at trial, including the testimony of three law enforcement officers in
addition to the recording of events. As we have already explained, this other
evidence tends to connect Colletti to the offense committed, and Colletti points to
12 no evidence in the record that would provide a rational basis on which the jury could
have doubted or disregarded that evidence. A jury may choose to believe or
disbelieve any witness, or any portion of a witness’s testimony. Sharp v. State, 707
S.W.2d 611, 614 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). The non-covert-witness evidence, if
believed, established that Colletti was at or near the scene of the offense at or near
the time of its commission and that after meeting with Colletti, the officers found
the CI to possess methamphetamine but not the “buy” money the CI received from
Sergeant Vogel. Given the non-covert-witness evidence that tended to connect
Colletti to the offense committed, Colletti has not met his burden to prove that, but
for counsel’s deficient performance, the result of the jury trial would have been
different. See Davis, 278 S.W.3d at 352-53. As a result, we conclude that Colletti
has failed to satisfy the second Strickland prong, and we overrule Colletti’s first and
second issues.
Confrontation Clause
In his third issue, Colletti argues that the trial court erred in limiting the scope
of cross-examination of the CI. According to Colletti, when the trial court limited
cross-examination, the jury was unable to hear testimony about the CI’s criminal
history and financial need. Colletti suggests this testimony was relevant in showing
the CI’s bias, motive to create false allegations, and efforts to “curry favor” with the
13 police and obtain more opportunities to work as a CI. Colletti argues that by limiting
the cross-examination of the CI, he was deprived of his Sixth Amendment
Confrontation Clause right.
To preserve error on Confrontation Clause grounds, a defendant must make a
sufficiently specific objection on that basis. See Reyna v. State, 168 S.W.3d 173, 179
(Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (concluding that because the defendant failed properly to
preserve his Confrontation Clause claim, he forfeited his right to appellate review
on that claim); Paredes v. State, 129 S.W.3d 530, 535 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004)
(same); see also Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(1). The record shows that during trial,
Colletti’s counsel did not argue that the Confrontation Clause demanded that Colletti
be given the opportunity to cross-examine the CI. Colletti’s attorney argued at trial
that the CI’s prior convictions were admissible under the Rule 609 for impeachment
purposes. Thus, Colletti failed to articulate a Confrontation Clause objection to the
trial court, depriving the trial court of the opportunity to rule upon its admissibility
based on the rationale Colletti presented on appeal. See Reyna, 168 S.W.3d at 179;
Smallwood v. State, 471 S.W.3d 601, 614 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2015, pet. ref’d).
Because Colletti failed to preserve error based on Confrontation Clause grounds, we
overrule his third issue. See Reyna, 168 S.W.3d at 179; Paredes, 129 S.W.3d at 535;
Smallwood, 471 S.W.3d at 614; see also Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(1).
14 Exclusion of Evidence of CI’s Prior Convictions
Colletti also argues that the trial court erred in excluding evidence of the CI’s
prior criminal conviction for terroristic threat-family member and that such evidence
was admissible under Rule 609 as a crime of moral turpitude. According to Colletti,
excluding this evidence “deprived the jury of the ability to understand the full,
relevant background of [CI] and assess his credibility as a witness in the context of
his conduct in the very recent past.”
Generally, an appellate court reviews the trial court’s exclusion of
impeachment evidence for an abuse of discretion. See Theus v. State, 845 S.W.2d
874, 881 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992); Morris v. State, 214 S.W.3d 159, 187 (Tex.
App.—Beaumont 2007), aff’d, 301 S.W.3d 281 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). If the trial
court’s decision falls within the zone of reasonable disagreement, it will be upheld.
Buntion v. State, 482 S.W.3d 58, 71 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016) (citing Freeman v. State,
340 S.W.3d 717, 724 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011)). When the trial court’s evidentiary
ruling can be sustained under any theory of law that applies to the case, the ruling
will not be reversed on appeal. See Romero v. State, 800 S.W.2d 539, 543 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1990). Rule 609(a) provides that witness credibility may be attacked by
admitting evidence that the witness previously has been convicted of a felony or
crime of moral turpitude if the trial court determines that the probative value of
15 admitting the evidence simply outweighs its prejudicial effect. See Tex. R. Evid.
609(a); Meadows v. State, 455 S.W.3d 166, 170 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015).
Assuming without deciding that the CI’s conviction for “terroristic threat-
family member” is a crime of moral turpitude, we conclude the trial court did not
abuse its discretion in concluding that the probative value of the excluded evidence
did not outweigh its prejudicial effect. There is a non-exclusive list of factors that
we consider when determining whether the probative value of a prior conviction
outweighs its prejudicial effect, including: (1) the impeachment value of the prior
crime; (2) the temporal proximity of the past crime relative to the charged offense
and the witness’s subsequent history; (3) the similarity between the prior conviction
and the offense being prosecuted; (4) the importance of the witness’s testimony; and
(5) the importance of the credibility issue. See Theus, 845 S.W.2d at 880; Leyba v.
State, 416 S.W.3d 563, 571 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, pet. ref’d)
(considering the Theus factors in determining admissibility under Texas Rule of
Evidence 609(b)). These factors are also relevant when a defendant wishes to
impeach a prosecution witness with a prior conviction. Theus, 845 S.W.2d at 880.
The impeachment value of crimes that involve deception is higher than those
involving violence, while crimes involving violence have a higher potential for
prejudice. Id. at 881. If the prior conviction relates more to deception, then the first
16 factor weighs in favor of admission. Id. That said, if the prior conviction involves
violence, then this factor weighs in favor of exclusion. See id.
Here, the CI’s conviction for terroristic threat-family member is not a crime
involving deception but rather a crime involving the threat of violence. See id.
Therefore, this factor weighs in favor of exclusion and not admission. See id.
Regarding the second factor—temporal proximity—the CI’s conviction for
terroristic threat was in September 2015 while his testimony at trial was in December
2017. Given the limited information in the record about the offense, we do not find
this factor to weigh in favor of admission. As to the third factor—the similarity
between the prior conviction and the offense being prosecuted—we find this factor
does not weigh in favor of admission because there is no similarity and the CI was
serving as a witness and was not being prosecuted as the defendant. As for the fourth
and fifth Theus factors—the importance of the witness’s testimony and the
importance of the credibility issue—the CI was not the only witness to testify that
Colletti possessed a controlled substance with the intent to manufacture or distribute.
Three law enforcement officers testified that the CI returned from a controlled buy
and that he obtained the methamphetamine from Colletti. Sergeant Vogel testified
that he watched the video of events in “almost real[-]time” during which he could
hear the CI and Colletti talking about the price and he could hear Colletti counting
17 the money. The video of events was admitted into evidence. Because the CI was not
the only witness who testified regarding the controlled buy from Colletti, these two
factors do not weigh in favor of admission. See id.
Applying the Theus factors to the excluded evidence that Colletti challenges,
we conclude that it was within the zone of reasonable disagreement for the trial court
to have excluded evidence of the CI’s prior conviction for terroristic threat-family
member because the prejudicial effect of such evidence substantially outweighed its
probative value. See Tex. R. Evid. 609; Theus, 845 S.W.2d at 880; Morris, 214
S.W.3d at 187-88 (applying Theus factors and concluding the prejudicial value of
evidence of a prior conviction was significant). We overrule Colletti’s fourth issue.
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
AFFIRMED.
_________________________ LEANNE JOHNSON Justice
Submitted on April 17, 2019 Opinion Delivered July 10, 2019 Do Not Publish
Before McKeithen, C.J., Horton and Johnson, JJ.