1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 DAVID JOH, et al., Case No. 18-cv-06364-TSH
8 Plaintiffs, ORDER RE: RENEWED MOTION FOR 9 v. FINAL SETTLEMENT APPROVAL
10 AMERICAN INCOME LIFE INSURANCE Re: Dkt. No. 60 COMPANY, 11 Defendant. 12 13 Before the Court is the Plaintiffs’ Renewed Motion for Final Settlement Approval. ECF 14 No. 60. For the reasons set forth below, the Court DENIES the Motion. 15 I. BACKGROUND 16 The Court discussed the factual and procedural history of this matter at length in its 17 January 9, 2020 order (ECF No. 53) denying Plaintiff’s initial Motion for Final Approval (“first 18 motion”) (ECF No. 42). There is no need to do so again here, as the Plaintiffs move for approval 19 with the Settlement Agreement (“SA”) unchanged. 20 Reviewing the SA the first time around, the Court found that the proposed class met the 21 requirements for certification under Federal Rule of Procedure 23, meaning the putative class was 22 sufficiently numerous that joinder of all members would be impracticable; there were questions of 23 law or fact common to the class; the Plaintiffs’ claims were typical of those of the class; and the 24 class representatives would fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class. See Joh v. Am. 25 Income Life Ins. Co., No. 18-CV-06364-TSH, 2020 WL 109067, at *3-5 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 9, 2020). 26 The Court found that adequate notice had been given to class members as required by Rule 27 23(e)(1). Id. at *5. Turning to the requirements of Rule 23(e)(2) for approval of the SA, the Court 1 adequately represented the class1 (Rule 23(e)(2)(A)), the proposed settlement was negotiated at 2 arm’s length (Rule 23(e)(2)(B)), and the proposed settlement amount was adequate in light of the 3 risks and costs of continued litigation (Rule 23(e)(2)(C)). Id. at *6-8. 4 On the last factor, equitable treatment of class members (Rule 23(e)(2)(D)), things hit a 5 roadblock. The Court noted that by Plaintiffs’ own estimates, trainees who never became agents 6 (the “trainee-only” claims) would come away with approximately only 2% of the settlement fund 7 amount, even though their claims constituted at least 12.6% of the total estimated liability. Id. at 8 *9-10. In particular, trainee-only waiting-time penalties made up approximately 25% of waiting- 9 time claims, which claims made up nearly 50% of the estimated total liability in the case. Id. And 10 waiting-time claims accrued once per trainee or agent, meaning those percentages were unaffected 11 by how long an individual worked for American Insurance Life Insurance Company (“AIL”). Yet 12 the SA would distribute funds based on weeks worked, and since agents had racked up the 13 majority of workweeks simply by having worked longer, they would absorb most of the trainee- 14 only claims. Id. The Court found this disparity compounded by the fact that Plaintiffs had 15 assessed that trainees’ claims were stronger and easier to prove than agent claims. Id. In sum, 16 Plaintiffs had admitted that trainee-only claims were easier to prove and, importantly, were more 17 valuable than agents’, and yet agents would come out in the end with almost the entirety of the 18 value of the settlement. Id. at * 10. Such an arrangement, the Court concluded, was not equitable 19 and fair. Id. Accordingly, the Court found it could not approve the SA and denied Plaintiffs’ 20 motion. Id. 21 At the hearing on the first motion for approval (the “motion hearing”), the undersigned 22 advised the parties that if they intended to file a new motion for approval of the SA, they should 23 consider whether the SA needed to be restructured to address the disparity associated with the 24 waiting-time claims. The undersigned cautioned that, unless there was something the Parties 25 could show he was missing about the strength and value of the trainee-only waiting time claims, or 26 the way the SA allocated the value of the settlement to class members, he didn’t see how you 27 1 could equitably allocate that value based on workweeks rather than per person. 2 II. ANALYSIS 3 A. The Waiting-Time Claims 4 Plaintiffs filed their Renewed Motion for Final Settlement Approval on February 20, 2020. 5 They don’t present a reworked or improved SA. Instead, they attempt to repackage the same 6 agreement in a new way in the hopes of getting approval. 7 Plaintiffs now argue that their California Labor Code § 203 waiting-time claims are risker 8 than their other claims, and that the § 203 claims are riskier for trainees than they are for agents 9 and even riskier yet for trainees who never became agents. They argue that the trainee-only 10 claims should be reduced by 75% to account for the additional difficulty that would come in 11 proving those class members’ claims. This argument don’t pass muster. 12 First, Plaintiffs emphasize that the § 203 claim is not a standalone claim but is instead 13 dependent on the success of other claims. See Ling v. P.F. Chang’s China Bistro, Inc., 245 Cal. 14 App. 4th 1242, 1261 (2016) (“Because a section 203 claim is purely derivative of ‘an action for 15 the wages from which the penalties arise,’ it cannot be the basis of a fee award when the 16 underlying claim is not an action for wages.”) (quoting Cal. Lab. Code § 203(b)). The waiting- 17 time claim, Plaintiffs argue, “therefore incorporates the risk to the Class inherent in the other 18 claims.” Renewed Mot. at 6. This point begs the question, “So what?” Even if the waiting-time 19 claims are dependent on other claims, Plaintiffs represented in their first motion, aware then that 20 the waiting-time claims were derivative, that “the legal claims related to the training periods are 21 comparatively easier to demonstrate and more valuable than the claims related to the non-training 22 employment period.” Mot. for Approval at 6 (emphasis added), ECF No. 42; see also Decl. of 23 Steven M. Tindall in Supp. of Mot. for Approval (“Tindall Decl. 1”) ¶ 10, ECF No. 42-1 24 (“Plaintiffs’ Counsel was informed by their belief that the legal claims related to the time Class 25 Members were in training with AIL were comparatively easier to demonstrate . . . in part because 26 Class Members received no pay for their time spent in training, which Plaintiffs’ Counsel believed 27 to be a clear violation of minimum wage laws.”). Even though the waiting-time claims are 1 waiting time claims are. 2 Plaintiffs also now contend that AIL has a “colorable argument” that it had a “good faith” 3 belief that Class Members were not entitled to wages. Renewed Mot. at 6. “A good faith belief in 4 a legal defense will preclude a finding of willfulness” necessary for proving a violation of § 203. 5 Armenta v. Osmose, Inc., 135 Cal. App. 4th 314, 325 (2006). “To demonstrate its good faith,” 6 Plaintiffs now argue, “AIL could argue that Class Members were properly classified as 7 independent contractors under caselaw and newly passed legislation (AB5).” Renewed Mot. at 6 8 (emphasis added) (citing Cal. Lab. Code § 2750.3(b)(1) (exempting a person “licensed by the 9 Department of Insurance” from classification as an “employee” under the independent contractor 10 test). Plaintiffs also contend that “AIL could also argue that Class Members qualify as ‘outside 11 salespersons’ who are exempt from wage requirements, as sales agents frequently worked in the 12 field, away from any centralized office.” Renewed Mot. at 6 (emphasis added). It’s surprising 13 that Plaintiffs would raise these points now in trying to argue that trainees’ claims were weaker, 14 because earlier they raised the exact same points in arguing that agents’ claims were weaker. See, 15 e.g., Mot.
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1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 DAVID JOH, et al., Case No. 18-cv-06364-TSH
8 Plaintiffs, ORDER RE: RENEWED MOTION FOR 9 v. FINAL SETTLEMENT APPROVAL
10 AMERICAN INCOME LIFE INSURANCE Re: Dkt. No. 60 COMPANY, 11 Defendant. 12 13 Before the Court is the Plaintiffs’ Renewed Motion for Final Settlement Approval. ECF 14 No. 60. For the reasons set forth below, the Court DENIES the Motion. 15 I. BACKGROUND 16 The Court discussed the factual and procedural history of this matter at length in its 17 January 9, 2020 order (ECF No. 53) denying Plaintiff’s initial Motion for Final Approval (“first 18 motion”) (ECF No. 42). There is no need to do so again here, as the Plaintiffs move for approval 19 with the Settlement Agreement (“SA”) unchanged. 20 Reviewing the SA the first time around, the Court found that the proposed class met the 21 requirements for certification under Federal Rule of Procedure 23, meaning the putative class was 22 sufficiently numerous that joinder of all members would be impracticable; there were questions of 23 law or fact common to the class; the Plaintiffs’ claims were typical of those of the class; and the 24 class representatives would fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class. See Joh v. Am. 25 Income Life Ins. Co., No. 18-CV-06364-TSH, 2020 WL 109067, at *3-5 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 9, 2020). 26 The Court found that adequate notice had been given to class members as required by Rule 27 23(e)(1). Id. at *5. Turning to the requirements of Rule 23(e)(2) for approval of the SA, the Court 1 adequately represented the class1 (Rule 23(e)(2)(A)), the proposed settlement was negotiated at 2 arm’s length (Rule 23(e)(2)(B)), and the proposed settlement amount was adequate in light of the 3 risks and costs of continued litigation (Rule 23(e)(2)(C)). Id. at *6-8. 4 On the last factor, equitable treatment of class members (Rule 23(e)(2)(D)), things hit a 5 roadblock. The Court noted that by Plaintiffs’ own estimates, trainees who never became agents 6 (the “trainee-only” claims) would come away with approximately only 2% of the settlement fund 7 amount, even though their claims constituted at least 12.6% of the total estimated liability. Id. at 8 *9-10. In particular, trainee-only waiting-time penalties made up approximately 25% of waiting- 9 time claims, which claims made up nearly 50% of the estimated total liability in the case. Id. And 10 waiting-time claims accrued once per trainee or agent, meaning those percentages were unaffected 11 by how long an individual worked for American Insurance Life Insurance Company (“AIL”). Yet 12 the SA would distribute funds based on weeks worked, and since agents had racked up the 13 majority of workweeks simply by having worked longer, they would absorb most of the trainee- 14 only claims. Id. The Court found this disparity compounded by the fact that Plaintiffs had 15 assessed that trainees’ claims were stronger and easier to prove than agent claims. Id. In sum, 16 Plaintiffs had admitted that trainee-only claims were easier to prove and, importantly, were more 17 valuable than agents’, and yet agents would come out in the end with almost the entirety of the 18 value of the settlement. Id. at * 10. Such an arrangement, the Court concluded, was not equitable 19 and fair. Id. Accordingly, the Court found it could not approve the SA and denied Plaintiffs’ 20 motion. Id. 21 At the hearing on the first motion for approval (the “motion hearing”), the undersigned 22 advised the parties that if they intended to file a new motion for approval of the SA, they should 23 consider whether the SA needed to be restructured to address the disparity associated with the 24 waiting-time claims. The undersigned cautioned that, unless there was something the Parties 25 could show he was missing about the strength and value of the trainee-only waiting time claims, or 26 the way the SA allocated the value of the settlement to class members, he didn’t see how you 27 1 could equitably allocate that value based on workweeks rather than per person. 2 II. ANALYSIS 3 A. The Waiting-Time Claims 4 Plaintiffs filed their Renewed Motion for Final Settlement Approval on February 20, 2020. 5 They don’t present a reworked or improved SA. Instead, they attempt to repackage the same 6 agreement in a new way in the hopes of getting approval. 7 Plaintiffs now argue that their California Labor Code § 203 waiting-time claims are risker 8 than their other claims, and that the § 203 claims are riskier for trainees than they are for agents 9 and even riskier yet for trainees who never became agents. They argue that the trainee-only 10 claims should be reduced by 75% to account for the additional difficulty that would come in 11 proving those class members’ claims. This argument don’t pass muster. 12 First, Plaintiffs emphasize that the § 203 claim is not a standalone claim but is instead 13 dependent on the success of other claims. See Ling v. P.F. Chang’s China Bistro, Inc., 245 Cal. 14 App. 4th 1242, 1261 (2016) (“Because a section 203 claim is purely derivative of ‘an action for 15 the wages from which the penalties arise,’ it cannot be the basis of a fee award when the 16 underlying claim is not an action for wages.”) (quoting Cal. Lab. Code § 203(b)). The waiting- 17 time claim, Plaintiffs argue, “therefore incorporates the risk to the Class inherent in the other 18 claims.” Renewed Mot. at 6. This point begs the question, “So what?” Even if the waiting-time 19 claims are dependent on other claims, Plaintiffs represented in their first motion, aware then that 20 the waiting-time claims were derivative, that “the legal claims related to the training periods are 21 comparatively easier to demonstrate and more valuable than the claims related to the non-training 22 employment period.” Mot. for Approval at 6 (emphasis added), ECF No. 42; see also Decl. of 23 Steven M. Tindall in Supp. of Mot. for Approval (“Tindall Decl. 1”) ¶ 10, ECF No. 42-1 24 (“Plaintiffs’ Counsel was informed by their belief that the legal claims related to the time Class 25 Members were in training with AIL were comparatively easier to demonstrate . . . in part because 26 Class Members received no pay for their time spent in training, which Plaintiffs’ Counsel believed 27 to be a clear violation of minimum wage laws.”). Even though the waiting-time claims are 1 waiting time claims are. 2 Plaintiffs also now contend that AIL has a “colorable argument” that it had a “good faith” 3 belief that Class Members were not entitled to wages. Renewed Mot. at 6. “A good faith belief in 4 a legal defense will preclude a finding of willfulness” necessary for proving a violation of § 203. 5 Armenta v. Osmose, Inc., 135 Cal. App. 4th 314, 325 (2006). “To demonstrate its good faith,” 6 Plaintiffs now argue, “AIL could argue that Class Members were properly classified as 7 independent contractors under caselaw and newly passed legislation (AB5).” Renewed Mot. at 6 8 (emphasis added) (citing Cal. Lab. Code § 2750.3(b)(1) (exempting a person “licensed by the 9 Department of Insurance” from classification as an “employee” under the independent contractor 10 test). Plaintiffs also contend that “AIL could also argue that Class Members qualify as ‘outside 11 salespersons’ who are exempt from wage requirements, as sales agents frequently worked in the 12 field, away from any centralized office.” Renewed Mot. at 6 (emphasis added). It’s surprising 13 that Plaintiffs would raise these points now in trying to argue that trainees’ claims were weaker, 14 because earlier they raised the exact same points in arguing that agents’ claims were weaker. See, 15 e.g., Mot. for Approval at 13 (“[A]lthough Plaintiffs’ Counsel maintain that AIL misclassified its 16 agents as independent contractors, AIL disagrees and has raised colorable arguments to that 17 effect.”); Tindall Decl. 1 ¶ 10 (“Although trainees would need to demonstrate that their training is 18 not akin to vocational school, sales agents would need to show that they were misclassified as 19 independent contractors and that the outside salesperson exemption under California law does not 20 exempt them from Labor Code protections.”); Decl. of Michael A. Gould (“Gould Decl.”) ¶ 10, 21 ECF No. 42-9 (“Liability is difficult to prove in this case. AIL presented case law supporting its 22 position that sales agents are typically recognized as independent contractors in the industry.”). 23 Plaintiffs don’t explain their newfound concern that the independent contractor or outside 24 salesperson issues might threaten their trainee claims. And even if Plaintiffs were genuinely of a 25 different mind on this issue, that wouldn’t mean they got it wrong the first time. AIL also thought 26 that the independent contractor argument made the agents’ claims weaker. Def’s’ Resp. to Class 27 Member Objections (ECF No. 48) at 13 (“[T]hose . . . that both trained and contracted as sales 1 the applicable California wage order would gut their Labor Code claims for the time in which they 2 had contracted as agents.”) (emphasis added) (quoting IWC Wage Order Four § I(C) at § 2(M) (an 3 outside salesperson is “any person, 18 years of age or over, who customarily and regularly works 4 more than half the working time away from the employer’s place of business selling tangible or 5 intangible items or obtaining orders or contracts for products, services or use of facilities.”)). 6 Plaintiffs also return to the point that trainees would have to prove they were employees 7 under the Portland Terminal test in order to succeed on their claims. See Harris v. Vector Mktg. 8 Corp., 753 F. Supp. 2d 996, 1005-06 (N.D. Cal. 2010) (discussing factors in Portland Terminal 9 test). Because of this, they assert, trainees’ waiting-time claims were riskier, and trainee-only 10 claims riskier still. But Plaintiffs accounted for the Portland Terminal test originally, and yet still 11 concluded that trainees’ claims were easier to prove and more valuable:
12 Further, to calculate the Settlement shares, the training workweeks are double-weighted because, under Plaintiffs’ assessment, claims related 13 to training are comparatively easier to demonstrate than those related to post-training work for AIL. For example, while trainees would be 14 required to prove that their training is compensable under the factors set out in Portland Terminal and related cases, sales agents 15 additionally would be required to establish that they are not subject to the arbitration provision in their Agent Contracts and then also show 16 that they were improperly classified as independent contractors under both caselaw and newly-passed legislation and that the “outside 17 salesperson” exemption does not apply to them. 18 Mot. at 16; see also Tindall Decl. 1 ¶ 10 (“Although trainees would need to demonstrate that their 19 training is not akin to vocational school [(a Portland Terminal factor)], sales agents would need to 20 show that they were misclassified as independent contractors and that the outside salesperson 21 exemption under California law does not exempt them from Labor Code protections.”). Plaintiffs 22 don’t attempt to explain this sudden about face on the strength of trainees’ claims. 23 Lastly, it is telling that the SA still double-weights training workweeks, and Plaintiffs still 24 explain that those claims “more heavily weighted . . . to reflect their relative strength.” Reply at 6, 25 ECF No. 62. Thus, even after working to convince the Court that trainees’ claims are weaker, 26 Plaintiffs still admit that they’re stronger. 27 In sum, Plaintiffs’ proffered reasoning for disregarding the value of trainee-only waiting- 1 serve to highlight for the Court something it missed in denying the first motion to approve the SA. 2 || The renewed motion did not achieve that. 3 || B. Failure to Provide Notice 4 Objectors assert that Plaintiffs must issue notice of the Renewed Motion before the Court 5 can approve the SA. They argue that “the [SA] now includes resolution of a $5 million meal and 6 || rest break claim on behalf of Agents who have not been advised of the value of this claim and 7 || would not know that this claim is being resolved on their behalf if they investigated when they 8 || received the notice of the initial fairness hearing date.” Opp’n to Final Approval at 11, ECF No. 9 || 61. Because the Court denies Plaintiffs’ Renewed Motion on other grounds, it need not decide 10 || whether Plaintiffs provided sufficient notice at this juncture. 11 I. CONCLUSION 12 For the foregoing reasons, the Court DENIES Plaintiffs’ Renewed Motion for Final 5 13 Settlement Approval. IT IS SO ORDERED.
a 16 || Dated: April 15, 2020
8 THOMAS S. HIXSON United States Magistrate Judge 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28