USCA11 Case: 19-13482 Date Filed: 12/04/2020 Page: 1 of 15
[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 19-13482 ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 0:18-cv-60743-RAR
JOEL D. LUCOFF,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
NAVIENT SOLUTIONS, LLC, STUDENT ASSISTANCE CORPORATION,
Defendants-Appellees.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida ________________________
(December 4, 2020) USCA11 Case: 19-13482 Date Filed: 12/04/2020 Page: 2 of 15
Before JORDAN, JILL PRYOR, and BRANCH, Circuit Judges.
BRANCH, Circuit Judge:
After Navient Solutions, LLC and its affiliate, Student Assistance
Corporation (“SAC”), called Joel Lucoff’s cell phone almost 2,000 times
concerning his unpaid student loan, Lucoff sued Navient and SAC alleging
violations of the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991 (“TCPA”), 47
U.S.C. § 227. The TCPA prohibits callers from making non-emergency calls using
an “automatic telephone dialing system” (“ATDS”)1 or an “artificial or
prerecorded voice” to a person’s cell phone unless the call is made with the prior
express consent of the called party. Id. Because we agree with the district court
that Lucoff expressly consented to receive Navient and SAC’s calls, we affirm the
district court’s grant of summary judgment to Navient and SAC.
I. Background
A. Lucoff’s Student Loans
1 The TCPA defines an ATDS as “equipment which has the capacity—(A) to store or produce telephone numbers to be called, using a random or sequential generator; and (B) to dial such numbers.” 47 U.S.C. § 227(a)(1). In Glasser v. Hilton Grand Vacations Co., we held that the clause “using a random or sequential number generator” modifies “both verbs (‘to store’ and ‘[to] produce’).” 948 F.3d 1301, 1306 (11th Cir. 2020) (alteration in original). So to be an ATDS under the TCPA “the equipment must (1) store telephone numbers using a random or sequential number generator and dial them or (2) produce such numbers using a random or sequential number generator and dial them.” Id. Under Glasser, equipment that calls a targeted list of individuals is not an ATDS because the call-list was not randomly or sequentially generated and dialed. Id. 2 USCA11 Case: 19-13482 Date Filed: 12/04/2020 Page: 3 of 15
Lucoff, now an attorney, obtained various federal loans to pay for law
school, which he began in 1994. In 2006, Lucoff consolidated his student loans
under the Federal Family Education Loan Program (“FFELP”). Navient 2 serviced
Lucoff’s FFELP consolidated loan, and SAC performed default aversion services
on it.3
B. The Arthur Class Settlement
In 2010, a class of borrowers sued Navient, alleging that the company and its
affiliates, including SAC, committed TCPA violations by calling class members’
cell phones without consent between October 27, 2005, and September 14, 2010.
In exchange for settling those claims, Navient agreed to implement “prospective
practice changes” and “contribute . . . monetary relief” to a fund accessible by class
members who submitted valid claim forms. 4 Lucoff does not dispute that he was a
class member and that he was sent an e-mail notice of the class action settlement
agreement. Although Lucoff does not dispute receiving the class action settlement
notice, he testified he does not remember receiving or reading it. By the terms of
2 Many of the relevant interactions between Lucoff and Navient occurred when Navient operated under its former name, Sallie Mae, Inc. Because the distinction between these names is irrelevant to the merits of this appeal, we will refer to Navient/Sallie Mae as “Navient.” 3 Default aversion services include counseling borrowers on repayment options to prevent their loans from reaching default. Navient and SAC share technology services, including a platform that stores borrowers’ consent to receive automated and prerecorded calls. 4 On September 17, 2012, the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington approved the class action settlement agreement (“Arthur settlement”) at issue in this case. See Arthur, et al. v. Sallie Mae, Inc., No. C10-0198-JRL.
3 USCA11 Case: 19-13482 Date Filed: 12/04/2020 Page: 4 of 15
the settlement, class members who failed to submit revocation request forms were
“deemed to have provided prior express consent” to receiving Navient and its
affiliates’ calls. Lucoff does not dispute that he did not submit a revocation request
form.
C. Debit Form
Two months before the Arthur settlement was approved, on July 2, 2012,
Lucoff faxed SAC an Automatic (Electronic) Debit Authorization form that
included his cell phone number. By submitting the debit form, Lucoff expressly
consented to allow Navient and its affiliates to call him concerning his student
loan. The relevant provision in the debit form provides:
I, the Bank Account Holder, authorize Sallie Mae, and its agents or assigns, to communicate with me in connection with this Automatic Debit Authorization or any of the Customer’s current or future loans being serviced by Sallie Mae using any telephone number that I provide to Sallie Mae in this Authorization or in the future, even if such telephone number is associated with a cellular telephone. I authorize Sallie Mae to communicate with me using automated telephone dialing equipment and/or artificial or pre-recorded voice messages.
D. Phone Call and Demographic Form
On June 24, 2014, almost two years later, Lucoff called Navient to discuss a
proposed settlement offer for his consolidated loan. During this call, Lucoff and a
Navient representative had the following exchange:
Q: Is this your cell phone number, []-0907? A: That is correct. 4 USCA11 Case: 19-13482 Date Filed: 12/04/2020 Page: 5 of 15
Q: Well, to help contact you more efficiently, may Sallie Mae Bank and Navient and their respective subsidiaries, affiliates, and agents contact you at this number? A: Sure. Q: Using an auto-dialer or pre-recorded messages regarding your current or future accounts[?] A: No. Q: Yes or no? A: No.
After this conversation, while still on the phone with the Navient
representative, Lucoff visited Navient’s website to fill out an automatic debit
agreement to make payments on his delinquent student loan. When Lucoff logged
on to Navient’s website, a form titled “Edit Your Contact Information” (the
“demographic form”) popped up. The demographic form already contained some
of Lucoff’s information, like his cell phone number, because Navient auto-filled
portions of the form from information in its records. Lucoff’s cell phone number
was not marked as a “required field” on the demographic form, and the auto-filled
information could be deleted. The demographic form contained the following
language, in the same sized font as the rest of the form, above the “submit” button
on the bottom of the form:
By providing my telephone number, I authorize SLM Corporation, Sallie Mae Bank, Navient Corporation and Navient Solutions, Inc., and their respective subsidiaries, affiliates and agents, to contact me at such number using any means of communication, including, but not limited to, calls placed to my cellular phone using an automated dialing device, calls using prerecorded messages and/or SMS text messages, regarding any current or future loans owned or serviced by SLM Corporation, Sallie Mae Bank, Navient Corporation or Navient 5 USCA11 Case: 19-13482 Date Filed: 12/04/2020 Page: 6 of 15
Solutions, Inc., or their respective subsidiaries, affiliates and agents, even if I will be charged by my service provider(s) for receiving such communications.
Lucoff does not dispute that this language was on the demographic form,
and he remembered completing the demographic form while still speaking to the
Navient representative. After the June 24, 2014 phone call, Lucoff did not attempt
to revoke his consent again for Navient or its affiliates to call him on his cell
phone.
When Lucoff fell behind on his loan payments, Navient and SAC began
calling his cell phone. 5 Lucoff sued, alleging that Navient and SAC called his cell
phone using an ATDS and prerecorded messages, both of which require prior
express consent to comply with the TCPA.6
After discovery, both parties filed motions for summary judgment. Lucoff
argued that Navient and SAC called his cell phone without his consent because he
revoked any prior consent during the phone call with the Navient representative.
Navient argued that Lucoff provided prior express consent to the calls (which he
5 Navient called to discuss Lucoff’s loan during periods of delinquency. SAC called (beginning on May 17, 2016) to discuss Lucoff’s options to avoid default on the loan. The calls occurred between April 18, 2014 (shortly before the Navient/Lucoff phone call) and the filing of Lucoff’s complaint. 6 The parties do not dispute that SAC made 1,549 calls and Navient made 418 calls to Lucoff’s cell phone using a non-manual “automated device.” The parties also do not dispute that Navient and SAC made some calls to Lucoff’s cell phone using a prerecorded message, but the parties do not agree on how many.
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could not unilaterally revoke) because he was bound by the consent provision in
the Arthur settlement. Navient also argued that even if Lucoff could (and did)
revoke his consent during the phone call with the Navient representative, he
reconsented when he submitted the online demographic form.
The district court, following the magistrate judge’s recommendation,
determined that (1) Lucoff could not unilaterally revoke his consent to be called by
Navient and SAC because his consent was given as consideration in a valid
bargained-for contract (the Arthur settlement), and, alternatively (2) even if Lucoff
could (and did) revoke his consent to be called, he nonetheless reconsented when
he submitted the demographic form. Lucoff appealed.
We agree with the district court that Lucoff reconsented to Navient and
SAC’s calls when he submitted the demographic form. Accordingly, we do not
address whether the Arthur settlement made Lucoff’s initial consent unilaterally
irrevocable.7
7 The district court found that Lucoff did not have the ability to revoke unilaterally his consent to be called by Navient concerning his student loans. Navient’s position is that because Lucoff was a member of the Arthur class, failed to opt out of the class settlement, and failed to fill out a revocation request form, he is bound by the Arthur settlement’s prior express consent provision. Under Navient’s view, because the consent term is part of a bargained-for contract (the class action settlement agreement), Lucoff’s consent cannot be revoked unilaterally, under Medley v. Dish Network, LLC, 958 F.3d 1063 (11th Cir. 2020). In Medley, we held that a party to a valid contract who agrees to receive automated calls on her cell phone may not later revoke her consent unilaterally. See id. at 1071 (holding that “the TCPA does not authorize unilateral revocation of consent to receive automated calls when such consent is given in a bargained-for contractual provision”). This Court followed the Second Circuit’s approach to TCPA consent and held that “[p]ermitting Medley to unilaterally revoke a mutually-agreed-upon term in a contract would run counter to black-letter contract law in effect 7 USCA11 Case: 19-13482 Date Filed: 12/04/2020 Page: 8 of 15
II. Standard of Review
“We review de novo a grant of summary judgment, and we view the
evidence and all factual inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving
party.” Bearden v. E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., 945 F.3d 1333, 1337 (11th Cir.
2019). Summary judgment is appropriate only when there is “no genuine dispute
as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”
Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).
III. Discussion
The TCPA prohibits callers from using an ATDS8 or an artificial or
prerecorded voice to make non-emergency calls to a person’s cell phone unless the
call is made with the person’s prior express consent.9 We use common law
at the time Congress enacted the TCPA.” Id. (citing Reyes v. Lincoln Auto. Fin. Servs., 861 F.3d 51, 59 (2d Cir. 2017)). Navient asks us to expand Medley to the class action settlement agreement context and hold that Lucoff, an absent Arthur class member, is bound by a consent provision “agreed” to based on his inaction in response to the receipt of a class action settlement agreement notice, which he does not remember receiving. Because we agree with the district court that regardless of whether Lucoff could unilaterally revoke his consent, he nonetheless reconsented to Navient’s calls, we need not address this issue. 8 Navient argues that most of the calls at issue in this case are TCPA compliant regardless of consent because they were not made using an ATDS under this Court’s recent decision in Glasser, 948 F.3d 1301. Because we find Lucoff consented to Navient and SAC’s calls, we do not address this argument. 9 In full, the relevant portion of the TCPA provides that: (b)(1) It shall be unlawful for any person within the United States, or any person outside the United States if the recipient is within the United States— (A) to make any call (other than a call made for emergency purposes or made with the prior express consent of the called party) using any automatic telephone dialing system or an artificial or prerecorded voice—
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principles to interpret whether a party gave—or revoked—their “prior express
consent” to receive calls under the TCPA. Osorio v. State Farm Bank, F.S.B., 746
F.3d 1242, 1255 (11th Cir. 2014) (“We . . . presume from the TCPA’s silence
regarding the means of providing or revoking consent that Congress sought to
incorporate the ‘common law concept of consent.’” (quoting Gager v. Dell Fin.
Servs., LLC, 727 F.3d 265, 270 (3d Cir. 2013)). At common law, “consent is a
willingness for certain conduct to occur.” Schweitzer v. Comenity Bank, 866 F.3d
1273, 1276 (11th Cir. 2017) (citing RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 892(1)
(AM. LAW INST. 1979)). Even if a person does not intend to consent, their “words
or conduct [that] are reasonably understood by another to be intended as consent
. . . constitute apparent consent and are as effective as consent in fact.” See
RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 892(2). And consent is revoked “when the
actor knows or has reason to know that the other is no longer willing for him to
continue the particular conduct.” Schweitzer, 866 F.3d at 1278 (quoting
RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 892A cmt. i).
* * * (iii) to any telephone number assigned to a paging service, cellular telephone service, specialized mobile radio service, or other radio common carrier service, or any service for which the called party is charged for the call, unless such call is made solely to collect a debt owed to or guaranteed by the United States[.] 47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(1)(A)(iii).
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Lucoff contends that he did not reconsent to receive Navient and SAC’s
calls by submitting the online demographic form which said “[b]y providing my
telephone number, I authorize [Navient] to contact me at such number using any
means of communication, including . . . calls placed to my cellular phone using an
[ATDS] [or] calls using prerecorded messages . . . regarding any current . . . loans
. . . serviced by [Navient].” Lucoff argues that submitting this language did not
constitute consent because he submitted the form right after his oral revocation to
the Navient representative, and the form was misleading and deceptive. Lucoff
also argues that a jury should resolve this issue, rather than the district court on
summary judgment. We disagree. Even if Lucoff effectively revoked his prior
consent by answering “no” to the Navient representative’s questions during the
phone call, he later reconsented by submitting the online demographic form.10
This case revolves around timing. Lucoff took two opposite actions
(revoking consent and reconsenting) close in time to one another. After orally
revoking his consent to receive certain calls from Navient, Lucoff reconsented to
receive those same calls just moments later. But because the record is undisputed
that Lucoff’s reconsent came after his revocation, we agree with the district court
10 We will assume, without deciding, that Lucoff could and did effectively revoke his prior express consent to be called by answering “no” to the Navient representative’s questions. 10 USCA11 Case: 19-13482 Date Filed: 12/04/2020 Page: 11 of 15
that Navient and SAC’s calls were made with Lucoff’s TCPA-required prior
express consent.
Lucoff first argues that Navient should have known that he did not intend to
“change his mind” and reconsent so soon after revoking his consent on the phone
with the Navient representative. But under common law, consent is effective
regardless of whether a party “intended” to consent if his words or conduct are
“reasonably understood by another to be intended as consent.” See RESTATEMENT
(SECOND) OF TORTS § 892(2). It was reasonable for Navient to understand
Lucoff’s submission of the consent language in the demographic form (clearly
stating Lucoff authorized the calls) as Lucoff’s consent to the calls. So even if
Lucoff did not want to receive ATDS or prerecorded calls, he nonetheless provided
apparent consent to Navient and SAC by submitting the online demographic form
that contained his cell phone number and a clear, unambiguous consent provision.
See Murphy v. DCI Biologicals Orlando, LLC, 797 F.3d 1302, 1308 (11th Cir.
2015) (providing a phone number on a form, even without an express consent
provision, constitutes consent under the TCPA).
Lucoff next argues that because he submitted the demographic form right
after he answered “no” to the Navient representative’s question, Navient still knew
or should have known that Lucoff did not want to receive the calls, under the
“knew or should have known” standard this Court uses to determine whether
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consent was revoked. See Schweitzer, 866 F.3d at 1278. While it is true that
Lucoff filled out the demographic form just moments after he orally revoked his
prior consent, Lucoff cites no authority that this temporal proximity should require
this Court to consider the separate interactions (of revoking consent and later
reconsenting) as one lumped-together interaction. Accordingly, we disagree with
Lucoff’s argument that the revocation of consent standard should stretch to apply
to Lucoff’s later reconsent to Navient.
Lucoff also argues that any reconsent gleaned from his submission of the
demographic form was ineffective because the form, and the way he was directed
to fill it out, were deceptive and misleading. Lucoff cites a Seventh Circuit case
concerning consent to trespass for support that consent is ineffective if “procured
by a misrepresentation or a misleading omission.” Desnick v. Am. Broad. Cos., 44
F.3d 1345, 1351 (7th Cir. 1995). He points to five facts to prove that he was
misled into providing his consent: (1) the form explained its purpose was to make
sure Navient had “up to date records” rather than to obtain consent to call
consumers; (2) the Navient representative directed Lucoff to the website (to fill out
an auto debit agreement) and was still on the phone with him as he quickly
submitted this form; (3) the form could not be submitted without at least one phone
number being submitted because the home phone number was a required field
(marked with an asterisk); (4) the consent provision was at the bottom of the form
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and in “fine print”; and (5) Navient auto-populated the form with information from
its records.
After reviewing the form, we disagree with Lucoff’s allegation that the form
was misleading. The consent provision was located above the submit button and
was in the same sized text as the rest of the online demographic form. Lucoff’s
cell phone number was not marked as a “required field” (signified by asterisks) on
the demographic form, and the information auto-filled into the form could be
edited or deleted. The only reason Navient had Lucoff’s information in its records
(to autofill portions of the form) is because Lucoff had previously provided it to
Navient. Thus, the form was not misleading and Lucoff cannot now escape the
consequences of submitting it.
Finally, Lucoff argues that this case “at the very least” presents genuine
issues of material fact that preclude summary judgment. We disagree. All the
facts material to determining whether Lucoff reconsented are undisputed. 11
Lucoff argues that the jury is the proper body to apply the “knew or should
have known” standard for revocation of consent. But binding precedent shows that
TCPA consent issues are appropriate for summary judgment (and that a judge can
11 It is undisputed that: (1) Lucoff submitted the demographic form after revoking his consent on the phone with the Navient representative, (2) Lucoff filled out the demographic form, saw his cell phone number on the form, and submitted the form containing the consent provision, and (3) Lucoff’s cell phone number was auto filled into the form, could have been removed, and was not a required field.
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apply the “knew or should have known” standard) when the underlying facts are
not disputed. Compare Mais v. Gulf Coast Collection Bureau, Inc., 768 F.3d 1110,
1126 (11th Cir. 2014) (holding that summary judgment was appropriate because
there was no factual dispute over whether the plaintiff’s wife provided his phone
number on a hospital admission form), with Osorio, 746 F.3d at 1256 (holding that
summary judgment was inappropriate because the plaintiff said he told the caller to
“stop calling,” and the caller said the plaintiff never said such a thing).
Lucoff relies on our TCPA consent decision in Schweitzer to support his
position that a jury should resolve the reconsent issue. In Schweitzer, we found
that a jury should determine whether the plaintiff’s vague oral statement partially
revoked consent to receive calls. 866 F.3d at 1278–80. But the reasoning in
Schweitzer does not apply here because the language of the consent provision
Lucoff submitted in the demographic form was not vague. Rather, the consent
provision made clear that Lucoff, by submitting the form, “authorized” Navient
and its affiliates to “contact [him on his] cellular phone using an automated dialing
device, [and] prerecorded messages . . . .” Because this provision was
unambiguous, a jury was not needed to determine whether Lucoff provided
Navient with consent to contact him using an ATDS and prerecorded messages.
IV. Conclusion
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Because Lucoff reconsented to receive ATDS and prerecorded calls by
submitting the online demographic form, we affirm the district court’s grant of
summary judgment to Navient and SAC.
AFFIRMED.