In The
Court of Appeals Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont ____________________ NO. 09-14-00441-CR ____________________
JOE EDWARD LARUE, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 252nd District Court Jefferson County, Texas Trial Cause No. 85250-A
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Joe Edward LaRue (LaRue) was convicted of the capital murder of Donna
Pentecost and he was sentenced to life imprisonment. LaRue filed a Motion for
Forensic DNA Testing (hereinafter ―post-conviction motion‖). See Tex. Code
Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 64.01 (West Supp. 2014). LaRue appeals the trial court‘s
denial of his post-conviction motion. See id. art. 64.05 (West 2006). We affirm.
1 BACKGROUND
This Court previously issued two opinions in two appeals pertaining to
LaRue‘s underlying trial and conviction. See State v. LaRue, 108 S.W.3d 431, 433-
34 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2003), aff’d, 152 S.W.3d 95 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004)
(hereinafter LaRue I) (reversing the trial court‘s grant of LaRue‘s motion to
suppress certain DNA evidence); LaRue v. State, No. 09-05-145-CR, 2007 Tex.
App. LEXIS 4072 (Tex. App.—Beaumont May 23, 2007, pet. ref‘d) (not
designated for publication) (hereinafter LaRue II) (affirming LaRue‘s conviction).
The facts in the underlying trial were detailed in LaRue II. We briefly outline the
facts as necessary to the issue now before us in this appeal.
Donna Pentecost (Pentecost) was found murdered on or about October 15,
1989. LaRue II, 2007 Tex. App. LEXIS 4072, at *1. Her naked body was lying on
the ground in the backyard of the residence where she lived. Id. at *3. Pentecost
had an injury to her skull. Id. It appeared her body had been moved slightly from
the actual place where the damage to the head occurred. Id. There was also
bruising up and down her back, on her left calf, and on her shoulder blades. Id.
Initially, LaRue was one of six suspects in Pentecost‘s murder. Id. at *5.
LaRue, Pentecost, and a couple of the other suspects worked at the same company.
Id. at **1, 4-5, 11, 14. In 1989, DNA testing was unsuccessful in determining
2 Pentecost‘s killer. Id. at *1. As a result of significant advancements in DNA testing
after the time of the murder, evidence taken from the victim‘s mouth was retested
in 2000, and the Texas Department of Public Safety crime lab report identified the
material as LaRue‘s semen. Id. LaRue was indicted for the murder of Pentecost. Id.
at **1-2.
In March and April of 2000, the State submitted certain evidence for DNA
testing and analysis, including oral swabs, oral slides, DNA extracts and blood
cards from Pentecost, a blood vial and bloodstain from LaRue, a shirt from
Pentecost‘s body, and a cigarette butt found at the scene. LaRue I, 108 S.W.3d at
433. The State received the results from these submissions in September of 2000.
Id. at 433-34. In December of 2001, the State submitted additional items for DNA
testing and analysis, including fingernail samples, hair, and swabs. Id. at 434. The
State provided the results from these tests to the defense in February of 2003. Id.
According to the test results, Pentecost and LaRue were excluded from the
contributors of the stain found on the cigarette butt. LaRue II, 2007 Tex. App.
LEXIS 4072, at *8. However, LaRue could not be excluded as the contributor of
two stains from Pentecost‘s right hand fingernail samples. Id. at **8-9.
Additionally, two fingerprints were lifted from the door of the victim‘s residence,
but neither matched any prints of any of the suspects. Id. at *9.
3 During jury selection in 2003, after completion of the voir dire but before
the jury was seated, the prosecutor announced that a hair under a fingernail
scraping was also available for testing and the State asked whether defense counsel
wanted testing done. LaRue I, 108 S.W.3d at 434. The defense filed a motion to
suppress the results from the additional DNA testing, and after a hearing, the trial
court concluded that the State‘s disclosure was untimely and that, because the State
acted willfully, the DNA evidence should be excluded. Id. The State filed an
interlocutory appeal of the trial court‘s suppression order. Id. at 433. In LaRue I,
this Court concluded that the trial court erred in granting the suppression of the
evidence. We reversed and remanded the case to the trial court. Id. at 437. The
Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed this Court‘s judgment. See State v. LaRue, 152
S.W.3d at 100.
LaRue‘s case was reset for trial in March of 2005. LaRue II, 2007 Tex. App.
LEXIS 4072, at *2. LaRue waived his right to a jury trial in exchange for the
State‘s waiver of the death penalty. See id. at *2. At his trial, LaRue testified that
he was with Pentecost at her home on the night she was killed, and that he had
consensual sex with Pentecost that night but that when he left her she was alive. Id.
at **1, 14-15. At trial, the State presented expert testimony regarding the testing of
the biological material, which included the following:
4 . . . the DPS crime lab reports concluded LaRue was the source of the semen on an oral swab from the victim. Pentecost and LaRue were excluded from the contributors of the stain on the cigarette butt. LaRue could not be excluded as the contributor of two stains from Pentecost‘s fingernail samples. Two fingerprints were lifted from the door of the victim‘s residence, but neither matched any prints of the suspects.
Id. at **8-9. A defense expert on forensic DNA testified regarding the fingernail
samples that ―[f]inding DNA samples under someone‘s fingernails would . . . not
necessarily indicate whether it was deposited by a consensual or a non-consensual
act.‖ Id. at **19-20.
The trial court found LaRue guilty in April of 2005, and the court sentenced
LaRue to life imprisonment. See id. at *1. LaRue appealed his conviction, and this
Court affirmed. See generally LaRue II, 2007 Tex. App. LEXIS 4072. In our
Memorandum Opinion we stated:
The DNA testing showed LaRue‘s semen in Pentecost‘s mouth. [A witness] overheard LaRue tell another inmate that LaRue had sex with the victim and hit her in the head with a brick. The evidence shows that not until at least eight months after Pentecost‘s murder did LaRue include in any statements to law enforcement that he was with Pentecost the night she was murdered. . . . Based on the circumstantial evidence presented at trial, the trial court could have rationally concluded LaRue intentionally caused Pentecost‘s death.
Id. at ** 26-28. We concluded that the evidence was legally and factually sufficient
to support the trial court‘s finding that LaRue intentionally killed Pentecost. Id.
5 In June of 2014, LaRue filed a ―Motion for Forensic DNA Testing Pursuant
to Art. 64.01 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure‖ (post-conviction motion)
with the trial court, requesting further ―re-testing‖ of the oral swabs from
Pentecost, the hair found on Pentecost‘s hand, a cigarette butt, a bloody fingerprint
found on a door, the fingernail scrapings taken from Pentecost, and ―blood samples
from a t-shirt worn by a potential suspect – Augustine[.]‖ See Tex. Code Crim.
Proc. Ann. art. 64.01. In particular, in his post-conviction motion he argued that
identification of the perpetrator was an issue at trial, and ―there were clearly other
contributors [of DNA material] – one of whom could likely be the actual
perpretrator [sic].‖
Both LaRue‘s post-conviction motion and the State‘s response thereto
alleged that all of the items mentioned in LaRue‘s post-conviction motion were
previously tested. LaRue alleged in his post-conviction motion that the testing that
was previously done was ―confusing[]‖ and produced ―varying results.‖ In his brief
on appeal, LaRue challenges the ―integrity of his blood sample‖ that was used for
the DNA comparison on the swabs and stains. LaRue admits that he had oral sex
with the victim before her death but he contends he established at trial by virtue of
6 an affidavit from Ron Singer1 that there were ―problems and inconsistencies with
both the reports . . . which raised the possibility that defendant might not be the
donor.‖ LaRue claims that ―Singer pointed out a possible error in labeling the male
and female portions of the oral swab, as well as possible errors in interpretation.
Those results could easily be the result of a contaminated sample.‖ LaRue contends
that a new blood sample taken from LaRue could then be compared to the oral
swabs and that ―there is a reasonable likelihood that new testing will produce more
accurate results.‖ As to the fingernail clippings, LaRue argues on appeal that the
DNA was a mixture of his DNA with the victim‘s DNA and there could have been
another contributor, or there is a possibility due to an issue as to the integrity of
appellant‘s sample, that he might be excluded. With respect to the shirt taken from
Augustine, another suspect, LaRue argues that Augustine was
[o]ne of the suspects initially identified by police . . . a known drug dealer, who had provided drugs to the victim. . . . Police Chief Marsh talked with Augustine on August 18, and noticed blood on his shirt. . . . The shirt was taken as evidence, and submitted to the local lab, and later to the Texas Department of Public Safety. Initial testing indicated blood was on the shirt, but no results were ever obtained . . . While blood samples were taken from several suspects, no samples were taken from Augustine, and therefore no comparison could be made with him.
1 LaRue states in his appellate brief that Singer is currently the director of the crime lab at the office of the Tarrant County Medical Examiner. 7 The State maintains that LaRue is not entitled to further DNA testing, that
LaRue did not deny the existence of his DNA regarding various exhibits at trial,
and that further DNA testing would not have prevented LaRue‘s prosecution or
have negated his guilt. The State argued in response to the post-conviction motion
that LaRue ―does not contest the DNA results . . . admitted at trial. He merely
‗suggests‘ that exculpatory results may point to other contributors.‖ 2
LaRue argues on appeal that the trial court erred in denying his post-
conviction motion for DNA testing because ―new tests [are] reasonably likely to
produce more accurate results, and there [is] at least a 51% chance that appellant
would not have been convicted if exculpatory results had been available during
trial.‖ In his brief, he challenges the ―integrity of his blood sample[]‖ that was used
in previous testing, and he argues that there is a reasonable likelihood that new
testing would produce more accurate results. He admits his DNA profile was found
on the fingernail scrapings from the victim, but he argues that ―[i]f another
contributor could be identified, that would place someone else at the scene.‖ As to
the t-shirt allegedly belonging to another suspect that LaRue identifies as
2 The State alleges that when LaRue withdrew his election to have a jury assess punishment, he entered into certain stipulations concerning several of the exhibits that contained the DNA evidence. 8 ―Augustine,‖ LaRue asserts that, if the victim‘s blood were found on the shirt, it
would also place Augustine at the scene.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Generally, we review a trial court‘s decision on a motion for DNA testing
under a bifurcated standard of review. Whitaker v. State, 160 S.W.3d 5, 8 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2004). We afford almost total deference to the trial court‘s
determination of issues of historical fact and issues of application of law to fact
that turn on credibility and demeanor of witnesses. Rivera v. State, 89 S.W.3d 55,
59 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). We review de novo other issues of application-of-law-
to-fact questions that do not turn on the credibility and demeanor of witnesses. Id.
In this case, the trial court did not conduct a live hearing; therefore, we review the
trial court‘s denial of DNA testing de novo. See Smith v. State, 165 S.W.3d 361,
363 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).
POST-CONVICTION DNA TESTING
There is no ―free-standing due-process right to DNA testing[.]‖ Ex parte
Gutierrez, 337 S.W.3d 883, 889 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). Chapter 64 allows a
convicted person to file, in the convicting court, a motion for post-conviction DNA
testing of biological evidence. Whitfield v. State, 430 S.W.3d 405, 407 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2014); see Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 64.01(a). ―If the motion meets
9 specific requirements and the court grants the motion, article 64.04 requires that
‗the convicting court shall hold a hearing and make a finding as to whether, had the
results been available during the trial of the offense, it is reasonably probable that
the person would not have been convicted.‘‖ Whitfield, 430 S.W.3d at 407 (quoting
Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 64.04 (West Supp. 2014)).
A convicting court may order forensic DNA testing only if the statutory
preconditions of Chapter 64 are met. See Holberg v. State, 425 S.W.3d 282, 284
(Tex. Crim. App. 2014); Bell v. State, 90 S.W.3d 301, 306 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).
Article 64 contains multiple threshold requirements that must be met before an
applicant is entitled to such testing. See, e.g., Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. arts.
64.01 (motion), 64.03 (West Supp. 2014) (requirements; testing). The convicted
person bears the burden of satisfying all Chapter 64 requirements. See Wilson v.
State, 185 S.W.3d 481, 484 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). A motion for post-conviction
DNA testing may request testing of evidence ―containing biological material.‖
Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 64.01(a-1). As a threshold matter, therefore, the
convicted person is required to show the evidence sought to be tested contains
biological material. Swearingen v. State, 303 S.W.3d 728, 732 (Tex. Crim. App.
2010). Chapter 64 governs motions for forensic DNA testing and therein it defines
―biological material‖ in relevant part as:
10 . . . an item that is in possession of the state and that contains blood, semen, hair, saliva, skin tissue or cells, fingernail scrapings, bone, bodily fluids, or other identifiable biological evidence that may be suitable for forensic DNA testing[.]
Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 64.01(a)(1). On the motion of a convicted person,
a trial court may order forensic DNA testing of the biological material only if (1)
the court finds: the evidence still exists and is in a condition making DNA testing
possible, and the evidence has been subjected to a sufficient chain of custody to
establish that it has not been substituted, tampered with, replaced, or altered in any
material respect; and (2) the court finds that identity was or is an issue in the case;
and (3) the convicted person establishes by a preponderance of the evidence that:
he or she would not have been convicted if exculpatory results had been obtained
through DNA testing, and the request for testing is not made to unreasonably delay
the execution of sentence or administration of justice. Id. art. 64.03(a).
The motion may request DNA testing only of evidence that either was not
previously subjected to DNA testing or, although previously subjected to DNA
testing, can be subjected to testing with newer testing techniques that would yield
more accurate and probative results. See id. art. 64.01(b). For material that has
previously been DNA-tested, the movant must do more than assert that new testing
techniques would yield more accurate results; he must also show a reasonable
11 likelihood that the results of new DNA testing would be more probative. See
Routier v. State, 273 S.W.3d 241, 250 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008).
The statute expressly requires a convicted defendant to show ―by a
preponderance of the evidence that . . . the person would not have been convicted
if exculpatory results had been obtained through DNA testing[.]‖ See Tex. Code.
Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 64.03(a)(2)(A). The Court of Criminal Appeals has
interpreted the phrase ―the person would not have been convicted if exculpatory
results had been obtained through DNA testing‖ to mean a ―greater than a 50%
chance that he would not have been convicted if DNA testing provided exculpatory
results. . . .‖ Leal v. State, 303 S.W.3d 292, 297 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009); see also
Holberg, 425 S.W.3d at 286-87. ―A ‗favorable‘ DNA test result must be the sort of
evidence that would affirmatively cast doubt upon the validity of the inmate‘s
conviction; otherwise, DNA testing would simply ‗muddy the waters.‘‖ Gutierrez,
337 S.W.3d at 892 (quoting Rivera, 89 S.W.3d at 59). If the favorable or
exculpatory test result would not change the probability that the inmate would still
have been convicted, then there is no justification to order any testing. Id. The
presence of another person‘s DNA at a crime scene, by itself, is not necessarily
exculpatory. See, e.g., Prible v. State, 245 S.W.3d 466, 470 (Tex. Crim. App.
12 2008) (evidence of another person‘s DNA present at the scene in addition to
appellant‘s was not exculpatory in light of other inculpatory evidence at trial).3
ANALYSIS
The State does not dispute LaRue‘s allegation that the identity of the killer
was an issue, or that some evidence capable of biological testing still exists, or that
such evidence has been subjected to the chain of custody requirements in Article
64.03(2). The State does not contend that LaRue‘s request for DNA testing is made
to unreasonably delay the execution of his sentence or the administration of justice.
Rather, the State argues that LaRue failed to establish by a preponderance of the
evidence that he would not have been convicted if the request for DNA testing had
produced exculpatory results.
To satisfy his burden under article 64.03(a)(2), LaRue is required to show
how the results of the requested DNA testing would affect his conviction – that he
would not have been convicted if the additional testing produced exculpatory
results. See Wilson, 185 S.W.3d at 484. While the presence of LaRue‘s DNA on
any material subjected to testing could indicate guilt, the absence of such DNA
3 Article 64.01(a-1) also requires that the motion be accompanied by an affidavit ―containing statements of fact in support of the motion.‖ See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 64.01(a-1). The article ―does not specify what facts‖ must be included in the affidavit. Smith, 165 S.W.3d at 362.
13 would not necessarily establish by a preponderance of the evidence that he would
not have been convicted. See Holberg, 425 S.W.3d at 287-88 (exculpatory
evidence does not necessarily negate other inculpatory evidence); Swearingen, 303
S.W.3d at 736 (―[A] movant does not satisfy his burden under Article 64.03 if the
record contains other substantial evidence of guilt independent of that for which
the movant seeks DNA testing.‖); Rivera, 89 S.W.3d at 60 (presence of the
victim‘s DNA under defendant‘s fingernails could indicate guilt, but the absence of
such DNA would not indicate innocence). Similarly, even if new DNA testing
shows that another person may have been present at the crime scene, that finding
would not exonerate the defendant because ―it would show nothing more than
there was another party to the crime, at best.‖ Wilson, 185 S.W.3d at 485; see also
Prible, 245 S.W.3d at 470 (―[E]ven if the evidence was retested and determined to
contain another person‘s DNA in addition to Appellant‘s DNA, it would not
establish by preponderance of the evidence that Appellant would not have been
convicted if the jury had heard that DNA from a third-party was present.‖); Hood
v. State, 158 S.W.3d 480, 483 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (holding that, given other
inculpatory evidence at trial, ―[e]ven if DNA tests revealed the blood of another
individual at the crime scene . . . that evidence would at most establish that
[defendant] acted with someone else in committing the crime‖).
14 Previous Blood Testing
In his motion for post-conviction DNA testing, LaRue argued that in 1990,
when testing blood samples taken from him, one crime lab determined his blood
was type A and another crime lab determined his blood was type O. Although
LaRue generally referenced crime lab reports in his post-conviction motion, he did
not attach copies of such reports and he did not cite to an exhibit or other portion of
the trial record. LaRue argued in his post-conviction motion that such ―varying
results . . . should be sufficient to raise concerns about the reliability and validity of
the results.‖
Because LaRue‘s blood was previously tested, he must establish that ―newer
testing techniques [would] provide a reasonable likelihood of results that are more
accurate and probative than the results of the previous test.‖ Tex. Code Crim. Proc.
Ann. art. 64.01(b)(2) (emphasis added). LaRue contends in his brief on appeal that
if another blood sample is taken from LaRue and then it is compared to the swabs,
stains, and presumably the nail clippings that ―there is a possibility that subsequent
testing would exclude appellant.‖ LaRue admitted at trial and later in his brief on
appeal that he had consensual sex with the victim on the evening of her death.
LaRue II, 2007 Tex. App. LEXIS 4072, at **14-15. Therefore, even if he is correct
in his argument that there is a possibility that further testing would exclude LaRue
15 from matching the swabs and semen taken from Pentecost, he has failed to explain
how such results would affect his conviction in light of other inculpatory evidence;
additionally, even assuming new tests of LaRue‘s blood would be more accurate,
LaRue has not established that new results would be more probative than the
evidence the trial court considered.
Fingernail Scrapings
LaRue‘s post-conviction motion made no specific argument concerning
retesting the fingernail scrapings. In his brief on appeal, he generally argues that
although ―defendant‘s profile was found on the fingernail scrapings, the results
established a mixture. If another contributor could be identified, that would place
someone else at the scene.‖ LaRue fails to cite to a particular test result or to any
part of the trial record in support of this argument.
In reviewing LaRue‘s appeal of his conviction, we stated in our opinion in
LaRue II that ―LaRue could not be excluded as the contributor of two stains from
Pentecost‘s fingernail samples.‖ Id. at **8-9. We also noted that a DNA expert for
the defense had testified that DNA material under someone‘s fingernails would not
necessarily indicate whether it was deposited as a result of consensual or
nonconsensual conduct. Id. at **19-20. LaRue himself testified he had consensual
sex with Pentecost that night, and further that Augustine was at Pentecost‘s house
16 the night she was murdered. Accordingly, LaRue put himself at the scene of the
murder and further by LaRue‘s own testimony, no exculpatory DNA results would
be necessary in order to ―place someone else at the scene.‖ Id. at *15. Therefore,
even if retesting fingernail scrapings were to establish a mixture of LaRue‘s and
someone else‘s DNA, there is no indication such would be more probative than the
Augustine‘s T-shirt
In his brief on appeal, LaRue argues that ―[i]nitial testing indicated blood
was on the shirt, but no results were ever obtained.‖ He further suggests that ―if the
blood on Augustine‘s shirt belonged to the victim that would be exculpatory[,]‖
and it would place Augustine at the scene of the crime. In reviewing LaRue‘s
appeal of his conviction in LaRue II, we noted that ―[w]hile a shirt of Augustine‘s
tested positive for human blood several days after the murder, the blood could not
be typed.‖ Id. at *18.
As we have already explained, LaRue himself testified that Augustine told
LaRue that Augustine was going to Pentecost‘s house on the night of the murder.
LaRue also gave an ―In Custody Statement‖ to the police, which was admitted into
evidence at trial, wherein he stated that Augustine was at Pentecost‘s house on the
night of the murder, that Augustine hit her during an argument, and that another
17 person with Augustine grabbed a brick and struck Pentecost. Id. at **17-19.
Therefore, even if the blood found on Augustine‘s shirt could now be typed or
matched to Pentecost, such results would not be more probative than the evidence
that was already before the trial court.
On the record before us, we conclude that, even if the evidence in question
were retested and yielded results that were consistent with LaRue‘s allegations, it
would only show that an additional person was at the scene or, at most, may have
been involved in the crime, and LaRue did not meet his burden of establishing, by
a preponderance of the evidence, that he would not have been convicted of
Pentecost‘s murder. Wilson, 185 S.W.3d at 486; see also Prible, 245 S.W.3d at
470. The trial court did not err by denying LaRue‘s motion for post-conviction
forensic DNA testing. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. arts. 64.01(a), (a-1), (b),
64.03(a). We affirm the trial court‘s order denying LaRue‘s motion.
AFFIRMED.
_________________________ LEANNE JOHNSON Justice
Submitted on March 19, 2015 Opinion Delivered October 28, 2015 Do Not Publish
Before McKeithen, C.J., Kreger and Johnson, JJ. 18