1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10
11 JIMMY M. GARCIA, Case No. 2:21-cv-07099-MWF (GJS)
12 Petitioner
13 v. ORDER: SUMMARILY DISMISSING PETITION 14 B. CATES, WITHOUT PREJUDICE; AND DENYING CERTIFICATE OF 15 Respondent. APPEALABILITY
17 This 28 U.S.C. § 2254 habeas action commenced on August 30, 2021, when a 18 habeas petition submitted by Petitioner was formally filed in the United States 19 District Court for the Eastern District of California [Dkt. 1, the “Petition”]. On the 20 next day, the Petition was transferred to this District. 21 The Petition challenges Petitioner’s 2016 conviction in Orange County 22 Superior Court Case No. 13HF3631 and his related sentence. [Petition at 1.] 23 Pursuant to Rule 201(b) and (c) of the Federal Rules of Evidence, the Court takes 24 judicial notice of the dockets and records available online for the Orange County 25 Superior Court, the California Court of Appeal, and the California Supreme Court. 26 These records show that Petitioner was convicted of four violations of California 27 Penal Code § 288.7(b) and two violations of California Penal Code § 288(a). He 28 was sentenced to an aggregate term of 30 years to life, consisting of consecutive 15 1 years to life sentences on the first and second counts, concurrent 15 years to life 2 sentences on the third and fourth counts, and concurrent six-year terms on the fifth 3 and sixth counts. 4 The Petition alleges two Grounds, each of which contains multiple subclaims. 5 Ground One is labeled “1) Due process 2) Double jeopardy 3) Ineffective assistance 6 of counsel 4) Prosecutorial misconduct 5) Police misconduct.” By subclaim (1) 7 Petitioner complains that he was deprived of due process, because his case was not 8 initially submitted to a grand jury for an “internal investigation” and to obtain 9 “strong evidence” before submitting the case to prosecutors and a jury. By subclaim 10 (2), Petitioner contends that his convictions violate the Double Jeopardy Clause, 11 because he was convicted of multiple counts of the same Penal Code provision and 12 the crimes involved the same victim and the same violation date. By subclaim (3), 13 Petitioner complains that his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing 14 to subpoena Petitioner’s employer to prove his lengthy employment history and by 15 failing to obtain a doctor’s report and “expert DNA.” By subclaim (4), Petitioner 16 asserts that the prosecutor committed misconduct by using hearsay and false 17 evidence submitted by the police. As subclaim (5), Petitioner contends that the 18 police committed misconduct by falsifying allegations and, during the jury trial, by 19 failing to present a videotape of Petitioner’s confession. [Petition at 3.] 20 Ground 2 also contains multiple subclaims, but its allegations appear to focus 21 on events that have occurred following Petitioner’s sentencing and during his 22 incarceration in state prison rather than on the events leading up to his conviction 23 and sentencing. As subclaim (1), Petitioner asserts that, under California Penal 24 Code § 1203.01, the trial judge and the prosecutor were required to generate a 25 “report” and the trial court was required to submit it to the CDCR, but when he filed 26 a grievance seeking a copy of this “report,” he was told that no such report had been 27 submitted to the CDCR. Petitioner asserts that his constitutional rights are being 28 violated by continuing to punish him if no such report was generated and then 1 provided to the CDCR and to him. As subclaim (2), Petitioner cites to 15 CCR §§ 2 3504, 3504.1 and 3505 (regulations related to prisoners who have been found 3 suitable for and/or released on parole) and states that his parole-related risk 4 assessment is “low.” As subclaim (3), Petitioner simply cites “Proposition 57” and 5 15 CCR §§ 3490, 3491, 3495, and 3496 followed by the words “determinate & 6 indeterminate.” As subclaim (4), Petitioner asserts that he was wrongly charged and 7 sentenced as a Third Strike/habitual offender with prior prison terms, even though 8 he has no prior criminal offenses and has never been to prison before. As subclaim 9 (5), Petitioner asserts that he is diabetic, caught Covid-19 in prison, and received a 10 low risk assessment, and he seems to contend that he therefore is entitled to release 11 from incarceration. [Petition at 4.] 12 On September 14, 2021, United States Magistrate Judge Gail J. Standish 13 issued an Order advising Petitioner that the Petition appeared to be fully 14 unexhausted and of his options should the Petition be determined to be unexhausted 15 as a final matter [Dkt. 5, the “September 14 Order”]. The September 14 Order 16 explained the exhaustion requirement for Section 2254 habeas petitions and why the 17 Petition seems to be unexhausted. The September 14 Order then clearly explained 18 to Petitioner the two options he has if the Petition is unexhausted, which are: to 19 voluntarily dismiss it without prejudice; or to request a stay in this case pursuant to 20 Rhines v. Weber, 544 U.S. 269 (2005). The OSC directed Petitioner to file a 21 response explaining how his claims are exhausted or, if he concedes that the Petition 22 is unexhausted, to either request a Rhines stay and explain why such a stay is 23 warranted or to voluntarily dismiss the case without prejudice. 24 Petitioner filed a timely response to the September 14 Order [Dkt. 7, 25 “Response”]. In his Response, Petitioner conceded that the Petition is unexhausted 26 and stated that he wishes to have this case stayed pursuant to Rhines, supra. After 27 noting the September 14 Order’s direction that he explain why a Rhines stay is 28 appropriate under the applicable factors, Petitioner stated only that he had good 1 cause for his failure to exhaust his current habeas claims before proceeding to 2 federal court, because he “fully trust[ed] and paid my lawyer to do my appeal and 3 review to the Federal court as promised but never happen[ed].” [Response at 1.] 4 Rule 4 of the Rules Governing Section 2254 Cases in the United States 5 District Courts provides that a petition for writ of habeas corpus “must” be 6 summarily dismissed “[i]f it plainly appears from the petition and any attached 7 exhibits that the petitioner is not entitled to relief in the district court.” For the 8 following reasons, it plainly appears that the Petition is fully unexhausted,1 and 9 because the Court concludes that a Rhines stay would not be appropriate, this action 10 must be dismissed without prejudice. 11 12 The Exhaustion Requirement 13 Federal courts may not grant habeas relief to a person held in state custody 14 unless the petitioner has exhausted his available state court remedies as to the issue 15 presented. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(1)(A); Rose v. Lundy, 455 U.S. 509, 518 (1982); 16 Fields v. Waddington, 401 F.3d 1018, 1020 (9th Cir. 2005) (“We may review the 17 merits of Petitioner’s habeas petition only if he exhausted state court remedies.”). 18 “[T]he exhaustion doctrine is designed to give the state courts a full and fair 19 opportunity to resolve federal constitutional claims before those claims are 20 presented to the federal courts.” O’Sullivan v. Boerckel, 526 U.S. 838, 845 (1999); 21 see also Baldwin v. Reese, 541 U.S. 27, 29 (2004) (to give the State the chance to 22 pass upon and resolve violations of his federal rights, a state prisoner must exhaust 23 his available state remedies before seeking federal habeas relief). 24 To satisfy the exhaustion requirement, a petitioner must “fairly present” his 25 federal claim to the state courts, i.e., give them a fair opportunity to consider and 26
27 1 The Court may raise exhaustion problems sua sponte and dismiss a petition summarily for lack of exhaustion. See Boyd v. Thompson, 147 F.3d 1124, 1127-28 (9th Cir. 1998); Stone v. City 28 and County of San Francisco, 968 F.2d 850, 856 (9th Cir. 1992). 1 correct violations of the prisoner’s federal rights. See Duncan v. Henry, 513 U.S. 2 364, 365 (1995); Peterson v. Lampert, 319 F.3d 1153, 1155-56 (9th Cir. 2003) (en 3 banc). A state prisoner seeking relief with respect to a California conviction is 4 required to fairly present his federal claims to the California Supreme Court. See 5 Baldwin, 541 U.S. at 29 (a state prisoner must fairly present his claim to a state 6 supreme court having the power of discretionary review); Keating v. Hood, 133 F.3d 7 1240, 1242 (9th Cir. 1998). 8 9 The Petition Is Unexhausted 10 The electronic dockets of the Orange County Superior Court, the California 11 Court of Appeal, and the California Supreme Court show that: through counsel, 12 Petitioner appealed his 2015 conviction and 2016 sentence, raising a Miranda claim 13 based on the admission of his confession and a claim based on the failure to disclose 14 the victim’s sealed school records; on May 4, 2018, in Case No. G054032, the 15 California Court of Appeal denied relief based on the Miranda claim but 16 conditionally reversed based on the school records claim so that the trial court could 17 disclose the subpoenaed information to Petitioner and allow him an opportunity to 18 demonstrate prejudice, and for the trial court to order a new trial if warranted or 19 reinstate the judgment if not; Petitioner then filed a petition for review in the 20 California Supreme Court in Case No. S249239; and on August 8, 2018, the state 21 high court denied review. These same public records further show that: on remand 22 to the trial court, Petitioner filed a motion for a new trial; the trial court denied the 23 motion and reinstated the judgment; Petitioner appealed, raising a claim that the trial 24 court committed reversible error in denying the motion for a new trial; on July 29, 25 2021, in Case No. G059412, the California Court of Appeal found no error and 26 affirmed the judgment; and Petitioner did not seek review in the California Supreme 27 Court within the time for doing so. There is no record of Petitioner having filed any 28 1 collateral proceeding in the state courts, and Petitioner admits that he has not done 2 so. [See Petition at 5-6.] 3 The only claims that Petitioner has raised in the California Supreme Court 4 and therefore exhausted are the two claims he raised in his original appeal, neither 5 of which are alleged in the Petition. Because Petitioner has not filed any proceeding 6 in the California Supreme Court with respect to his claims alleged in the Petition 7 and because the state high court has not ruled on the claims, Petitioner’s present 8 claims necessarily have not been exhausted. The Petition, therefore, is fully 9 unexhausted. 10 11 A Rhines Stay Is Not Warranted 12 Petitioner has requested a Rhines stay. In this Circuit, a fully unexhausted 13 petition may be stayed pursuant to the procedure explained in Rhines. See Mena v. 14 Long, 813 F.3d 907, 908, 910-12 (9th Cir. 2016) (finding the Rhines stay procedure 15 for “mixed” petitions to be applicable to fully exhausted petitions). The Supreme 16 Court has cautioned that a Rhines stay should be afforded “only in limited 17 circumstances.” Rhines, 544 U.S. at 277. To obtain a Rhines stay, a petitioner must 18 show: (1) “good cause” for the failure to exhaust the claim at issue; (2) that the 19 unexhausted claim is “potentially meritorious”; and (3) and that the petitioner has 20 not engaged in “intentionally dilatory litigation tactics.” Id. at 277-78. 21 There is no basis before the Court for finding that Petitioner has engaged in 22 intentionally dilatory litigation tactics. Thus, whether a stay is warranted turns on 23 whether the “good cause” and “potentially meritorious” factors are met. With 24 respect to the former, the Supreme Court has not provided a definition of the Rhines 25 “good cause” requirement. The Ninth Circuit has concluded that “extraordinary 26 circumstances” need not be demonstrated. Jackson v. Roe, 425 F.3d 654, 661-62 27 (9th Cir. 2005). “But as the Jackson court recognized, we must interpret whether a 28 petitioner has ‘good cause’ for a failure to exhaust in light of the Supreme Court’s 1 instruction in Rhines that the district court should only stay mixed petitions in 2 ‘limited circumstances.’ We also must be mindful that AEDPA aims to encourage 3 the finality of sentences and to encourage petitioners to exhaust their claims in state 4 court before filing in federal court.” Wooten v. Kirkland, 540 F.3d 1019, 1023–24 5 (9th Cir. 2008) (internal citations omitted); see also Blake v. Baker, 745 F.3d 977, 6 982 (9th Cir. 2014) (the Rhines good cause requirement “ensures that a stay and 7 abeyance is available only to those petitioners who have a legitimate reason for 8 failing to exhaust a claim in state court [and a]s such, good cause turns on whether 9 the petitioner can set forth a reasonable excuse, supported by sufficient evidence, to 10 justify that failure”). 11 As noted earlier, Petitioner asserts that good cause exists to stay this action, 12 because he paid his attorney to handle his appeal and “review to the Federal court” 13 but this “never happen[ed].” The attachments to the Response show that on October 14 6, 2016, someone named “Leonora Vanderbergh” paid $35,000 to the Innocence 15 Legal Team, with a balance of $5,000 still owing and due by October 30, 2016, “for 16 Appeal.” This same receipt shows a separate amount of a $10,000 retainer still 17 owed and due by October 30, 2016, “for writ.” [Response at 13.] The docket for 18 Petitioner’s direct appeal from his conviction shows that: Patrick Ewing Clancy of 19 the Innocence Legal Team did represent Petitioner before the California Court of 20 Appeal, including in seeking rehearing after the state appellate court issued its 21 decision on May 4, 2018; and William P. Daley of the Innocence Legal Team 22 represented Petitioner in connection with his petition for review filed with the 23 California Supreme Court, which was denied on August 8, 2018. Thus, Petitioner’s 24 contention that good cause exists because his attorney failed to file an appeal is 25 contrary to the facts. With respect to Petitioner’s assertion that good cause exists 26 because his attorney “never” filed a Federal writ, there is no evidence that Petitioner 27 paid his attorney for this work, but in any event, the Rhines concern is whether good 28 cause exists for the failure to exhaust a claim in state court, not for any failure to 1 seek federal habeas relief. Petitioner’s assertion of “good cause” for his failure to 2 exhaust his claims, thus, is unpersuasive. The Court, however, need not actually 3 decide whether or not good cause exists, because it is clear that the Rhines 4 “potentially meritorious” requirement is unsatisfied with respect to each of the 5 claims alleged in the Petition, for the following reasons: 6 Ground One (1) is based on the premise that Petitioner was deprived of due 7 process, because his case was not initially submitted to a grand jury for an “internal 8 investigation” and to obtain “strong evidence.” Petitioner asserts that a grand jury 9 was required to “submit a formal letter to the prosecutors” before he could be 10 subjected to a jury trial. Subclaim (1) is meritless on its face, because there is no 11 due process right to have a criminal prosecution initiated by grand jury process and 12 indictment rather than information. Hurtado v. California, 110 U.S. 516, 538 13 (1884) (so holding and approving California’s practice of commencing a 14 prosecution by information as an alternative to the grand jury process); see also, 15 e.g., Rose v. Mitchell, 443 U.S. 545, 557 (1979) (“there is no constitutional 16 requirement that States institute prosecutions by means of an indictment returned by 17 a grand jury”). There is “no due process right to a grand jury indictment before 18 criminal prosecution in state court.” Peterson v. California, 604 F.3d 1166, 1170 19 (9th Cir. 2010); see also Gautt v. Lewis, 489 F.3d 993, 1003 n.10 (9th Cir. 2007) 20 (The “Fifth Amendment right to presentment or indictment by a grand jury . . . has 21 not been incorporated into the Fourteenth Amendment so as to apply against the 22 states.”). Ground One (1) is not potentially meritorious for Rhines purposes. 23 Ground One (2) rests on the premise that Petitioner’s convictions violate the 24 Double Jeopardy Clause, because he was convicted of multiple counts of the same 25 Penal Code provision and the crimes involved the same victim and the same 26 violation date. The Double Jeopardy Clause protects against multiple punishments 27 for the same offense and against a subsequent prosecution for the same offense 28 following acquittal or conviction. The proscription against double jeopardy is not 1 implicated when the defendant receives separate sentences for separate criminal acts 2 when the State has authorized such punishment, even when they arise out of the 3 same transaction. See Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299, 304 (1932) (“[a] 4 single act may be an offense against two statutes; and if each statute requires proof 5 of an additional fact which the other does not, an acquittal or conviction under either 6 statute does not exempt the defendant from prosecution and punishment under the 7 other” under the Double Jeopardy Clause); see also Missouri v. Hunter, 459 U.S. 8 359, 368-69 (1983) (“Where, as here, a legislature specifically authorizes 9 cumulative punishment under two statutes, regardless of whether those two statutes 10 proscribe the “same” conduct under Blockburger, a court’s task of statutory 11 construction is at an end and the prosecutor may seek and the trial court or jury may 12 impose cumulative punishment under such statutes in a single trial.”). Moreover, 13 while the record shows that while Petitioner’s convictions involve a single victim, 14 they do not rest on a single act on a single date. Rather, as the California Court of 15 Appeal explained and as Petitioner admitted, his crimes involved a variety of sexual 16 acts committed against his minor victim that occurred on multiple dates spanning a 17 lengthy period of time, namely between August 1, 2011, and October 23, 2013, 18 starting when the victim was nine years old and ending before she turned 11 years 19 old. [See May 4, 2018 Opinion in Case No. G054032.] This was not an instance of 20 one single act committed on a single date resulting in duplicative convictions based 21 on that same single act. There is no meritorious double jeopardy claim under these 22 circumstances. 23 Ground One (3) is based on the contention that trial counsel provided 24 ineffective assistance by failing to subpoena Petitioner’s employer to prove his 25 lengthy employment history and by failing to obtain a doctor’s report and “expert 26 DNA.” Petitioner alleges nothing more than this, and as pleaded, this claim is too 27 conclusory to state a meritorious claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. See 28 James v. Borg, 24 F.3d 20, 26 (9th Cir. 1994) (“[c]onclusory allegations which are 1 not supported by a statement of specific facts do not warrant habeas relief”); see 2 also Jones v. Gomez, 66 F.3d 199, 204 (9th Cir. 1995) (applying this rule to an 3 ineffective assistance claim). Moreover, given the nature of the crimes alleged as 4 they are described in the California Court of Appeal’s decision on direct appeal 5 (sexual crimes committed against a minor victim years before Petitioner was tried), 6 there is no tenable basis for finding that the Sixth Amendment was violated by trial 7 counsel’s failure to obtain “expert DNA” or a doctor’s report or to present evidence 8 of Petitioner’s favorable employment history, because none of these matters, even 9 had they been obtained and presented, possibly could have been exculpatory. 10 Indeed, there is no reason to believe that any such evidence would have been 11 allowed to be admitted, as it would have been irrelevant, and thus, counsel cannot be 12 faulted for having failed to obtain and present it. See Rupe v. Wood, 93 F.3d 1434, 13 1445 (9th Cir. 1996) (“the failure to take futile action can never be deficient 14 performance”). Ground One (3) also fails the Rhines “potentially meritorious” 15 requirement. 16 Ground One (4) alleges that the prosecutor “argued hearsay and false 17 evidence submitted by the police,” labelling this “prosecutorial misconduct.” This 18 single, bare allegation, which does not even identify the “hearsay” or “false 19 evidence” at issue, is much too conclusory to state a viable claim of prosecutorial 20 misconduct, or even to hint that one exists. The fourth subclaim does not satisfy the 21 “potentially meritorious” requirement. 22 Ground One (5) is labelled “police misconduct” and rests on this single 23 statement: “Falsified allegation and no video submitted during jury trial as report of 24 confession.” Petitioner does not identify any false police “allegation” and this bare 25 allegation, bereft of any facts, is too conclusory to meet the “potentially 26 meritorious” requirement. As to the alleged failure to present video evidence of 27 Petitioner’s confession at trial, the California Court of Appeal’s opinion on direct 28 appeal states that a DVD recording of the confession existed and was reviewed by 1 the trial court in connection with Petitioner’s unsuccessful motion to suppress his 2 confession. The opinion does not indicate whether or not the recording was played 3 at trial. Even if not, the recording was made available to the trial court and the 4 defense and the failure to introduce it into evidence at trial had nothing to do with 5 the police. There is no viable claim of police misconduct with respect to the any 6 party’s possible failure to introduce the recording of the confession into evidence at 7 trial, and this aspect of the fifth subclaim also cannot satisfy the “potentially 8 meritorious” requirement. 9 With the Ground Two subclaims, Petitioner turns his complaint to post- 10 conviction and incarceration matters. Ground Two (1) rests on the theory that the 11 federal Constitution required the trial judge and the prosecutor to generate a 12 California Penal Code § 1203.01 “report” and submit it to the CDCR. Petitioner 13 asserts that he cannot be punished without such a report having been issued and 14 provided to the CDCR and to him.2 As quoted in Note 2 below, under Section 15 1203.1, the generation of a statement is discretionary on the part of the trial court 16
17 2 California Penal Code § 1203.01(a) provides as follows: 18 Immediately after judgment has been pronounced, the judge and the district attorney, respectively, may cause to be filed with the 19 clerk of the court a brief statement of their views respecting the person convicted or sentenced and the crime committed, together 20 with any reports the probation officer may have filed relative to the prisoner. The judge and district attorney shall cause those 21 statements to be filed if no probation officer's report has been filed. The attorney for the defendant and the law enforcement agency 22 that investigated the case may likewise file with the clerk of the court statements of their views respecting the defendant and the 23 crime of which he or she was convicted. Immediately after the filing of those statements and reports, the clerk of the court shall 24 mail a copy thereof, certified by that clerk, with postage prepaid, addressed to the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation at 25 the prison or other institution to which the person convicted is delivered. The clerk shall also mail a copy of any statement 26 submitted by the court, district attorney, or law enforcement agency, pursuant to this section, with postage prepaid, addressed to 27 the attorney for the defendant, if any, and to the defendant, in care of the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, and a copy of 28 any statement submitted by the attorney for the defendant, with postage prepaid, shall be mailed to the district attorney. 1 and the district attorney unless no probation officer’s report has been filed. 2 Petitioner does not allege whether or not a probation officer’s report was filed. If a 3 Section 1203.1 statement was created, it would have been mailed to both Petitioner 4 and his attorney as well as the CDCR, thus indicating that if neither Petitioner nor 5 his counsel nor the CDCR received a statement, then the trial court and the 6 prosecutor exercised their statutory discretion not to create one. In any event, 7 whatever happened or did not happen as to any Section 1203.1 statement in 8 Petitioner’s criminal case implicates only a matter of state law and possible state law 9 error, and it gives rise to no federal constitutional issue cognizable in habeas review. 10 See Estelle v. McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 67-68 (1991) (federal habeas writs may not 11 issue on the basis of a perceived error of state law application). In addition, this 12 claim is outside of the core of habeas, because success on it would not necessarily 13 lead to an immediate or earlier release date for Petitioner, and it is not cognizable for 14 this additional reason. See Nettles v. Grounds, 830 F.3d 922, 934-35 (9th Cir. 2016) 15 (en banc). Subclaim (1) of Ground Two is not “potentially meritorious” for Rhines 16 purposes. 17 Ground Two (2) is cryptic. Petitioner simply cites 15 CCR §§ 3504, 3504.1 18 and 3505 without explanation, states the words “Criminal History,” and notes that 19 he has received a parole-related risk assessment finding his risk to be “low.” The 20 regulations cited by Petitioner relate to prisoners who have been found suitable for 21 and/or released on parole. Petitioner does not allege that he has received a 22 suitability hearing and given the nature of his sentence – 30 years to life for a 23 sentence that issued in 2016 – it appears to be impossible that he would be eligible 24 as yet for parole consideration. In fact, on an attachment to the Petition at page 10 – 25 Petitioner’s Rehabilitative Case Plan dated June 4, 2021 – Petitioner’s “MEPD” 26 (minimum eligible parole date) is stated to be April 24, 2038. Petitioner’s apparent 27 belief that he should be paroled now due to his “low” risk status is factually flawed 28 and raises only an issue of state law that is not cognizable. See Swarthout v. Cooke, 1 562 U.S. 216, 219-21 (2011) (per curiam) (the only cognizable federal habeas issue 2 related to a denial of parole in California is whether the prisoner received a hearing 3 and a statement of the reasons why parole was denied). Subclaim (2) is not 4 potentially meritorious. 5 Ground Two (3) consists of the term “Proposition 57” and an unexplained 6 reference to 15 CCR §§ 3490, 3491, 3495, and 3496 followed by the words 7 “determinate & indeterminate.” It is unclear what relief Petitioner seeks by these 8 cryptic references, but no habeas relief appears to be available. Proposition 57 9 creates a mechanism for parole consideration for those prisoners convicted of 10 nonviolent offenses. See Cal. Const. art. I, § 32, subd. (a)(1). The California 11 regulations Petitioner cites relate to parole determinations for nonviolent offenders. 12 Petitioner, however, was convicted of violating California Penal Code § 288(a), 13 which is considered to be a violent felony. See California Penal Code § 667.5(c)(6) 14 (defining “violent felony” to include crimes punishable under Section 288(a) and 15 (b)); 15 CCR § 3490 (excluding from the scope of the regulatory subchapter and 16 article on which Petitioner relies (Parole Consideration for Indeterminately- 17 Sentenced Nonviolent Offenders) those prisoners serving a term of incarceration for 18 a “violent felony” as defined by Section 667.5(c)). Thus, none of the provisions 19 Petitioner cites in support of subclaim (3) apply to him. 20 Moreover, claims based on Rule 57 state only a claim of state law error that is 21 not cognizable on federal habeas review. See, e.g., Johnson v. Federal Court 22 Judges, No. 2:20-cv-01134-JAK (JDE), 2020 WL 2114931, at *5 (C.D. Cal. March 23 20, 2020) (summarily dismissing claim brought under Proposition 57, because “the 24 application of Proposition 57 is exclusively a matter of state law” and a claim based 25 on it is not cognizable); Travers v. People of the State of California, No. 17-cv- 26 06126-SI, 2018 WL 707546, at *1 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 5, 2018) (summarily dismissing 27 claim based on Proposition 57, because it involves only an asserted violation of 28 1 California law and federal habeas relief is not available for state law error). 2 Subclaim (3), therefore, is not potentially meritorious. 3 Ground Two (4) cites Senate Bill 1393 and asserts that Petitioner was 4 wrongly charged and sentenced as a Third Strike/habitual offender with prior prison 5 terms, even though he has no prior criminal offenses and has never been to prison 6 before. Senate Bill 1393, which was effective as of November 2019, ended a 7 California statutory prohibition on trial courts using their discretion, under 8 California Penal Code § 1385, to strike five-year prior serious felony enhancements. 9 This amendment, however, has no applicability to Petitioner, because he did not 10 receive any such five-year sentence enhancement and, moreover, according to him, 11 he does not have any prior serious felony convictions. In addition, Petitioner’s 12 assertion that he was sentenced as a Third Strike or habitual offender is simply 13 untrue, as the record shows. As the trial court’s docket and the California Court of 14 Appeal’s decision state, Petitioner received two consecutive 15-years to life 15 sentences based on violations of California Penal Code § 288.7(b) (counts one and 16 two), two concurrent 15-years to life sentences based on violations of California 17 Penal Code § 288.7(b) (counts three and four), and two concurrent six-year 18 sentences based on violations of California Penal Code § 288(a) (counts five and 19 six). Petitioner’s sentences were based on each of the six convictions he suffered in 20 2015, not on any enhancements for past convictions or for recidivism. Subclaim (4) 21 plainly is not potentially meritorious, factually or legally. 22 Finally, Ground Two (5) consists of allegations that Petitioner is diabetic 23 “with insuline [sic] problem,” caught Covid-19 in prison, and received a low risk 24 assessment. Petitioner apparently believes that these circumstances entitle him to 25 release from incarceration.3 As noted above, whether or not Petitioner has received 26
27 3 In connection with subclaim (5), Petitioner alludes to the Plata and Armstrong civil rights litigation pending in other districts, but he does not explain how that litigation somehow entitles 28 him to release many years before he even would be eligible for parole consideration. Petitioner 1 a low risk assessment for parole consideration purposes, this circumstance relates to 2 a possible future parole event and is not a cognizable basis for federal habeas relief. 3 The same is true as to Petitioner’s diabetes and prior infection with the Covid-19 4 virus, which are matters that pertain to his conditions of confinement. 5 As a threshold matter, the Court notes that Ground Two (5) does not allege 6 any violation of federal constitutional rights, and for that reason alone, the claim is 7 not plainly meritorious for habeas purposes. But even if such an allegation had been 8 made, this subclaim fails on its face. A claim based on a prisoner’s medical 9 condition, and any allegedly deficient medical care, is a classic conditions of 10 confinement claims that sounds in civil rights, not in habeas. See Preiser v. 11 Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 475, 499 (1973); see also Ramirez v. Galaza, 344 F.3d 850, 12 859 (9th Cir. 2003) (habeas jurisdiction is lacking, and a civil rights action instead is 13 appropriate, “where a successful challenge to a prison condition will not necessarily 14 shorten the prisoner’s sentence”). If Petitioner feels that he is not receiving 15 adequate care for his diabetes, his remedy is to utilize the prison administrative 16 grievance procedures and, if that is unsuccessful, to pursue relief under 42 U.S.C. § 17 1983, not to seek Section 2254 habeas relief. 18 With respect to Petitioner’s earlier infection with Covid-19, this circumstance 19 also does not provide a basis for federal habeas relief. To date, the Ninth Circuit has 20
21 also alludes to “Assembly Bill 2942 Sentencing Recall.” To the extent that, by this reference, 22 Petitioner claims he is entitled to sentence recall and resentencing under California Penal Code § 1170(d)(1) (which was modified by AB 2942), any such claim is not cognizable on federal habeas 23 review. See, e.g., Smith v. Houston, No. 2:20-cv-02141-JGB (AFM), 2020 WL 5351319, *2 (C.D. Cal. Jul. 30, 2020) (dismissing petition brought seeking resentencing under AB 2942, because 24 “[w]hether Petitioner is entitled to resentencing is a question pertaining solely to state law, and as 25 such, [his resentencing claim is] not cognizable in this action”), adopted by 2020 WL 5350435 (Sept. 2, 2020); Bailey v. Sherman, No. EDCV 19-02120-ODW (JEM), 2020 WL 4372118, *3 26 (C.D. Cal. June 30, 2020) (dismissing as not cognizable claim brought seeking sentence recall and resentencing under Section 1170(d)(1)), adopted by 2020 WL 4368062 (Jul. 30, 2020); Housh v. 27 Rackley, No. 17-cv-4222-HSG (PR), 2019 WL 1117530, *2 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 11, 2019) (summarily denying a petitioner’s motion for resentencing pursuant to AB 2942 on the ground that habeas 28 relief is available only for a violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States). 1 declined to resolve the question of whether a claim asserting a violation of a 2 prisoner’s constitutional rights based on the Covid-19 pandemic properly may sound 3 in habeas. See Roman v. Wolf, 977 F.3d 935, 941-42 (9th Cir. 2020) (per curiam). 4 Numerous district courts within the Ninth Circuit have concluded that a claim 5 premised on the allegedly unconstitutional nature of the conditions of an inmate’s 6 confinement resulting from the Covid-19 pandemic is not cognizable in habeas 7 review notwithstanding that the remedy sought is release. See, e.g., Wilson v. 8 Ponce, 465 F. Supp. 3d 1037, 1047-49 (C.D. Cal. 2020), appeal dismissed, 2020 9 WL 6293689 (9th Cir. Oct. 19, 2020) (concluding that inmate claims premised on 10 the asserted dangers and risks posed by Covid-19 are not cognizable as habeas 11 claims, because a claim premised on the institutional conditions caused by the 12 Covid-19 pandemic is not an attack on the validity of the prisoner’s confinement or 13 the particulars affecting its duration, the factors needed for habeas jurisdiction to 14 exist); Alvarez v. Larose, 445 F. Supp. 3d 861, 866 (S.D. Cal. 2020), appeal 15 dismissed, 2020 WL 8374097 (9th Cir. Oct. 15, 2020) (rejecting argument that 16 habeas relief – and thus, release from incarceration – was appropriate because the 17 prison had failed to implement adequate measures to protect the plaintiffs from 18 Covid-19, reasoning that this argument improperly conflated the nature of the relief 19 sought with the substance of the claim, which was to assert that conditions of 20 confinement were unconstitutional and thus was a claim that should be raised in 21 civil rights rather than habeas); see also, e.g., Jackson v. City of Twin Falls, No. 22 1:21-cv-00013-BLW, 2021 WL 982307, at *3-*4 (D. Id. March 16, 2021); Lustig v. 23 Warden, FCI Lompoc, No. CV 20-3708-SB (AGR), 2021 WL 1164493, at *1 (C.D. 24 Cal. Jan. 4, 2021), accepted by 2021 WL 1164474 (March 26, 2021); Macias v. 25 Bradley, No. 20-7114-RGK, 2020 WL 6681250, at *3 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 10, 2020); 26 Jackson v. Von Blanckensee, No. CV 20-4161 PA, 2020 WL 4905527, at *1 (C.D. 27 Cal. Aug. 19, 2020); Sweeney v. Herrera, No. CV 20-0427-CJC, 2020 WL 4980062, 28 1 at *2 (C.D. Cal. June 8, 2020); Bolden v. Ponce, No. 2:20-cv-03870-JFW, 2020 WL 2 2097751, at *2 (C.D. Cal. May 1, 2020). 3 While this issue remains to be resolved at the Circuit level, the Court 4 concludes that habeas jurisdiction is not available in this case based on Petitioner’s 5 bare allegation that he is a diabetic and previously caught Covid-19. The vague and 6 skimpy allegations of the Petition do not establish that there are no conditions of 7 confinement that could not prevent constitutional violation. The Petition does not 8 allege a single fact about the conditions of Petitioner’s confinement or his present 9 medical status, much less show that the only way to prevent constitutional violation 10 is to release him from his lawful state custody, particularly given Petitioner’s failure 11 to first present this issue to the state courts and afford them a chance to rectify any 12 possible constitutional violation. There may be relief that could be fashioned short 13 of release, relief that would be more appropriately considered in a civil rights case. 14 See Douglas v. Jacquez, 626 F.3d 501, 504 (9th Cir. 2010) (“The power of a federal 15 habeas court ‘lies to enforce the right of personal liberty’ . . . [and as] such, a habeas 16 court ‘has the power to release’ a prisoner, but ‘has no other power.’”) (citations 17 omitted). Accordingly, the Court finds that Ground Two (5) is not cognizable in 18 habeas and is is not potentially meritorious for purposes of the Rhines stay 19 requirement. 20 The claims alleged in the Petition do not satisfy the “potentially meritorious” 21 requirement of Rhines. Accordingly, a stay of this case is not appropriate. Given 22 that the Petition is fully unexhausted, this case must be dismissed without prejudice. 23 Rose, 455 U.S. at 522. 24 * * * * * 25 For the foregoing reasons, it is plain from the face of the Petition that 26 summary dismissal of this action is required by Rule 4, because the Petition is fully 27 unexhausted and a stay is not appropriate. Accordingly, IT IS ORDERED that: this 28 1 || action is dismissed, without prejudice, for failure to exhaust available state 2 || remedies; and Judgment shall be entered dismissing this action without prejudice. 3 In addition, pursuant to Rule 11(a) of the Rules Governing Section 2254 4 || Cases in the United States District Courts, the Court has considered whether a 5 || certificate of appealability is warranted in this case. See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2); 6 || Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484-85 (2000). The Court concludes that a 7 || certificate of appealability is unwarranted, and thus, a certificate of appealability is 8 || DENIED. 9 10 LET JUDGMENT BE ENTERED ACCORDINGLY. 11 = 12 || DATED: December 10, 2021 VM I 13 Wh Ae 14 MICHAEL W. FITZG D UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 15 16 || PRESENTED BY: 17 | TT 18 GAIL J. STANDISH 19 || UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 18