1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 JIMMIE L. CARTER, ) NO. CV 22-4775-AB (AGR) 12 ) Petitioner, ) 13 ) ) 14 CONNIE GIPSON, CDCR Dir., ) ORDER TO SHOW CAUSE WHY ) PETITION FOR WRIT OF 15 Respondent. ) HABEAS CORPUS SHOULD ) NOT BE DISMISSED 16 ) ) 17 18 Petitioner has filed a Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus by a Person in 19 State Custody (“Petition”), pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. (Dkt. No. 1.)1 The 20 Petition appears moot and barred by the statute of limitations. 21 Therefore, the court orders Petitioner to show cause in writing, on or before 22 March 8, 2024, why the court should not recommend dismissal of the Petition for 23 Writ of Habeas Corpus as moot or barred by the statute of limitations 24 25 26 27 28 1 Page citations are to the page numbers generated by the CM/ECF 1 I. 2 PROCEDURAL HISTORY 3 The Court takes judicial notice of the records in Petitioner’s prior federal 4 habeas corpus action in the Central District of California2 and the available state 5 court records. See Fed. R. Evid. 201; Porter v. Ollison, 620 F.3d 952, 955 n.1 6 (9th Cir. 2010) (taking judicial notice of state court docket). 7 On November 9, 2011, a Los Angeles County Superior Court jury found 8 Petitioner guilty of robbery (Cal. Penal Code § 211) and found true that the 9 principal in the robbery was armed with a firearm (Cal. Penal Code 10 § 12022(a)(1)). (See People v. Carter, 2013 WL 98534, *1 (Cal. App. 2013); 11 https://www.lacourt.org/criminalcasesummary (Case No. MA052761).) In a 12 bench trial, the court determined that Petitioner previously suffered a 1998 13 robbery conviction. (See Carter, 2013 WL 98534, *1.) On December 30, 2011, 14 the trial court sentenced Petitioner to state prison for a total term of 17 years. 15 (Id.) The California Court of Appeal affirmed in an unpublished opinion. People 16 v. Carter, 2013 Cal. App. Unpub. LEXIS 164 (2013). 17 On January 6, 2021, the Superior Court re-sentenced Petitioner to a total 18 term of 16 years in state prison. (Petition at 2); (See 19 https://www.lacourt.org/criminalcasesummary/ui/Selection.aspx (Case No. 20 MA052761).) The Petition does not indicate that Petitioner appealed. 21 Petitioner constructively filed the underlying Petition on July 6, 2022. (Dkt. 22 No. 1 at 8, 20.) The Petition contains a single ground for relief challenging 23 Petitioner’s sentence. 24 25 26 27 2 Carter v. Grounds, CV 14-3238 RZ (C.D. Cal.) (“Carter I”). The District Court denied the Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus and denied a certificate of 28 appealability. (Dkt. No. 25-27.) The Ninth Circuit denied a certificate of appealability. (Dkt. No. 35.) 1 II. 2 DISCUSSION 3 The Petition was filed after enactment of the Antiterrorism and Effective 4 Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”). Therefore, the court applies the AEDPA in 5 reviewing the petition. See Lindh v. Murphy, 521 U.S. 320, 336 (1997). 6 A. Sentencing on January 6, 2021 7 The Petition acknowledges that Petitioner was resentenced on January 6, 8 2021 to 16 years in prison. (Petition, Dkt. No. 1 at 2.) 9 Nevertheless, the Petition contains only one ground for relief that 10 challenges various aspects of the sentencing before a different judge on 11 December 30, 2011. (Id. at 5.) Petitioner asks that the court remand his case 12 for resentencing, which appears to have occurred already on January 6, 2021. 13 (Id. at 17.) 14 According to the Superior Court’s website,3 Petitioner was sentenced on 15 January 6, 2021 to 16 years in prison. The 16-year term consists of the following 16 components: (1) the upper term of 5 years for conviction after jury trial for second 17 degree robbery; (2) doubled (5 + 5) for an aggregate of 10 years based on a prior 18 1998 robbery conviction pursuant to Cal. Penal Code §§ 667(b)-(i) and 19 1170.12(a)-(e); (3) a consecutive 1-year term pursuant to Cal. Penal Code § 20 12022(a)(1); and (4) a consecutive 5-year term pursuant to Cal. Penal Code § 21 667(a). 22 The Petition does not challenge the January 6, 2021 sentencing and, 23 therefore, appears to be moot. 24 B. Timeliness 25 The AEDPA contains a one-year statute of limitations for a petition for writ 26 of habeas corpus filed in federal court by a person in custody pursuant to a 27 28 3 See https://www.lacourt.org/criminalcasesummary (Case No. MA052761). 1 judgment of a state court. 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1). The one-year period starts 2 running on the latest of either the date when a conviction becomes final under 28 3 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(A) or on a date set in section 2244(d)(1)(B)-(D). The statute 4 of limitations applies to each claim on an individual basis. See Mardesich v. 5 Cate, 668 F.3d 1164, 1171 (9th Cir. 2012). 6 1. The Date on Which Conviction Became Final 7 Under 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(A), the limitations period runs from the date 8 on which the judgment became final by the conclusion of direct review or the 9 expiration of the time for seeking direct review. 10 The Superior Court resentenced Petitioner on January 6, 2021. Petitioner’s 11 conviction became final 60 days later – on March 8, 2021 – when the time for 12 filing a notice of appeal expired. See People v. Alexander, 45 Cal. App. 5th 341, 13 344-45 (2020); Cal. Rules of Court, Rule 8.308(a) (providing defendant has 60 14 days to appeal). Absent tolling, the statute of limitations expired one year later on 15 March 8, 2022. 16 Petitioner constructively filed this Petition on July 6, 2022, approximately 17 four months later. Accordingly, absent a showing that the accrual date was 18 delayed or the limitations period was tolled, the Petition is untimely. 19 2. Delayed Accrual – § 2244(d)(1)(D) 20 Under § 2244(d)(1)(D), the limitations period starts running on “the date on 21 which the factual predicate of the claim or claims presented could have been 22 discovered through the exercise of due diligence.” 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(D). 23 The “‘due diligence’ clock starts ticking when a person knows or through diligence 24 could discover the vital facts, regardless of when their legal significance is 25 actually discovered.” Ford v. Gonzalez, 683 F.3d 1230, 1235 (9th Cir. 2012). 26 Petitioner has not argued that he is entitled to a later start date than the 27 date his conviction and sentence became final, and the court sees no basis for 28 delayed accrual. 1 3. Statutory Tolling 2 Generally, the statute of limitations is tolled during the time “a properly filed 3 application for State post-conviction or other collateral review with respect to the 4 pertinent judgment or claim is pending.” 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2); see Waldrip v. 5 Hall, 548 F.3d 729, 734 (9th Cir. 2008). However, once the limitation period has 6 expired, later-filed state habeas petitions do not toll the limitation period. See 7 Jiminez v. Rice, 276 F.3d 478, 482 (9th Cir. 2001).
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 JIMMIE L. CARTER, ) NO. CV 22-4775-AB (AGR) 12 ) Petitioner, ) 13 ) ) 14 CONNIE GIPSON, CDCR Dir., ) ORDER TO SHOW CAUSE WHY ) PETITION FOR WRIT OF 15 Respondent. ) HABEAS CORPUS SHOULD ) NOT BE DISMISSED 16 ) ) 17 18 Petitioner has filed a Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus by a Person in 19 State Custody (“Petition”), pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. (Dkt. No. 1.)1 The 20 Petition appears moot and barred by the statute of limitations. 21 Therefore, the court orders Petitioner to show cause in writing, on or before 22 March 8, 2024, why the court should not recommend dismissal of the Petition for 23 Writ of Habeas Corpus as moot or barred by the statute of limitations 24 25 26 27 28 1 Page citations are to the page numbers generated by the CM/ECF 1 I. 2 PROCEDURAL HISTORY 3 The Court takes judicial notice of the records in Petitioner’s prior federal 4 habeas corpus action in the Central District of California2 and the available state 5 court records. See Fed. R. Evid. 201; Porter v. Ollison, 620 F.3d 952, 955 n.1 6 (9th Cir. 2010) (taking judicial notice of state court docket). 7 On November 9, 2011, a Los Angeles County Superior Court jury found 8 Petitioner guilty of robbery (Cal. Penal Code § 211) and found true that the 9 principal in the robbery was armed with a firearm (Cal. Penal Code 10 § 12022(a)(1)). (See People v. Carter, 2013 WL 98534, *1 (Cal. App. 2013); 11 https://www.lacourt.org/criminalcasesummary (Case No. MA052761).) In a 12 bench trial, the court determined that Petitioner previously suffered a 1998 13 robbery conviction. (See Carter, 2013 WL 98534, *1.) On December 30, 2011, 14 the trial court sentenced Petitioner to state prison for a total term of 17 years. 15 (Id.) The California Court of Appeal affirmed in an unpublished opinion. People 16 v. Carter, 2013 Cal. App. Unpub. LEXIS 164 (2013). 17 On January 6, 2021, the Superior Court re-sentenced Petitioner to a total 18 term of 16 years in state prison. (Petition at 2); (See 19 https://www.lacourt.org/criminalcasesummary/ui/Selection.aspx (Case No. 20 MA052761).) The Petition does not indicate that Petitioner appealed. 21 Petitioner constructively filed the underlying Petition on July 6, 2022. (Dkt. 22 No. 1 at 8, 20.) The Petition contains a single ground for relief challenging 23 Petitioner’s sentence. 24 25 26 27 2 Carter v. Grounds, CV 14-3238 RZ (C.D. Cal.) (“Carter I”). The District Court denied the Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus and denied a certificate of 28 appealability. (Dkt. No. 25-27.) The Ninth Circuit denied a certificate of appealability. (Dkt. No. 35.) 1 II. 2 DISCUSSION 3 The Petition was filed after enactment of the Antiterrorism and Effective 4 Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”). Therefore, the court applies the AEDPA in 5 reviewing the petition. See Lindh v. Murphy, 521 U.S. 320, 336 (1997). 6 A. Sentencing on January 6, 2021 7 The Petition acknowledges that Petitioner was resentenced on January 6, 8 2021 to 16 years in prison. (Petition, Dkt. No. 1 at 2.) 9 Nevertheless, the Petition contains only one ground for relief that 10 challenges various aspects of the sentencing before a different judge on 11 December 30, 2011. (Id. at 5.) Petitioner asks that the court remand his case 12 for resentencing, which appears to have occurred already on January 6, 2021. 13 (Id. at 17.) 14 According to the Superior Court’s website,3 Petitioner was sentenced on 15 January 6, 2021 to 16 years in prison. The 16-year term consists of the following 16 components: (1) the upper term of 5 years for conviction after jury trial for second 17 degree robbery; (2) doubled (5 + 5) for an aggregate of 10 years based on a prior 18 1998 robbery conviction pursuant to Cal. Penal Code §§ 667(b)-(i) and 19 1170.12(a)-(e); (3) a consecutive 1-year term pursuant to Cal. Penal Code § 20 12022(a)(1); and (4) a consecutive 5-year term pursuant to Cal. Penal Code § 21 667(a). 22 The Petition does not challenge the January 6, 2021 sentencing and, 23 therefore, appears to be moot. 24 B. Timeliness 25 The AEDPA contains a one-year statute of limitations for a petition for writ 26 of habeas corpus filed in federal court by a person in custody pursuant to a 27 28 3 See https://www.lacourt.org/criminalcasesummary (Case No. MA052761). 1 judgment of a state court. 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1). The one-year period starts 2 running on the latest of either the date when a conviction becomes final under 28 3 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(A) or on a date set in section 2244(d)(1)(B)-(D). The statute 4 of limitations applies to each claim on an individual basis. See Mardesich v. 5 Cate, 668 F.3d 1164, 1171 (9th Cir. 2012). 6 1. The Date on Which Conviction Became Final 7 Under 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(A), the limitations period runs from the date 8 on which the judgment became final by the conclusion of direct review or the 9 expiration of the time for seeking direct review. 10 The Superior Court resentenced Petitioner on January 6, 2021. Petitioner’s 11 conviction became final 60 days later – on March 8, 2021 – when the time for 12 filing a notice of appeal expired. See People v. Alexander, 45 Cal. App. 5th 341, 13 344-45 (2020); Cal. Rules of Court, Rule 8.308(a) (providing defendant has 60 14 days to appeal). Absent tolling, the statute of limitations expired one year later on 15 March 8, 2022. 16 Petitioner constructively filed this Petition on July 6, 2022, approximately 17 four months later. Accordingly, absent a showing that the accrual date was 18 delayed or the limitations period was tolled, the Petition is untimely. 19 2. Delayed Accrual – § 2244(d)(1)(D) 20 Under § 2244(d)(1)(D), the limitations period starts running on “the date on 21 which the factual predicate of the claim or claims presented could have been 22 discovered through the exercise of due diligence.” 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(D). 23 The “‘due diligence’ clock starts ticking when a person knows or through diligence 24 could discover the vital facts, regardless of when their legal significance is 25 actually discovered.” Ford v. Gonzalez, 683 F.3d 1230, 1235 (9th Cir. 2012). 26 Petitioner has not argued that he is entitled to a later start date than the 27 date his conviction and sentence became final, and the court sees no basis for 28 delayed accrual. 1 3. Statutory Tolling 2 Generally, the statute of limitations is tolled during the time “a properly filed 3 application for State post-conviction or other collateral review with respect to the 4 pertinent judgment or claim is pending.” 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2); see Waldrip v. 5 Hall, 548 F.3d 729, 734 (9th Cir. 2008). However, once the limitation period has 6 expired, later-filed state habeas petitions do not toll the limitation period. See 7 Jiminez v. Rice, 276 F.3d 478, 482 (9th Cir. 2001). 8 Petitioner did not file any state court habeas petition after the sentence 9 imposed on January 6, 2021 became final. (See 10 https://appellatecases.courtinfo.ca.gov.) Accordingly, the Petition is untimely 11 unless Petitioner can demonstrate that he is entitled to equitable tolling. 12 4. Equitable Tolling 13 A prisoner who files a federal habeas petition after expiration of the 14 one-year statute of limitations may be entitled to equitable tolling. See Holland v. 15 Florida, 560 U.S. 631, 649 (2010). The petitioner must show “‘(1) that he has 16 been pursuing his rights diligently, and (2) that some extraordinary circumstance 17 stood in his way’ and prevented timely filing.” Id. (citation omitted). The diligence 18 required for equitable tolling is “‘reasonable diligence’” and not maximum feasible 19 diligence. Id. at 653 (citation omitted). To show an extraordinary circumstance, a 20 petitioner must show more than garden variety attorney negligence. Id. at 652-53 21 (noting that attorney abandonment may satisfy standard). The extraordinary 22 circumstances must be the cause of the untimeliness. Bryant v. Ariz. Att’y Gen., 23 499 F.3d 1056, 1061 (9th Cir. 2010). “Indeed, the threshold necessary to trigger 24 equitable tolling [under AEDPA] is very high, lest the exceptions swallow the 25 rule.” Miranda v. Castro, 292 F.3d 1063, 1066 (9th Cir. 2002) (internal quotation 26 marks and citation omitted). 27 Petitioner has not shown reasonable diligence in pursuing his rights or an 28 extraordinary circumstance that caused his untimeliness. Absent a basis for 1 equitable tolling, the Petition remains untimely. 2 5. Actual Innocence 3 Actual innocence “serves as a gateway through which a petitioner may 4 pass” a statute of limitations impediment. McQuiggin v. Perkins, 569 U.S. 383, 5 386 (2013). “[A] petitioner does not meet the threshold requirement unless he 6 persuades the district court that, in light of the new evidence, no juror, acting 7 reasonably, would have voted to find him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. 8 (quoting Schlup v. Delo, 513 U.S. 298, 329 (1995)). 9 To be credible, Petitioner must support his claim of actual innocence with 10 “new reliable evidence–whether it be exculpatory scientific evidence, trustworthy 11 eyewitness accounts, or critical physical evidence–that was not presented at 12 trial.” House v. Bell, 547 U.S. 518, 537 (2006) (quoting Schlup, 513 U.S. at 324) 13 (emphasis in original). Based on all the evidence, both old and new, "the court 14 must make 'a probabilistic determination about what reasonable, properly 15 instructed jurors would do.'" Id. at 538 (citation omitted). "The court's function is 16 not to make an independent factual determination about what likely occurred, but 17 rather to assess the likely impact of the evidence on reasonable jurors." Id. 18 Petitioner attaches a declaration dated October 26, 2017 from Wayne 19 Jones, Petitioner’s co-defendant before Jones entered a plea of nolo contendere. 20 The declaration does not satisfy Petitioner’s burden. 21 On direct appeal, the California Court of Appeal set forth the following facts: 22 [¶] The evidence at trial established that 23 [Petitioner] and Wayne Jones committed a robbery at 24 Camacho Auto Sales in Lancaster on May 7, 2011. That 25 day, [Petitioner], who had recently purchased a car from 26 the business, came to the establishment to make a 27 payment on his car. After he left, Jones entered, and 28 pointing a gun at the receptionist, took between $800 and 1 $1000. As the robbery took place, [Petitioner] circled the 2 area in his car several times. After taking the money, 3 Jones exited and entered the passenger side of 4 [Petitioner’s] car which drove off. All of these events 5 were videotaped. 6 [¶] Several days later, law enforcement arrested 7 [Petitioner] and Jones in [Petitioner’s] car. The car was 8 eventually taken to one of Camacho’s lots. 9 Subsequently, two Camacho Auto Sales employees (a 10 licensed recovery agent and a repossession agent) 11 searched the car and found, hidden in the back of the 12 passenger seat, the gun Jones had used in the robbery. 13 Carter, 2013 Cal. App. Unpub. LEXIS 164, at *1-*2 (footnote omitted). 14 The 2017 declaration from Jones is dated over six years after the robbery 15 and over 4½ years before Petitioner constructively filed the Petition in this court. 16 Mr. Jones declared that he committed robbery at Camacho Auto Sales on May 7, 17 2011. He was not “influenced or coerced by anybody else.” He “acted alone in 18 the matter” and Petitioner “was not involved in and did not participate in any way.” 19 (Dkt. No. 1 at 19.) 20 Petitioner has not shown that, in light of the old and new evidence, no 21 reasonable juror would have voted to find him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. 22 Mr. Jones’ declaration is wholly conclusory and does not undermine the 23 videotaped evidence of Petitioner driving around the business while Jones 24 robbed it and of Jones getting into the passenger side of Petitioner’s car after 25 leaving with the money. Nor does Mr. Jones’ declaration undermine the evidence 26 that the gun used in the robbery was found hidden in Petitioner’s car. Rather, 27 Jones’ declaration is consistent with the evidence that Jones was alone when he 28 entered Camacho Auto Sales, pointed a gun at the receptionist, and took 1 between $800 and $1000. 2 lll. 3 ORDER 4 The court orders Petitioner to show cause, in writing, on or before March 8, 5 2024, why the court should not recommend dismissal of the Petition for Writ of 6 Habeas Corpus as moot or barred by the statute of limitations. If Petitioner does 7 not respond to this Order to Show Cause, the court will recommend that the 8 District Court dismiss the Petition. 9 10 11 12 Ubiai A Kendra, 13 DATED: February 5, 2024 ALICIA G. ROSENBERG 14 United States Magistrate Judge 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28