TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-07-00039-CR
Jesus Ordaz, Appellant
v.
The State of Texas, Appellee
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF WILLIAMSON COUNTY, 26TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. 06-220-K26, HONORABLE BILLY RAY STUBBLEFIELD, JUDGE PRESIDING
M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N
Jesus Ordaz appeals from his conviction by a jury of the second degree felony offense
of money laundering. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 34.02 (West Supp. 2006). After appellant
pleaded true to an enhancement penalty, the jury assessed punishment at 40 years in prison and a
$10,000 fine, and the trial court sentenced him accordingly. In four issues, appellant contends that
the trial court erred in its jury charge and in denying his motion to suppress, and that the evidence
was legally and factually insufficient to support his conviction. Because the trial court did not err
in its charge or in denying the motion to suppress, and the evidence was sufficient to support
appellant's conviction, we affirm the judgment.
BACKGROUND
The evidence at trial showed that on the afternoon of January 26, 2006, Officer Eric
Mount, an officer assigned to the traffic division of the Round Rock Police Department with
extensive training and experience in the field of narcotics interdiction, observed appellant traveling
southbound in a Dodge Durango on Interstate 35. Because appellant was traveling at 70 miles per
hour, which was in excess of the posted limit of 65 miles per hour, Mount pulled alongside the
vehicle and motioned to appellant, the driver, to slow down. When Mount could not get appellant's
attention and appellant continued to focus straight ahead, Mount activated his overhead lights and
attempted to execute a stop. Although there was room for appellant to pull over on the side of
the highway, he continued down the highway for approximately a quarter of a mile. Appellant
then pulled into a restaurant parking lot and stopped. Appellant's delay in stopping gave Mount
concern that appellant was either trying to conceal something or was attempting to retrieve a weapon
before stopping.
As Mount approached the vehicle, he observed appellant in the driver's seat and a
female in the passenger seat. A license check showed that the vehicle was registered to a female
with a home address in San Antonio. Appellant identified himself and showed a driver's license
listing his home address in Eagle Pass. Patricia Morales, the passenger, identified herself as the
owner of the car, but she did not have insurance. As Mount explained to appellant that Mount
stopped him because he was speeding, Mount noticed the smell of air freshener or deodorizer coming
from the vehicle. He observed boxes of ziplock plastic bags, a container of air freshener, and baby
wet wipes in the back seat. Mount also observed a "big computer looking thing" on the dashboard
that he identified as a GPS, a global positioning system.
Mount testified at some length that the items he observed were consistent with
narcotics trafficking and an attempt to conceal contraband. Because he makes from 8 to 20 vehicle
stops a day on Interstate 35 and, based on his training, Mount testified that Interstate 35 is a major
drug artery and Eagle Pass, a common destination for narcotics trafficking. He testified that tracking
devices such as the one on the dashboard are commonly used by narcotics traffickers to track the
transport vehicle. Based on his cumulative observations and his growing suspicions, Mount
separated appellant and Morales and questioned them about their trip.
Appellant told Mount that he and Morales, who he identified as his wife, had been
to Dallas to visit Morales's cousin. Mount testified that, while speaking with appellant, appellant
displayed nervous behavior. Appellant began to shake, his eye twitched, his lower lip quivered, and
his mouth appeared dry and he was licking his lips. Although appellant had appeared to understand
English early in their conversation, he later indicated he did not understand Mount. (1) Morales
told Mount that she and appellant had driven to Dallas from Eagle Pass to visit friends and "buy
some wigs."
Mount testified that, because of his suspicions of criminal activity, he asked Morales
for consent to search the vehicle. She agreed. Another officer, Martin Flores, who spoke Spanish,
had arrived at the scene and asked appellant in Spanish for his consent to search the vehicle. Flores
testified that appellant gave his verbal consent.
Mount and Flores conducted a search of the vehicle. Mount testified that a screw was
missing in the center console in the interior of the vehicle and that three other screws appeared to
be "scratched up and obvious that they had been removed for some reason." The officers testified
that they found plastic ziplock bags containing a large quantity of currency beneath the center
console. After discovering the currency, the officers arrested appellant and Morales and transported
the vehicle to a city maintenance facility where they continued the search. During the course of the
search, the officers recovered a total of $116,133 in United States currency, including bundles of
currency in plastic bags near the engine where the air filter should have been and in plastic bags
located in a hidden compartment underneath the plastic molding on the underside of the vehicle. The
currency consisted of various denominations, including large quantities of small denominations.
Both officers testified that the currency had a strong smell of "foo foo" or air freshener. A dog
specially trained to detect the scent of narcotics alerted to the rear cargo area of the vehicle where
the officers observed small amounts of "marijuana debris."
In an interview following his arrest, appellant stated that he and Morales traveled
from Eagle Pass to Dallas, that a man whose name he did not know paid him $1500 to transport the
currency from Dallas to Eagle Pass, that he concealed the currency inside the vehicle and then drove
the vehicle from Dallas until he was stopped in Round Rock, and that, once he arrived in Eagle Pass,
he was supposed to be contacted by a man named "Jose" who would provide further instructions on
where to take the money. A fingerprint examiner testified at trial that appellant's right thumb print
matched a latent fingerprint lifted from one of the boxes containing ziplock bags recovered from the
vehicle. Officer Flores testified that no one ever claimed the money seized from the vehicle.
Based upon their observations and their training and experience, the officers testified
that the amount of currency recovered from the vehicle and the manner in which it was stored and
transported was consistent with the sale and distribution of narcotics. Prior to trial, appellant filed
a motion to suppress the physical evidence seized from the vehicle on the grounds that it was seized
in violation of the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution and Article I, Section 9 of
the Texas Constitution because appellant was subjected to an illegal detention. Appellant did not
challenge the legality of the initial stop of the vehicle. No hearing was held prior to trial. Appellant
presented his motion during trial at the time the State offered a redacted video and audio recording
of the traffic stop. The trial court denied the motion.
ANALYSIS
Burden of Proof and Standard of Review
To suppress evidence on an alleged violation of Fourth Amendment rights, the
defendant bears the initial burden of producing evidence that rebuts the presumption of proper police
conduct. Ford v. State, 158 S.W.3d 488, 492 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). A defendant satisfies this
burden by establishing that a search or seizure occurs without a warrant. Id. Once the defendant
makes this showing, the burden shifts to the State, which must then establish that the search or
seizure was conducted pursuant to a warrant or was reasonable. Id.
We review a trial court's ruling on a motion to suppress under a bifurcated standard
of review, giving almost total deference to a trial court's determination of historical facts and
reviewing de novo the court's application of the law. See Wiede v. State, 214 S.W.3d 17, 24-25
(Tex. Crim. App. 2007); Maxwell v. State, 73 S.W.3d 278, 281 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002); Guzman
v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 87-90 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). When findings of fact are not requested by
the parties and not filed by the trial court as here, we view the evidence in the light most favorable
to the trial court's ruling and assume that the trial court made implicit findings of fact that support
its ruling as long as those findings are supported by the record. See State v. Cullen, 195 S.W.3d 696,
698 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006); State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 855 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).
Although appellant concedes that the initial stop of his vehicle was lawful, in his first
issue he contends that, instead of issuing a traffic citation for speeding to appellant or for the
insurance infraction to Morales, the officers detained him without reasonable suspicion to investigate
the possibility that he was transporting drugs. Citing Kothe v. State, 152 S.W.3d 54 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2004), appellant urges that the officers detained appellant beyond the initial purpose of the stop
without the requisite reasonable suspicion that criminal activity was afoot. As in Kothe, here, neither
the initial stop nor its duration violated the Fourth Amendment, and the consents to search were not
thereby tainted. See id. at 67.
Initial Traffic Stops
A law enforcement officer may lawfully stop a motorist who commits a traffic
violation. State v. Gray, 158 S.W.3d 465, 469 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); Garcia v. State, 827 S.W.2d
937, 944 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). In general, the decision to stop an automobile is reasonable
when an officer has probable cause to believe that a traffic violation has occurred. Walter v. State,
28 S.W.3d 538, 542 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); see also Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806, 810
(1996). A traffic stop is a "seizure" within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment, even though
the purpose of the stop is limited and the resulting detention is brief. Delaware v. Prouse, 440 U.S.
648, 653 (1979); see United State v. Brigham, 382 F.3d 500, 506 (5th Cir. 2004) (en banc); Francis
v. State, 922 S.W.2d 176, 178 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996).
Officers may stop and briefly detain persons suspected of criminal activity on less
information than is constitutionally required for probable cause to arrest. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S.
1, 21-22 (1968). Because a routine traffic stop is analogous to a temporary investigative detention,
we analyze such stop as a Terry stop. See Berkemer v. McCarty, 468 U.S. 420, 439 (1984);
Brigham, 382 F.3d at 506. Such detention may last no longer than is necessary to effectuate the
purpose of the stop. Florida v. Royer, 460 U.S. 491, 500 (1983); Davis v. State, 947 S.W.2d 240,
243-45 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).
During a routine traffic stop, an officer may detain an individual to check for
outstanding warrants. Davis v. State, 947 S.W.2d 240, 245 n.6 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997); see also
Walter, 28 S.W.3d at 542. An officer may also request a driver's license, liability insurance
information, and vehicle ownership information. Davis, 947 S.W.2d at 245; Veal v. State,
28 S.W.3d 832, 835 (Tex. App.--Beaumont 2000, pet. ref'd); Powell v. State, 5 S.W.3d 369, 377
(Tex. App.--Texarkana 1999, pet. ref'd); Mohmed v. State, 977 S.W.2d 624, 628 (Tex. App.--Fort
Worth 1998, pet. ref'd). While an officer is awaiting a computer warrant check, questioning about
matters unrelated to the initial traffic stop does not violate the Fourth Amendment because
such questioning does not extend the duration of an initial valid seizure. United States v. Sharpe,
470 U.S. 675, 687 (1985) ("Clearly this case does not involve any delay unnecessary to the legitimate
investigation of the law enforcement officers."); United States v. Shabazz, 993 F.2d 431, 437
(5th Cir. 1993). In some circumstances, however, extensive questioning about unrelated matters may
exceed the scope of the initial stop. United States v. Kelley, 981 F.2d 1464, 1470 (5th Cir. 1993).
Reasonable Suspicion
Under Terry, a temporary investigative detention--a Fourth Amendment seizure--is
reasonable, and therefore constitutional, if (1) the officer's action was justified at the detention's
inception; and (2) the detention was reasonably related in scope to the circumstances that justified
the interference in the first place. Terry, 392 U.S. at 19-20. For the officer's initial action to be
justified under the first Terry prong, we ask whether there existed specific, articulable facts that,
taken together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warranted that intrusion. Id. at
21; see also Davis, 947 S.W.2d at 242. The officer must have a reasonable suspicion that some
activity out of the ordinary is occurring or has occurred, some suggestion to connect the detainee
with the unusual activity, and some indication that the unusual activity is related to a criminal act.
Davis, 947 S.W.2d at 244; Garza v. State, 771 S.W.2d 549, 558 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989).
"Reasonable suspicion" exists if the officer has specific, articulable facts that, when
combined with rational inferences from those facts, would lead the officer to reasonably conclude
that a particular person actually is, has been, or soon will be engaged in criminal activity. Ford,
158 S.W.3d at 492; Garcia v. State, 43 S.W.3d 527, 530 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). We give
due weight, not to the officer's inchoate and unparticularized suspicion or "hunch," but to the
specific reasonable inferences that he is entitled to draw from the facts in light of his experience.
See Terry, 392 U.S. at 27; Davis, 947 S.W.2d at 243 n.3. Whether an officer had reasonable
suspicion to support an investigative detention is determined by considering the totality of the
circumstances known to the officer at the time the detention occurred. Ford, 158 S.W.3d at 492-93.
We consider the totality of the circumstances rather than a piecemeal examination of the evidence.
Wiede, 214 S.W.3d at 25. An investigative detention that is not based on reasonable suspicion is
unreasonable and violates the Fourth Amendment. Davis, 947 S.W.2d at 243.
A seizure that is reasonable at its inception may violate the Fourth Amendment by
virtue of its excessive intensity and scope. Davis, 947 S.W.2d at 243. Thus, under the second Terry
prong, an investigative detention must be temporary and last no longer than is necessary to effectuate
the purpose of the stop. Royer, 460 U.S. at 500. Once the reason for the stop has been satisfied, the
stop may not be used as a "fishing expedition for unrelated criminal activity." Davis, 947 S.W.2d
at 243. We review the reasonableness of the detention from the same perspective as the officer:
using an objective standard, we ask whether the facts available at the moment of detention would
warrant a person of reasonable caution in the belief that the action taken was appropriate. Terry, 392
U.S. at 21-22; Davis, 947 S.W.2d at 243.
The scope of the seizure must be restricted to that necessary to fulfill the seizure's
purpose. Royer, 460 U.S. at 500. "There is, however, no constitutional stopwatch on traffic stops.
Instead, the relevant question in assessing whether a detention extends beyond a reasonable duration
is 'whether the police diligently pursued a means of investigation that was likely to confirm or
dispel their suspicions quickly.'" Brigham, 382 F.3d at 511 (quoting Sharpe, 470 U.S. at 686). An
investigative detention following a traffic stop "may last as long as is reasonably necessary to
effectuate the purpose of the stop, including the resolution of reasonable suspicion, supported by
articulable facts within the officer's professional judgment, that emerges during the stop." Id. at 512.
The Supreme Court has expressly rejected placing a rigid time limitation on Terry investigative
detentions. Kothe, 152 S.W.3d at 64-65.
Continued Investigative Detention
During the course of a lawful traffic stop, an officer who develops reasonable
suspicion that an occupant of the vehicle is engaged in, or will engage in, criminal activity may
continue the detention of the occupants of the vehicle to investigate criminal activity beyond
the scope of the law violation that formed the basis of the initial stop. Sims v. State, 98 S.W.3d
292, 295-96 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, no pet.); Estrada v. State, 30 S.W.3d 599, 603
(Tex. App.--Austin 2000, pet. ref'd). In forming reasonable suspicion to justify a continued
detention, an officer may draw on his training and experience. Estrada, 30 S.W.2d at 603; see
United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 418 (1981).
Once the traffic stop investigation is concluded, the officer may no longer detain the
driver, who must be permitted to leave. Kothe, 152 S.W.3d at 63-64. An officer may request
consent to search a vehicle after the purpose of the traffic stop has been accomplished, as long as the
request is reasonable under the circumstances and the officer has not communicated that compliance
with the officer's request is required. Leach v. State, 35 S.W.3d 232, 235-36 (Tex. App.--Austin
2000, no pet.); Simpson v. State, 29 S.W.3d 324, 328 (Tex. App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, pet.
ref'd). But if consent is refused, the officer must have reasonable suspicion to continue to detain the
person stopped. Simpson, 29 S.W.3d at 328. If, during a valid traffic stop and detention, the officer
develops reasonable suspicion that the detainee is engaged in criminal activity, continued detention
is justified. Davis, 947 S.W.2d at 244-45.
Appellant does not dispute the validity of the initial traffic stop. Instead, he contends
that his detention was unduly prolonged and not supported by reasonable suspicion to justify the
continued detention. The record does not support appellant's contention.
Here, Officer Mount pulled alongside a speeding vehicle and tried to attract the
attention of the driver, who failed to acknowledge the officer. Mount then activated his overhead
lights to stop the vehicle. Mount testified that although there was plenty of room to pull over on the
side of the highway, the vehicle took "a little more time than most cars would to stop," "passing
several safe places where most cars would have stopped." Instead of pulling over on the side of the
highway, the vehicle continued for a quarter of a mile and exited at the next exit, pulling into the
parking lot of a restaurant. Mount testified that he ran a computer check on the license plate of the
vehicle, learning that it was registered to a female in San Antonio. As he approached the driver,
Mount observed that the driver was male and that he presented a driver's license showing his
residence as Eagle Pass. Mount testified that he immediately observed "unusual" activities that
caused him to be "suspicious at this point:"
While I'm talking to him I can smell what I would refer to as perfume or air
deodorizer something that smells. And also as I'm talking to him in the backseat
there is a bag. A ziplock bag and its got a bag of ziplock freezer bag type things, a
little bottle of air freshener, and some baby wipes.
On the dashboard, Mount observed a computerized global positioning system unit. Mount
questioned the occupants of the vehicle separately, and their accounts of their travels differed from
one another. Articulating the circumstances that gave him concern, Mount testified:
There was a whole bunch of things from the very beginning. But the fact that when
I was driving right next to the driver in a marked police car trying to get his attention.
As a cop we're use to people staring at us all the time, this driver wouldn't even look
at me. I found it hard to believe he didn't know I was there. I was driving right next
to him. He was staring straight ahead holding tight on the steering wheel. When I
did try to stop him it took longer than normal to stop. Then before I introduced
myself I could smell air freshener. I could see the items; the bags, baby wipes, what
not, in the back. There is you know all those things individually may be nothing but
when all this stuff happens right there at the beginning it's not a normal traffic stop.
On cross-examination, Mount continued:
[Y]ou have to understand from the minute I walked up to the window when I'd
already noticed how long it took to pull over. We already veered over from what a
normal vehicle would do. Smelling air freshener, seeing what I saw in the backseat,
before I said a word to anybody. So the speeding, the insurance, they still need to be
addressed. But I'm more concerned about whether the car was stolen. Are these
guys gonna hurt me. What's going on.
As Mount noticed factual discrepancies between the accounts of the vehicle's occupants and
observed appellant's nervousness, he asked Morales for consent to search the vehicle. She
consented. Speaking Spanish to appellant, Officer Flores asked appellant for consent to search and
he, too, agreed. The record does not show that there was any delay from the time the dispatcher
informed Mount that neither appellant nor Morales had an outstanding warrant until the occupants
consented to the search of the vehicle.
The evidence shows clearly that the information that formed the basis for Mount's
suspicion was obtained at the very beginning of the stop and that Mount followed up on the
information with legitimate questioning. Throughout the duration of the stop--the driver's license,
license check, and review of the vehicle's paperwork--the questioning and conversation between
appellant and Mount continued to provide Mount with additional information that contributed to
Mount's reasonable suspicion. The evidence shows that in his conversations with appellant and
Morales, as he received conflicting responses about their trip, Mount asked for consent to search the
vehicle. See Kelley, 981 F.2d at 1470.
Mount's questioning of appellant that took place from the time of the initial stop until
the completion of the warning was supported by reasonable suspicion, even when unrelated to
the speeding violation. See United States v. Dortch, 199 F.3d 193, 198 (5th Cir. 1999); Shabazz,
993 F.2d at 437. The additional information--articulable facts and rational inferences from those
facts--that Mount discovered or learned during the lawful detention could reasonably form
the basis for continued detention and justify further investigation. See Powell v. State, 5 S.W.3d
369, 378-79 (Tex. App.--Texarkana 1999, pet. ref'd); see also Wolf v. State, 137 S.W.3d 797, 804
(Tex. App.--Waco 2004, no pet.).
These specific, articulable facts and the rational inferences arising from these facts
gave the officers a reasonable basis for suspecting that appellant was engaged in illegal activity and
for the continued detention. At trial, the officers articulated the factors that gave them a reasonable
suspicion to continue to detain appellant. See, e.g., Leach, 35 S.W.3d at 235-36 (officer may request
consent to search vehicle after purpose of stop has been accomplished, as long as request is
reasonable under the circumstances and officer has not conveyed message that compliance with
his request is required); Simpson, 29 S.W.3d at 328 (same). The officers acted in a diligent and
reasonable manner, and there is no evidence that the officers were dilatory in their investigation. The
district court did not err by overruling the motion to suppress. We overrule appellant's first issue.
In his second and third issues, appellant challenges the legal and factual sufficiency
to support his conviction. Specifically, he contends that the State failed to establish beyond a
reasonable doubt that the currency found in the vehicle was the proceeds of felony criminal activity
or, because of the manner in which the currency was concealed in the vehicle, that appellant
knowingly possessed or transported the proceeds.
In a legal sufficiency review, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the
verdict and decide whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the
convicted offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Moff v. State, 131 S.W.3d 485, 488 (Tex. Crim. App.
2004). We consider all evidence the jury was permitted to consider. Id. The jury is the exclusive
judge of the credibility of the witnesses and of the weight assigned to their testimony. Jones v. State,
944 S.W.2d 642, 647 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996).
In a factual sufficiency review, we view all of the evidence admitted before the jury
in a neutral light and set aside the jury's verdict only if the evidence of guilt is so weak that the
verdict is clearly wrong and manifestly unjust, or the verdict is against the great weight and
preponderance of the evidence. See Watson v. State, 204 S.W.3d 404, 414-15 (Tex. Crim. App.
2006); Cain v. State, 958 S.W.2d 404, 408 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). A jury's verdict is not clearly
wrong and manifestly unjust simply because the jury resolved conflicting views of the evidence in
favor of the State. Cain, 958 S.W.2d at 410. As the trier of fact and the sole judge of the credibility
of the witnesses and the weight to be accorded their testimony, id. at 407, the jury may accept or
reject all or any evidence presented by the parties and may draw reasonable inferences from the
evidence. Jones v. State, 184 S.W.3d 915, 919 (Tex. App.--Austin 2006, no pet.).
When viewed cumulatively and in the light most favorable to the jury's verdict, the
evidence in this case provided a sufficient basis for a rational jury to conclude that the currency
recovered from the vehicle driven by appellant was the proceeds of felony criminal activity and that
appellant had the requisite knowledge to support his conviction for money laundering.
Displaying signs of nervousness when he spoke with the officer, appellant gave an
account of his activities that was inconsistent with that of his passenger and consistent with that of
someone engaged in illegal activities. A global positioning system tracking device was located on
the dashboard. A narcotics canine alerted to the presence of narcotics in the rear cargo area of the
vehicle, and the officers observed small amounts of marijuana shreds there.
The jury also heard and observed extensive evidence about the officers' seizure of
$116,133 in United States currency, how the currency was packaged in ziplock bags and concealed
throughout the car, that there were large numbers of bills in various, small denominations, and that
it had been sprayed with air freshener. In his statement, appellant denied transporting marijuana to
Dallas, but he admitted that his "sole purpose" in going to Dallas was "to get the money." Appellant
also admitted that he was the one who packed the currency in ziplock bags and concealed it in
various places inside the vehicle, that he received $1500 from an unidentified man in Dallas to
transport the currency to the Mexican border, and that he was to deliver the currency to a man he
identified to officers when he arrived in Eagle Pass. The officers testified that no one ever claimed
the money and, based upon their observations, training, and experience, the money recovered from
the vehicle was consistent with proceeds from the sale and distribution of narcotics. Appellant did
not testify or offer other testimony on his behalf.
Even when viewed in a neutral light, the evidence was sufficient to support the jury's
conclusion that the currency recovered from the vehicle was the proceeds of felony criminal activity
and that appellant knowingly possessed or transported the proceeds of the criminal activity. The
evidence was ample and not so weak as to render the jury's verdict clearly wrong or manifestly
unjust. Nor was it against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence.
The evidence at trial was both legally and factually sufficient to support the jury's
determination that appellant knowingly acquired or maintained an interest in, concealed, possessed,
transferred, or transported the proceeds of felony criminal activity. We overrule his second and
third issues.
In his fourth issue, appellant contends the court erred by refusing to instruct the
jury pursuant to article 38.23. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.23(a) (West 2005). Article
38.23(a) provides that in any case in which the "evidence raises an issue" that evidence was obtained
in violation of its provisions, the jury should be instructed to disregard evidence that it believes
was obtained in violation of the constitution or laws of Texas or of the United States. Id. Appellant
contends that the jury should have been instructed to disregard the currency seized in the vehicle if
it determined that the evidence had been seized unlawfully.
An article 38.23 instruction is required when a dispute exists concerning an historical
fact underlying the manner in which the evidence was obtained. See Vasquez v. State, 225 S.W.3d
541, 545 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); Wesbrook v. State, 29 S.W.3d 103, 121 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000);
Bell v. State, 938 S.W.2d 35, 48 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996); Thomas v. State, 723 S.W.2d 696, 707
(Tex. Crim. App. 1986). The disputed fact issue must have a direct bearing on the legality of the
police actions in obtaining the evidence. Garza v. State, 126 S.W.3d 79, 87 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004).
When there is no conflicting testimony regarding the relevant facts, no jury instruction is required.
At trial, appellant failed to raise an issue regarding a factual dispute, but disputed only
the inferences to be drawn from the officers' observations and the grounds for appellant's continued
detention, which raise only the legal issue of whether appellant's continued detention was based on
reasonable suspicion. Although appellant asserts on appeal that a disputed issue exists, his counsel
did not respond to the State's assertion that one did not exist and the trial court found that he failed
to raise an issue of a disputed historical fact. Appellant was not entitled to an article 38.23(a) jury
instruction because he failed to identify a disputed issue of historical fact underlying the legality of
his detention. We overrule appellant's fourth issue.
CONCLUSION
Having overruled appellant's issues, we affirm the judgment of conviction.
__________________________________________
Jan P. Patterson, Justice
Before Justices Patterson, Puryear and Pemberton
Affirmed
Filed: October 10, 2007
Do Not Publish
1. That appellant spoke English as well as Spanish was made clear in his statement given to
officers after his arrest.