Jesus Ali v. Final Call, Inc.

CourtCourt of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
DecidedAugust 10, 2016
Docket15-2963
StatusPublished

This text of Jesus Ali v. Final Call, Inc. (Jesus Ali v. Final Call, Inc.) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Jesus Ali v. Final Call, Inc., (7th Cir. 2016).

Opinion

In the

United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit ____________________ No. 15‐2963 JESUS M. ALI, Plaintiff‐Appellant,

v.

FINAL CALL, INC., Defendant‐Appellee. ____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. No. 13 C 6883 — Gary S. Feinerman, Judge. ____________________

ARGUED MARCH 30, 2016 — DECIDED AUGUST 10, 2016 ____________________

Before WOOD, Chief Judge, and POSNER and ROVNER, Circuit Judges. WOOD, Chief Judge. Carpenters have a saying: measure twice, cut once. This litigation might have been averted if that adage had been observed here. In 1984, Jesus Muhammad‐Ali painted a portrait of the leader of the Nation of Islam, Louis Farrakhan. In 2013, Ali sued The Final Call, a newspaper that describes itself as the “propagation arm of the Nation of Is‐ lam,” for copyright infringement. The Final Call, it turned out, 2 No. 15‐2963

admittedly had sold over a hundred copies of Ali’s Farrakhan portrait. Ali nonetheless lost his case after a bench trial. He now appeals, arguing that the district court misstated the ele‐ ments of a prima facie copyright infringement claim and erro‐ neously shifted to him the burden of proving that the copies were unauthorized. Ali is correct, and The Final Call proved no defense. We therefore reverse. I The Nation of Islam is an African‐American Islamic reli‐ gious movement founded in 1930 and headquartered in Chi‐ cago. After its founder, Wallace D. Fard Muhammad, disap‐ peared in 1934, Elijah Muhammad became its leader. He con‐ tinued in that role until his death in 1975. Jesus Muhammad‐Ali is Elijah Muhammad’s grandson and a professional portrait painter. In 1984, Ali painted a por‐ trait of Louis Farrakhan, then—and still—the leader of the Nation of Islam. On March 14, 1986, Ali registered and rec‐ orded a copyright in the painting, which is entitled “Minister Farrakhan.” The Final Call, the Nation of Islam’s official newspaper, has a weekly circulation of roughly 70,000 readers. In addition to the paper, The Final Call sells various items related to the Nation of Islam, including video recordings, books, and post‐ ers. Over the past 21 years, The Final Call has sold three sets of posters that are lithographs of Ali’s original paintings. In 2013, Ali sued The Final Call, alleging that it had in‐ fringed on his copyrights in his depictions of Louis Farra‐ khan, Elijah Muhammad, and Khadijah Farrakhan, Louis Far‐ rakhan’s wife. Ali later dropped the claims related to his por‐ traits of Elijah Muhammad and Khadijah Farrakhan, but he No. 15‐2963 3

continued to press his claim that the Final Call had distributed unauthorized copies of the “Minister Farrakhan” portrait. In its answer, The Final Call admitted that it had sold 115 copies of the lithograph between 2010 and 2013. It maintained, how‐ ever, that Ali had authorized it to produce and sell the copies. The copies it sold were titled “Allah’s Star of Guidance,” and featured a yellow border and text below the image reading: “Allah’s Star of Guidance, The Honorable Elijah Muhammad and His Servant Minister Louis Farrakhan.” The lithograph, as reproduced in Ali’s summary judgment papers, is shown below:

4 No. 15‐2963

Ali moved for summary judgment, asserting that he had proved a prima facie case of copyright infringement and that The Final Call had raised no defenses. While that motion was pending, The Final Call answered Ali’s second amended com‐ plaint, and raised two defenses: implied license and laches. Ali moved to strike both defenses. Citing Hobbs v. John, 722 F.3d 1089 (7th Cir. 2013), the district court denied Ali’s motion for summary judgment, holding that “The Final Call has ad‐ duced evidence that would allow a reasonable factfinder to find that Farrakhan’s commission of ‘Minister Farrakhan Painting’ included lithographic copies, and therefore that Ali authorized the creation and sale of the copies.” Before the district court ruled on the motion to strike The Final Call’s affirmative defenses, The Final Call relinquished them during a pretrial status conference. It explained that its “argument is a negative defense, not an affirmative one, which is we maintain we can establish that these were author‐ ized copies.” It described its argument as “an attack on the plaintiff’s ability to establish its own burden.” The district court then conducted a one‐day trial, at which authorization was the sole issue. Two witnesses testified: Ali, and The Final Call’s corporate representative, Fountaine Muhammad. Ali testified that his agreement with Farrakhan included only the portrait, not lithographs, and that Farrakhan never asked him to produce lithographs. He said that he discovered in either 1985 or 1986 that The Final Call was selling litho‐ graph copies of his Minister Farrakhan painting under the ti‐ tle “Allah’s Star of Guidance.” He did not bring suit then, however, because a lawyer advised him that he could not stop Farrakhan from exploiting his own image. No. 15‐2963 5

Ali also testified that he wrote a letter dated March 11, 2008, to The Final Call’s attorney, Arff Muhammad. The letter expressed Ali’s “hope to enter into a litho [sic] licensing agree‐ ment.” In the next sentence, the letter referred to “[t]he com‐ mission awarded Minister Farrakhan for his oil & litho enti‐ tled ‘The Star of Guidance.’” On direct and cross‐examina‐ tion, Ali testified that the letter was meant to notify The Final Call that what it was doing was unlawful, and that he wanted to “nudge them forward to try to establish some type of con‐ tractual relationship that was mutually lucrative.” On cross‐ examination, he was confronted with his deposition testi‐ mony, which contained the following exchange: Question: But this letter that you wrote in March of 2008 says that you were commissioned to do an oil and lithograph, correct? Ali: That’s what it says. Question: According to this letter, you were aware at the time that this painting was done that there were lithographs made as well, correct? Ali: Yes. He admitted that these were his answers, but asserted that they were erroneous. He also stated that he had tried to change the last answer from “yes” to “no.” Fountaine Muhammad testified that he had worked at The Final Call since 1993. He estimated that The Final Call had roughly two or three hundred copies of the lithograph in stock at the time of his arrival. He said that, to his knowledge, no additional copies of the lithograph were made during his time at The Final Call. He confirmed that The Final Call sold 115 copies of the lithograph between 2010 and 2013, that there 6 No. 15‐2963

was no corporate relationship between The Final Call and Louis Farrakhan, and that Farrakhan was not acting on behalf of The Final Call when he commissioned or accepted delivery of the painting. Finally, Fountaine Muhammad admitted that The Final Call had neither documentary evidence showing that Ali authorized the creation or sale of copies of the “Min‐ ister Farrakhan” painting nor “evidence of a chain of title or transfer or how The Final Call acquired those [copies] that were in its inventory.” The district court was unsure which party had the burden of proving that the prints were authorized, but it concluded that this did not matter. Either way, it said, the facts demon‐ strated that Ali authorized the making of the lithographs. It found three pieces of evidence particularly persuasive.

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Jesus Ali v. Final Call, Inc., Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/jesus-ali-v-final-call-inc-ca7-2016.