Jessica C. v. Frank Bisignano, Commissioner of Social Security

• Court: District Court, N.D. California
• Decided: December 9, 2025
• Docket: 4:24-cv-07200
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 JESSICA C.,1 7 Case No. 24-cv-07200-DMR Plaintiff, 8 v. ORDER ON CROSS MOTIONS FOR 9 SUMMARY JUDGMENT FRANK BISIGNANO2, Commissioner of 10 Social Security, Re: Dkt. Nos. 10, 16 11 Defendant.

12 Plaintiff Jessica C. moves for summary judgment to reverse the Commissioner of the Social 13 Security Administration’s (the “Commissioner”) final administrative decision, which found Plaintiff 14 not disabled and therefore denied her application for benefits under Title II of the Social Security 15 Act, 42 U.S.C. § 401 et seq. [Docket No. 10.] The Commissioner cross-moves to affirm. [Docket 16 No. 16.] For the reasons stated below, the court grants Plaintiff’s motion and denies the 17 Commissioner’s motion. 18 I. PROCEDURAL HISTORY 19 Plaintiff filed an application for Social Security Disability Insurance (“SSDI”) benefits on 20 September 7, 2021, alleging disability beginning May 10, 2021. Administrative Record 21 (“A.R.”) 186–89. An Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”) held a hearing on October 24, 2023, at 22 which Plaintiff appeared unrepresented. AR 48–74. On December 26, 2023, the ALJ issued an 23 unfavorable decision. AR 24–47. The Appeals Council denied review on September 11, 2024. 24

25 1 Partially redacted in compliance with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 5.2(c)(2)(B) and the recommendation of the Committee on Court Administration and Case Management of the Judicial 26 Conference of the United States. 27 2 Frank Bisignano, the current Commissioner of Social Security, is automatically substituted as the 1 AR 1–6. 2 The ALJ determined that Plaintiff has the following severe impairments: anxiety disorder, 3 depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, chronic tension-type headaches, and 4 osteoarthritis of the bilateral knees. AR 29–30. The ALJ found that Plaintiff retains the following 5 residual functional capacity (“RFC”):

6 [Plaintiff can] perform light work as defined in 20 CFR 404.1567(b) except [she] can tolerate occasional changes in a routine work setting; 7 can tolerate occasional changes in workstation at the worksite but no changes in the location of the worksite; cannot tolerate demanding 8 work pressures such as high volume output, very short deadlines, or high levels of precision; can tolerate a low level of work pressure 9 defined as work not requiring multitasking, very detailed job tasks, significant independent judgment, production rate pace, or teamwork 10 in completing job tasks; can tolerate occasional interaction with coworkers and supervisors (and with respect to supervisors, after 11 initial training period) and the public. 12 AR 33. 13 Relying on the opinion of a vocational expert (“V.E.”) who testified that an individual with 14 such an RFC could perform other jobs existing in the economy, including garment folder, routing 15 clerk, and inspector and hand packager, the ALJ concluded that Plaintiff is not disabled. AR 42. 16 After the Appeals Council denied review, Plaintiff sought review in this court pursuant to 17 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). 18 II. ISSUES FOR REVIEW 19 1. Did the ALJ err in his credibility determination of Plaintiff’s allegations of mental 20 dysfunction? 21 2. Did the ALJ err in departing from the opinions of the consultative and state agency 22 psychologists when formulating an RFC? 23 3. Is the ALJ’s RFC finding inconsistent? 24 III. STANDARD OF REVIEW 25 Pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), this court has the authority to review a decision by the 26 Commissioner denying a claimant disability benefits. “This court may set aside the Commissioner’s 27 denial of disability insurance benefits when the ALJ’s findings are based on legal error or are not 1 (9th Cir. 1999) (citations omitted). Substantial evidence is evidence within the record that could 2 lead a reasonable mind to accept a conclusion regarding disability status. See Richardson v. Perales, 3 402 U.S. 389, 401 (1971). It is more than a mere scintilla, but less than a preponderance. See 4 Saelee v. Chater, 94 F.3d 520, 522 (9th Cir. 1996), as amended (Aug. 12, 1996) (internal citation 5 omitted). When performing this analysis, the court must “consider the entire record as a whole and 6 may not affirm simply by isolating a specific quantum of supporting evidence.” Robbins v. Soc. 7 Sec. Admin., 466 F.3d 880, 882 (9th Cir. 2006) (cleaned up). 8 If the evidence reasonably could support two conclusions, the court “may not substitute its 9 judgment for that of the Commissioner” and must affirm the decision. Jamerson v. Chater, 112 10 F.3d 1064, 1066 (9th Cir. 1997) (citation omitted). “Finally, the court will not reverse an ALJ’s 11 decision for harmless error, which exists when it is clear from the record that the ALJ’s error was 12 inconsequential to the ultimate nondisability determination.” Tommasetti v. Astrue, 533 F.3d 1035, 13 1038 (9th Cir. 2008) (cleaned up). 14 IV. DISCUSSION 15 A. The ALJ’s Credibility Determination 16 Plaintiff argues that the ALJ failed to provide specific, clear, and convincing reasons for 17 rejecting Plaintiff’s allegations of mental dysfunction. 18 1. Legal Standard 19 In general, credibility determinations are the province of the ALJ. “It is the ALJ’s role to 20 resolve evidentiary conflicts. If there is more than one rational interpretation of the evidence, the 21 ALJ’s conclusion must be upheld.” Allen v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 726 F.2d 1470, 1473 22 (9th Cir. 1984) (citations omitted). An ALJ is not “required to believe every allegation of disabling 23 pain” or other nonexertional impairment. Fair v. Bowen, 885 F.2d 597, 603 (9th Cir. 1989) (citing 24 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(5)(A)). However, if an ALJ discredits a claimant’s subjective symptom 25 testimony, the ALJ must articulate specific reasons for doing so. Greger v. Barnhart, 464 F.3d 968, 26 972 (9th Cir. 2006). In evaluating a claimant’s credibility, the ALJ cannot rely on general findings, 27 but “must specifically identify what testimony is credible and what testimony undermines the 1 (9th Cir. 2002) (an ALJ must articulate reasons that are “sufficiently specific to permit the court to 2 conclude that the ALJ did not arbitrarily discredit claimant’s testimony”). The ALJ may consider 3 “ordinary techniques of credibility evaluation,” including the claimant’s reputation for truthfulness 4 and inconsistencies in testimony, and may also consider a claimant’s daily activities, and 5 “unexplained or inadequately explained failure to seek treatment or to follow a prescribed course of 6 treatment[.]” Smolen v. Chater, 80 F.3d 1273, 1284 (9th Cir. 1996). 7 The determination of whether or not to accept a claimant’s testimony regarding subjective 8 symptoms requires a two-step analysis. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1529; Smolen, 80 F.3d at 1281 (citations 9 omitted). First, the ALJ must determine whether or not there is a medically determinable 10 impairment that reasonably could be expected to cause the claimant’s symptoms. 20 C.F.R. 11 § 404.1529(b); Smolen, 80 F.3d at 1281–82. Once a claimant produces medical evidence of an 12 underlying impairment, the ALJ may not discredit the claimant’s testimony as to the severity of 13 symptoms “based solely on a lack of objective medical evidence to fully corroborate the alleged 14 severity of” the symptoms. Bunnell v. Sullivan, 947 F.2d 341, 345 (9th Cir. 1991) (en banc) (citation 15 omitted). Absent affirmative evidence that the claimant is malingering, the ALJ must provide 16 “specific, clear and convincing” reasons for rejecting the claimant’s testimony. Vasquez v. Astrue, 17 572 F.3d 586, 591 (9th Cir. 2009). The Ninth Circuit has reaffirmed the “specific, clear and 18 convincing” standard applicable to review of an ALJ’s decision to reject a claimant’s testimony. 19 See Burrell v. Colvin, 775 F.3d 1133, 1136 (9th Cir. 2014). 20 2. Analysis 21 The ALJ found that objective medical evidence in the record established that Plaintiff has 22 “medically determinable impairments [that] could reasonably be expected to cause the alleged 23 symptoms[.]” AR 35; see AR 35–36. The ALJ next found that Plaintiff’s “statements concerning 24 the intensity, persistence and limiting effects of these symptoms are not entirely consistent with the 25 medical evidence and other evidence in the record[.]” AR 35; see AR 36 (“[T]he evidence is not 26 fully consistent with the intensity, persistence, and limiting effects alleged.”). 27 As the ALJ does not cite any evidence that Plaintiff was malingering, the ALJ must provide 1 to ‘specifically identify the testimony [from a claimant] she or he finds not to be credible and . . . 2 explain what evidence undermines that testimony.’” Lambert v. Saul, 980 F.3d 1266, 1277 (9th Cir. 3 2020) (quoting Treichler v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 775 F.3d 1090, 1102 (9th Cir. 2014)). 4 “[T]he ‘clear and convincing’ standard requires an ALJ to show his work.” Smartt v. Kijakazi, 53 5 F.4th 489, 499 (9th Cir. 2022). The court finds the ALJ did not do so here. 6 First, the ALJ found that “the extent of treatment is not fully consistent with disability” 7 because “[t]he record . . . shows generally a conservative course of care with medication 8 management and twice-monthly therapy.” AR 36; see id. (“Overall, the treatment history is not 9 fully consistent with the alleged level of limitations.”). The record demonstrates that Plaintiff’s 10 treatment was not “conservative,” such that this cannot be grounds for discounting Plaintiff’s 11 testimony. 12 “[I]n evaluating social security claims involving mental health issues, courts have found that 13 medication prescriptions may indicate that the treatment was not conservative.” Jones v. Dudek, 14 No. 21-CV-01414-JLT-BAM, 2025 WL 1505151, at *6 (E.D. Cal. May 27, 2025), report and 15 recommendation adopted sub nom. Jones v. Bisignano, No. 21-CV-1414 JLT BAM, 2025 WL 16 1663318 (E.D. Cal. June 12, 2025). “While courts have differed on what medications constituted 17 conservative treatment, they have clarified that some prescription medications and the adjustment 18 of those prescriptions indicated that the treatment was not conservative.” Id. (collecting cases). 19 Here, evidence establishes that Plaintiff was taking several medications, and that her medical 20 providers were adjusting her medications to better control her symptoms. AR 461 (“She has been 21 taking 20 mg of Celexa for quite some time. This has been working until recently.”); id. (“I 22 discussed options with her and will increase her Celexa to 40 mg a day.”); AR 463 (“Patient has 23 been taking Celexa 20 mg for over 15 years. Her dose of Celexa was recently increased from 20 24 mg once daily to 40 mg about 4 weeks ago. Patient has noticed mild improvement in her depression 25 symptoms.”); AR 464 (“Patient provided a prescription for buspirone 15 mg to take once daily in 26 the morning.”); id. (“Patient told to continue her Celexa 45 mg once daily in the evening as 27 1 recommended.”)3; AR 491 (“Patient with history of depression, anxiety, and PTSD complaints [sic] 2 of worsening depression symptoms in past 3-4 weeks. Patient is feeling more sad, excess crying, 3 lack of energy, loss of appetite, and fatigue. Patient is currently taking citalopram 40 mg and BuSpar 4 15 mg daily. Patient is . . . taking citalopram 40 mg for past 5 years.”); AR 493 (“PHQ-9 score is 5 19, patient has severe depression. Adding Wellbutrin 150 mg daily in addition to citalopram 40 mg 6 daily. Advised patient to discontinue BuSpar 15 mg daily. Patient has tried multiple medications 7 in the past. Referring patient to psychiatrist for further evaluation and management.”); AR 508 8 (“Patient notes that she has not noticed a difference without taking Wellbutrin. Notes she is still 9 taking her Celexa. . . . Patient states that she felt like her celexa stopped working to fully control 10 anxiety and is having panic attacks since December 2019 . . . . Notes that she has been experiencing 11 generalized anxiety more in the last few years. Reports having panic attacks and night terrors. . . . 12 Notes that she has invasive thoughts of trauma and worry . . .”); AR 510 (“Patient encouraged to 13 continue prazosin for large benefit and encouraged she will get used to side effects of dizziness. . . . 14 Continue Celexa 40 mg QD for depression and PTSD[;] continue prazosin 1 mg QHS for 15 nightmares”); AR 513 (“Patient has been treated for depression but appears to meet criteria for 16 bipolar 2 disorder. Will not stop Celexa at this time . . . . She has significant PTSD symptoms and 17 will start patient on prazosin to help with sleep and adrenergic overload symptoms. Recommended 18 stopping wellbutrin as it could be causing some mood instability and increased activation of PTSD 19 symptoms.”). 20 The record does indicate that Plaintiff experienced some improvement with medication. See, 21 e.g., AR 369 (“Plaintiff has noticed some mild improvement in her depression symptoms.”); AR 508 22 (“Patient reports that she got great sleep and did not have nightmares with using [prazosin].”). 23 However, this is not necessarily evidence of a lack of disability. The Ninth Circuit requires a 24 contextualized view of improvements in functioning, given the fluctuating nature of mental health 25 conditions: 26 As we have emphasized while discussing mental health issues, it is 27 error to reject a claimant’s testimony merely because symptoms wax 1 and wane in the course of treatment. Cycles of improvement and debilitating symptoms are a common occurrence, and in such 2 circumstances it is error for an ALJ to pick out a few isolated instances of improvement over a period of months or years and to treat them as 3 a basis for concluding a claimant is capable of working. . . . Reports of ‘improvement’ in the context of mental health issues must be 4 interpreted with an understanding of the patient’s overall well-being and the nature of her symptoms. . . . They must also be interpreted 5 with an awareness that improved functioning while being treated and while limiting environmental stressors does not always mean that a 6 claimant can function effectively in a workplace. 7 Garrison v. Colvin, 759 F.3d 995, 1017 (9th Cir. 2014) (citations omitted); see Heredia v. Kijakazi, 8 No. 22-16653, 2023 WL 8449242, at *1 (9th Cir. Dec. 6, 2023) (“Although medication improved 9 [Plaintiff’s] condition, [s]he continued to experience persistent and often debilitating symptoms. 10 Indeed, the longitudinal records reflect that [Plaintiff’s] symptoms fluctuated over time, as is typical 11 for an individual with mental health conditions.”). 12 Second, the record belies the ALJ’s finding that Plaintiff “is largely independent with her 13 activities of daily living.” AR 36. The ALJ cited Plaintiff’s testimony that “she is able to go to the 14 grocery store if feeling okay and can drive if necessary”; “can do laundry and make simple meals”; 15 “talks to her mother and sister over the phone”; “was able to take her 7 year old son to basketball 16 last year”; “goes to a small church on Sundays with her family once a week and . . . feels happy and 17 positive there”; and “has taken up crocheting to try to relax and reads during the day[.]” AR 37. 18 The ALJ stated that “such activities are not determinative of the ability to work” but “do help to 19 depict the individual’s capacities over a period of time, thus serving to establish a longitudinal 20 picture of her functional status.” Id. 21 The Ninth Circuit “has repeatedly asserted that the mere fact that a plaintiff has carried on 22 certain daily activities, such as grocery shopping, driving a car, or limited walking for exercise, does 23 not in any way detract from her credibility as to her overall disability.” Vertigan v. Halter, 260 F.3d 24 1044, 1050 (9th Cir. 2001); Revels v. Berryhill, 874 F.3d 648, 667 (9th Cir. 2017) (“Though 25 inconsistent daily activities may provide a justification for rejecting symptom testimony, ‘the mere 26 fact that a plaintiff has carried on certain daily activities . . . does not in any way detract from her 27 credibility as to her overall disability.’”) (citation omitted; ellipses in the original). “One does not 1 Ninth Circuit “ha[s] long recognized that ‘many home activities are not easily transferable to what 2 may be the more grueling environment of the workplace[.]’” Smith v. Saul, 820 F. App’x 582, 585 3 (9th Cir. 2020) (quoting Fair v. Bowen, 885 F.2d 597, 603 (9th Cir. 1989)). This is true “particularly 4 for claimants suffering from mental illness, who may be able to ‘limit[ ] environmental stressors,” 5 and thus experience ‘improved functioning,’ at home in a way that is impracticable at work.” Id. 6 (quoting Garrison v. Colvin, 759 F.3d 995, 1017 (9th Cir. 2014)) (second brackets in the original). 7 Plaintiff’s testimony and the medical record indicates that Plaintiff’s ability to perform daily 8 living activities is materially more limited than the ALJ acknowledged. For instance, Plaintiff 9 testified that she does not do dishes, sweep, or vacuum and sometimes does not take showers. 10 AR 60. She “clean[s] the toilets . . . maybe once every two months, because it gets really bad.” 11 AR 61. She does laundry “because [she] can just put it in, [and] forget it[.]” AR 60; see AR 461 12 (“She is having a hard time concentrating as well.”). The ALJ also fails to explain how the fact 13 that Plaintiff’s mother comes over to help Plaintiff clean (AR 37, 60) constitutes evidence of 14 Plaintiff’s ability to work. 15 Similarly, the fact that Plaintiff “is able to go to the grocery store if feeling okay and can 16 drive if necessary” (AR 36) is also not indicative of the level of Plaintiff’s independence. Plaintiff 17 testified that “I [drive] only when my husband, after he gets off work . . . only when I’m not taking 18 any medication, and I’m feeling okay for the day.” AR 58. There is no evidence as to how often 19 this occurs. Although she likes grocery shopping, Plaintiff testified that “I only go to certain stores 20 because . . . a lot of the stores . . . have a lot of people in them, so I like to just go with my husband 21 for the most part, or I can DoorDash so I can get it . . . delivered to my house.” AR 61. She also 22 stopped taking her son to basketball because she “was not starting to feel good, because as the games 23 started to progress a lot more people started going, so [she] had somebody else take him.” Id. This 24 testimony is consistent with her medical history. See AR 508 (“She notes that she will experience 25 heightened anxiety in public settings or when being exposed to certain smells.”). 26 In sum, Plaintiff’s limited ability “to perform household chores, . . . leave her home, shop 27 for groceries, and visit family members does not ‘in any way detract from her credibility as to her 1 Cir. 2007)). 2 B. The ALJ’s Departure from Psychologists’ Opinions 3 Plaintiff argues the ALJ erred in departing from the opinion of consultative psychologist 4 Pauline Bonilla, Psy.D., as well as the opinions of State agency psychologists Joan Joynson, Ph.D., 5 and Lief Leaf, Ph.D., when formulating Plaintiff’s RFC. 6 1. Legal Standard 7 “[T]he ALJ is responsible for translating and incorporating clinical findings into a succinct 8 RFC.” Rounds v. Comm’r Soc. Sec. Admin., 807 F.3d 996, 1006 (9th Cir. 2015). In determining a 9 claimant’s RFC, an ALJ must consider “all of the relevant medical and other evidence” in the record, 10 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1545(a)(3), 404.1546(c), and must consider all of the claimant’s “medically 11 determinable impairments,” including those that are not severe. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1545(a)(2); Orn v. 12 Astrue, 495 F.3d 625, 630 (9th Cir. 2007). “[A]n RFC that fails to take into account a claimant’s 13 limitations is defective.” Valentine v. Comm’r Soc. Sec. Admin., 574 F.3d 685, 690 (9th Cir. 2009). 14 “For claims filed . . . on or after March 27, 2017,” the SSA “will not defer or give any 15 specific evidentiary weight, including controlling weight, to any medical opinion(s) or prior 16 administrative medical finding(s), including those from [the claimant’s] medical sources.” 20 17 C.F.R. § 404.1520c(a). Instead, the SSA must evaluate the “persuasiveness” of all medical opinions 18 based on several factors, including supportability, consistency, the source’s relationship with the 19 claimant, length of the treatment relationship, frequency of examinations, purpose of the treatment 20 relationship, whether the source has examined the claimant, any specialization, and other factors, 21 such as “evidence showing a medical source has familiarity with the other evidence in the claim or 22 an understanding of [the SSA’s] disability program’s policies and evidentiary requirements.” 20 23 C.F.R. § 404.1520c(a), (c); 20 C.F.R. § 416.920c(a), (c). 24 2. Analysis 25 a. Dr. Bonilla 26 Dr. Bonilla opined that Plaintiff’s ability to maintain regular attendance in the workplace is 27 moderately impaired, ability to complete a normal workday/workweek without interruption from a 1 environment is moderate.4 AR 415–16. The ALJ found that “Dr. Bonilla’s opinion is generally 2 persuasive” because her “opinions on moderate limitations and mild impairment in simple and 3 repetitive tasks are supported by her findings noting some difficulty with calculations and the 4 claimant’s symptom reports during the consultative examination (4F)” and “are also generally 5 consistent with the longitudinal mental status examination findings, treatment history, and activities 6 of daily living.” AR 39. 7 However, the ALJ’s RFC does not account for these limitations. See, e.g., Mathews v. 8 Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 23-CV-01345-HBK, 2025 WL 225094, at *7 (E.D. Cal. Jan. 17, 2025) 9 (“[T]he Court finds the RFC limiting Plaintiff to nonpublic simple work consisting of simple routine 10 repetitive tasks, only occasional interaction with supervisors and coworkers, and non-production 11 line work with only occasional workplace changes, does not account for Dr. Bonilla’s findings of 12 moderate limitations in Plaintiff’s ability to complete a normal workday/work week and the 13 likelihood of emotional deterioration.”); Slover v. Kijakazi, No. 21-CV-01089-ADA-BAM, 2023 14 WL 5488416, at *4 (E.D. Cal. Aug. 24, 2023), report and recommendation adopted, No. 21-cv- 15 01089-ADA-BAM, 2023 WL 5956801 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 13, 2023) (“[R]ecent case law . . . tends to 16 refute the argument that a limitation to simple, routine tasks in the RFC adequately accounts for 17 moderate limitations in the ability to complete a normal workday and the ability to handle stress.”); 18 Raymond v. Berryhill, No. 17-CV-01112-SHK, 2018 WL 3691842, at *6 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 2, 2018) 19 (restriction to unskilled work did not sufficiently account for “moderate limitations in performing 20 routine work duties and maintaining consistent attendance in the workplace”); Wiles v. Berryhill, 21 No. 16-cv-09558-GJS, 2017 WL 5186333, at *3 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 8, 2017) (limitation to “simple 22 routine tasks with limited public contact” did not account for moderate limitations including 23 “maintaining regular attendance and completing a normal workday without interruption”); see also 24 de los Santos v. Kijakazi, No. 20-CV-00919-GSA, 2022 WL 1541464, at *6 (E.D. Cal. May 16, 25 2022) (“The case law in this circuit is split but tends to favor the view that a restriction to 26 simple/routine tasks is not a catchall and does not account for limitations such as maintaining 27 1 attendance.”) (collecting cases). As the ALJ also failed to explain why Dr. Bonilla’s limitations 2 were not included in the RFC, this constitutes error. See Martin v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 472 3 F. App’x 580 (9th Cir. 2012) (“The administrative law judge (ALJ) erred when formulating Martin’s 4 residual functional capacity (RFC) because the RFC neither incorporated Dr. Steiner’s opinion of 5 Martin’s work limitations nor gave specific and legitimate reasons for rejecting it.”); Phounsavath v. 6 Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 23-CV-01436-HBK, 2025 WL 719297, at *7 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 6, 2025) 7 (“[F]ailure to provide reasons, supported by substantial evidence, to reject those limitations, 8 particularly as to her ability to complete a workday/work week and deal with stress and changes, or 9 to properly incorporate those limitations into the assessed RFC, constitutes error.”) (citations 10 omitted). 11 b. Drs. Joynson and Leaf 12 Dr. Joynson and Dr. Leaf opined that Plaintiff could “follow simple 1-2 step instructions[.]” 13 AR 92, 111. The ALJ found that Dr. Joynson’s and Dr. Leaf’s “medical findings . . . are generally 14 persuasive to the extent they are interpreted as consistent with the residual functional capacity in 15 this decision. Overall, the mental opinions are well explained and supported and consistent with the 16 objective medical and other evidence in the record.” AR 38–39. 17 The ALJ found that Plaintiff “cannot tolerate demanding work pressures such as high volume 18 output, very short deadlines, or high levels of precision; [and] can tolerate a low level of work 19 pressure defined as work not requiring multitasking, very detailed job tasks, significant independent 20 judgment, production rate pace, or teamwork in completing job tasks[.]” AR 33. This, however, 21 does not account for Dr. Joynson’s and Dr. Leaf’s opinion that Plaintiff is limited to 1-2 step 22 instructions. See Rounds v. Comm’r Soc. Sec. Admin., 807 F.3d 996, 1003 (9th Cir. 2015) (“There 23 was an apparent conflict between Rounds’ RFC, which limits her to performing one- and two-step 24 tasks, and the demands of Level Two reasoning, which requires a person to ‘[a]pply commonsense 25 understanding to carry out detailed but uninvolved written or oral instructions.’”)5 (brackets in the 26 5 The Department of Labor’s Dictionary of Occupational Titles (“DOT”) “describes the 27 requirements for each listed occupation, including the necessary General Educational Development 1 original). The ALJ’s RFC more closely resembles the requirements of Level Two reasoning, which 2 || is less restrictive than a limitation to one- or two-step instructions. Accordingly, the court finds that 3 the ALJ erred with respect to Dr. Joynson’s and Dr. Leaf’s opinion. 4 C. The ALJ’s Inconsistent RFC Finding 5 Plaintiff argues the ALJ’s RFC is “impermissibly vague and internally inconsistent” with 6 || respect to Plaintiff's capacity to interact with supervisors, co-workers and the public, as well as what 7 || was meant by “initial training period.” Mot. at 13-14. As the reasoning for these findings turns in 8 || part on the ALJ’s consideration of the medical opinions and Plaintiff’s credibility, any decision on 9 || these arguments is premature. 10 || V. CONCLUSION 11 For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment is granted and the 12 || Commissioner’s motion for summary judgment is denied. The Commissioner’s decision is reversed 13 and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this order.

IT IS SO ORDERED. 16 || Dated: December 9, 2025 Donna M. Ryu Zz 18 Chief Magistrate Judge 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 2g || omitted). GED levels include “the reasoning ability required to perform the job, ranging from Level 1 (which requires the least reasoning ability) to Level 6 (which requires the most).” Jd.