Opinion concurring-in-part and dissenting-in-part filed by NEWMAN, Circuit Judge.
DYK, Circuit Judge.
Appellant Jerry R. Shedden (“Mr.Shed-den”) appeals from the decision of the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims affirming the Board of Veterans’ Appeals’ (“BVA”) denial of his claim for clear and unmistakable error (“CUE”) in a 1994 BVA decision that denied service connection for a psychiatric disorder. Shedden v. Principi, No. 01-1534, 2003 WL 22020182 (Vet.App. Aug. 22, 2003). While the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims erroneously stated that 38 U.S.C. § 105(a) does not create a presumption of service connection, we conclude that this error was harmless, and we affirm.
BACKGROUND
Mr. Shedden served on active duty in the United States Marine Corps from January 1968 to January 1972. After leaving service, Mr. Shedden made a claim for service connection for a psychiatric disorder that the Department of Veterans Affairs (“VA”) Regional Office (“RO”) denied in a February 1980 rating decision. In a [1165]*11651982 rating decision the RO denied Mr. Shedden’s claim-for service connection for post-traumatic stress disorder (“PTSD”). Neither of these decisions was appealed, and they became final.
Subsequently, Mr. Shedden requested that his claim of entitlement for service connection for a psychiatric disorder, including PTSD, be reopened because of new and material evidence. The RO denied this request in July 1988. That decision was appealed, and the BVA remanded to the RO for additional development. After a series of decisions by the RO continuing to deny Mr. Shedden’s claim for service connection, the appellant again appealed to the BVA.
In a June 1994 decision the BVA determined that new and material evidence had been submitted and reopened Mr. Shed-den’s claim, but it denied it on the merits. Reviewing Mr. Shedden’s claim de novo, the BVA found that during the period he was on active duty, “[t]he veteran’s service medical records [we]re silent as to any complaints, treatment or diagnosis of a psychiatric disorder.” In re Shedden, No. 89-25 959, slip op. at 6 (Bd. VetApp. June 2, 1994) (the “1994 decision”). The BVA further held that “[tjhere is also no showing of what could be an acquired psychiatric disorder either prior to or during service, or at a point sufficiently proximate to service as could be reasonably related thereto.” Id. at 10. Moreover, the BVA found that the veteran had failed to show that he was then suffering from PTSD. Id. at 4.
In December 2000 Mr. Shedden filed a claim alleging that there was CUE in the BVA’s 1994 decision. Among other things,1 Mr. Shedden contended that there was evidence in the record that he had suffered from a psychiatric condition during service and that this triggered a presumption of service connection under 38 U.S.C. § 105(a). In a 2001 decision the BVA rejected Mr. Shedden’s CUE claim holding that in the 1994 decision it correctly “found that a psychiatric disorder had not been incurred in or aggravated by active service” and that “[tjhe Board was not required to consider the provisions of 38 U.S.C.[ ] § 105(a).” In re Shedden, No. 01-02 277, slip op. at 31 (Bd.Vet.App. July 23, 2001). The BVA further held that, even if section 105(a) were applicable, the veteran’s
assertions that the statute creates a presumption of service connection is [sic] without merit. As the language of the statute indicates, an injury or disease that is incurred during active service is deemed to have been incurred in the line of duty and not the result of the veteran’s own misconduct. Service connection can be granted only for diseases or injuries that are incurred in the line of duty, and the statute creates a presumption that an injury incurred during active service was incurred in the line of duty. The statute does not pertain to whether the injury or disease was, in fact, incurred in active service.
Id. (citations omitted).
On appeal, the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims agreed with the BVA that section 105(a) provides a presumption that an injury was incurred in the “line of duty,” but “does not grant presumptive service connection for an injury ... incurred in active duty.” Shedden v. Principi, slip op. at 3. The court further held that the veteran’s section 105(a) argument “d[idj not constitute a sufficient basis for [1166]*1166establishing CUE ... because he ha[d] not demonstrated how any of the asserted errors ... would have been outcome determinative of the June 1994 BVA decision .Id. Mr. Shedden timely appealed to this court. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 38 U.S.C. § 7292.
DISCUSSION
“We review a claim for legal error in the decision of the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims without deference.” Moody v. Principi, 360 F.3d 1306, 1310 (Fed.Cir.2004).
I
Sections 1110 and 1131 of Title 38 of the United States Code provide compensation to veterans for personal injury or disease and for aggravation of a preexisting injury or disease, if they are incurred “in line of duty” and are service-connected. See 38 U.S.C. §§ 1110, 1131 (2000).2 We have recently had occasion to review the application of those provisions in the context of the presumption of soundness in Wagner. This case requires us to consider their application in the context of 38 U.S.C. § 105(a). Section 105(a) provides that:
[a]n injury or disease incurred during active military, naval, or air service will be deemed to have been incurred in line of duty and not the result of the veterans own misconduct when the person on whose account benefits are claimed was, at the time the injury was suffered or disease contracted, in active military, naval, or air service, whether on active duty or on authorized leave, unless such injury or disease was a result of the persons own willful misconduct or abuse of alcohol or drugs.
38 U.S.C. § 105(a) (emphasis added).3 Here, we must consider whether the statutory language “incurred in line of duty” and “service-connected” mean the same thing. We conclude that they do.
The statute itself makes clear that “service-connected” means the same thing as “incurred in the line of duty.” 38 U.S.C. § 101(16) states that: The term service-connected means, with respect to disability or death, that such disability was incurred or aggravated, or that the death resulted from a disability incurred or aggravated, in line of duty in the active military, naval, or air service. 38 U.S.C.
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Opinion concurring-in-part and dissenting-in-part filed by NEWMAN, Circuit Judge.
DYK, Circuit Judge.
Appellant Jerry R. Shedden (“Mr.Shed-den”) appeals from the decision of the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims affirming the Board of Veterans’ Appeals’ (“BVA”) denial of his claim for clear and unmistakable error (“CUE”) in a 1994 BVA decision that denied service connection for a psychiatric disorder. Shedden v. Principi, No. 01-1534, 2003 WL 22020182 (Vet.App. Aug. 22, 2003). While the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims erroneously stated that 38 U.S.C. § 105(a) does not create a presumption of service connection, we conclude that this error was harmless, and we affirm.
BACKGROUND
Mr. Shedden served on active duty in the United States Marine Corps from January 1968 to January 1972. After leaving service, Mr. Shedden made a claim for service connection for a psychiatric disorder that the Department of Veterans Affairs (“VA”) Regional Office (“RO”) denied in a February 1980 rating decision. In a [1165]*11651982 rating decision the RO denied Mr. Shedden’s claim-for service connection for post-traumatic stress disorder (“PTSD”). Neither of these decisions was appealed, and they became final.
Subsequently, Mr. Shedden requested that his claim of entitlement for service connection for a psychiatric disorder, including PTSD, be reopened because of new and material evidence. The RO denied this request in July 1988. That decision was appealed, and the BVA remanded to the RO for additional development. After a series of decisions by the RO continuing to deny Mr. Shedden’s claim for service connection, the appellant again appealed to the BVA.
In a June 1994 decision the BVA determined that new and material evidence had been submitted and reopened Mr. Shed-den’s claim, but it denied it on the merits. Reviewing Mr. Shedden’s claim de novo, the BVA found that during the period he was on active duty, “[t]he veteran’s service medical records [we]re silent as to any complaints, treatment or diagnosis of a psychiatric disorder.” In re Shedden, No. 89-25 959, slip op. at 6 (Bd. VetApp. June 2, 1994) (the “1994 decision”). The BVA further held that “[tjhere is also no showing of what could be an acquired psychiatric disorder either prior to or during service, or at a point sufficiently proximate to service as could be reasonably related thereto.” Id. at 10. Moreover, the BVA found that the veteran had failed to show that he was then suffering from PTSD. Id. at 4.
In December 2000 Mr. Shedden filed a claim alleging that there was CUE in the BVA’s 1994 decision. Among other things,1 Mr. Shedden contended that there was evidence in the record that he had suffered from a psychiatric condition during service and that this triggered a presumption of service connection under 38 U.S.C. § 105(a). In a 2001 decision the BVA rejected Mr. Shedden’s CUE claim holding that in the 1994 decision it correctly “found that a psychiatric disorder had not been incurred in or aggravated by active service” and that “[tjhe Board was not required to consider the provisions of 38 U.S.C.[ ] § 105(a).” In re Shedden, No. 01-02 277, slip op. at 31 (Bd.Vet.App. July 23, 2001). The BVA further held that, even if section 105(a) were applicable, the veteran’s
assertions that the statute creates a presumption of service connection is [sic] without merit. As the language of the statute indicates, an injury or disease that is incurred during active service is deemed to have been incurred in the line of duty and not the result of the veteran’s own misconduct. Service connection can be granted only for diseases or injuries that are incurred in the line of duty, and the statute creates a presumption that an injury incurred during active service was incurred in the line of duty. The statute does not pertain to whether the injury or disease was, in fact, incurred in active service.
Id. (citations omitted).
On appeal, the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims agreed with the BVA that section 105(a) provides a presumption that an injury was incurred in the “line of duty,” but “does not grant presumptive service connection for an injury ... incurred in active duty.” Shedden v. Principi, slip op. at 3. The court further held that the veteran’s section 105(a) argument “d[idj not constitute a sufficient basis for [1166]*1166establishing CUE ... because he ha[d] not demonstrated how any of the asserted errors ... would have been outcome determinative of the June 1994 BVA decision .Id. Mr. Shedden timely appealed to this court. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 38 U.S.C. § 7292.
DISCUSSION
“We review a claim for legal error in the decision of the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims without deference.” Moody v. Principi, 360 F.3d 1306, 1310 (Fed.Cir.2004).
I
Sections 1110 and 1131 of Title 38 of the United States Code provide compensation to veterans for personal injury or disease and for aggravation of a preexisting injury or disease, if they are incurred “in line of duty” and are service-connected. See 38 U.S.C. §§ 1110, 1131 (2000).2 We have recently had occasion to review the application of those provisions in the context of the presumption of soundness in Wagner. This case requires us to consider their application in the context of 38 U.S.C. § 105(a). Section 105(a) provides that:
[a]n injury or disease incurred during active military, naval, or air service will be deemed to have been incurred in line of duty and not the result of the veterans own misconduct when the person on whose account benefits are claimed was, at the time the injury was suffered or disease contracted, in active military, naval, or air service, whether on active duty or on authorized leave, unless such injury or disease was a result of the persons own willful misconduct or abuse of alcohol or drugs.
38 U.S.C. § 105(a) (emphasis added).3 Here, we must consider whether the statutory language “incurred in line of duty” and “service-connected” mean the same thing. We conclude that they do.
The statute itself makes clear that “service-connected” means the same thing as “incurred in the line of duty.” 38 U.S.C. § 101(16) states that: The term service-connected means, with respect to disability or death, that such disability was incurred or aggravated, or that the death resulted from a disability incurred or aggravated, in line of duty in the active military, naval, or air service. 38 U.S.C. 101(16). We have also assumed that this is the correct interpretation. See Forshey v. Principi, 284 F.3d 1335, 1352 (Fed.Cir.) (en banc) (referring to the presumption of service connection set forth in 38 U.S.C. 105(a)), cert. denied, 537 U.S. 823, 123 S.Ct. 110, 154 L.Ed.2d 33 (2002). Thus we conclude that section 105(a) creates a presumption of service connection, that is, that a disability first manifested or aggravated during active duty is deemed to be service connected, unless such injury or disease was a result of the persons own willful misconduct or abuse of alcohol or drugs. 38 U.S.C. 105(a).
However, the mere fact that a serviceman has suffered a service-connected disease or injury does not automatically lead to compensation for future disabilities. The Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims has correctly noted that in order to estab[1167]*1167lish service connection or service-connected aggravation for a present disability the veteran must show: (1) the existence of a present disability; (2) in-service incur-rence or aggravation of a disease or injury; and (3) a causal relationship between the present disability and the disease or injury incurred or aggravated during service. Hansen v. Principi, 16 Vet.App. 110, 111 (2002) (citing Coluza v. Brown, 7 Vet.App. 498, 505 (1995), aff'd, 78 F.3d 604 (Fed.Cir.1996) (table)). Thus, while section 105(a) establishes a presumption that the disease or injury incurred during active duty is service-connected, the veteran seeking compensation must still show the existence of a present disability and that there is a causal relationship between the present disability and the injury, disease, or aggravation of a preexisting injury or disease incurred during active duty.4 See also Dambach v. Gober, 223 F.3d 1376, 1380 (Fed.Cir.2000) (explaining that under 38 U.S.C. 1154(b) a veteran may proffer satisfactory lay or other evidence of service incurrence or aggravation of such injury or disease to establish the causal relationship and other requirements for service connection (quoting Collette v. Brown, 82 F.3d 389, 393 (Fed.Cir.1996))). However, there is not, as the government contended at oral argument, any requirement to show a causal relationship between the present disability and the particular event or circumstance that gave rise to the in-service injury or aggravation.
II
The appellants complaint in this case, as best we can determine from the somewhat confusing briefs and oral argument, is that the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims incorrectly stated that section 105(a) did not create a presumption of service connection for a disease or injury that was incurred during active service. In this respect the appellant is correct. The Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims held that section 105(a) provides] a presumption in favor of finding line of duty, but does not grant presumptive service connection for an injury ... incurred in active duty. Shedden, slip op. at 3. As explained above the statute makes no distinction between the terms incurred in line of duty and service-connected. Contrary to the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims opinion, section 105(a) creates a presumption of service connection when [a]n injury or disease [was] incurred during active military, naval, or air service ... unless such injury or disease was a result of the persons own willful misconduct or abuse of alcohol or drugs. 35 U.S.C. 105(a).
Ill
However, the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims error in this case was harmless. The Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims held alternatively that there was no CUE because Mr. Shedden had failed to show that section 105(a) would have been outcome determinative of the June 1994 BVA decision. Id. We interpret this to mean that the court agreed with the BVA on its other ground for rejecting Mr. Shed-dens section 105(a) argument, namely that there was no showing of a psychiatric condition incurred in active service that could give rise to the section 105(a) presumption. This alternate ground for affirming the judgment of no CUE has not been challenged on appeal.
[1168]*1168This court reviews the judgments entered in appeals from the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims, not the opinions issued by that court. Szemraj v. Principi, 357 F.3d 1370, 1375 (Fed.Cir.2004). In this case, the judgment denying the appellant’s CUE claim was unaffected by the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claim’s interpretative error because that judgment rested on an alternate ground that was unaffected by the error. There is therefore no basis to reverse that judgment, and the decision of the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims is
AFFIRMED.
COSTS.
No costs.