USCA4 Appeal: 21-2236 Doc: 35 Filed: 12/15/2022 Pg: 1 of 6
UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 21-2236
JEROME REDMAN, Individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated,
Plaintiff – Appellee,
v.
JAVITCH BLOCK, LLC,
Defendant – Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of West Virginia, at Martinsburg. Gina M. Groh, District Judge. (3:21−cv−00037−GMG)
Submitted: October 3, 2022 Decided: December 15, 2022
Before WILKINSON, RICHARDSON, and RUSHING, Circuit Judges.
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
ON BRIEF: Tyler G. Lansden, Michael D. Slodov, JAVITCH BLOCK LLC, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellant. Stephen G. Skinner, SKINNER LAW FIRM, Charles Town, West Virginia, for Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. USCA4 Appeal: 21-2236 Doc: 35 Filed: 12/15/2022 Pg: 2 of 6
PER CURIAM:
Javitch Block, LLC appeals the district court’s order granting Jerome Redman’s
motion to remand, in which the court determined that Javitch waived its right to remove
this matter from state to federal court. Because the district court’s finding of waiver was
not clearly erroneous, we affirm.
I.
This case arises out of two successive lawsuits in the Circuit Court of Berkeley
County, West Virginia. The first was a debt collection action by FIA Card Services, N.A.
against Jerome Redman, in which FIA eventually obtained a default judgment. J.A. 20–22.
Javitch Block, LLC became involved when it filed a wage garnishment execution against
Redman to collect this default judgment on FIA’s behalf. J.A. 23. Redman later became
aware of this default judgment and filed a motion to set it aside. J.A. 135, 464–69. The
state court, Judge R. Steven Redding, granted that motion and allowed Redman to assert
defenses and counterclaims against FIA and a third-party complaint against Javitch. J.A.
478–95. Redman and FIA eventually reached a settlement, and they voluntarily dismissed
the original complaint and counterclaims. J.A. 118–19. After voluntarily dismissing his
third-party claim against Javitch in the first action, Redman filed a class action complaint
against Javitch in January 2021 in the same court, alleging violations of West Virginia law.
J.A. 150, 518-543. The new case was originally assigned to a different judge. See J.A. 440.
On February 11, 2021, Redman amended the complaint to add claims under the
federal Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA), 15 U.S.C. §§ 1692–1692p. J.A. 5–
24. The new FDCPA claim triggered federal court removal eligibility pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
2 USCA4 Appeal: 21-2236 Doc: 35 Filed: 12/15/2022 Pg: 3 of 6
§ 1441(a). Under 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b)(3), Javitch was required to file a notice of removal
within 30 days of the amended complaint. However, on February 25, fourteen days after
the action became removable, Javitch filed a motion to dismiss all claims in state court.
J.A. 25–50. Javitch then filed several other litigation documents before the state court, such
as a notice of supplemental authority and a motion to stay discovery pending resolution of
the motion to dismiss. J.A. 431–38. On March 5, the presiding judge recused himself and
the case was transferred to Judge Redding. J.A. 439–40. A few hours later, Javitch filed a
notice of removal, and the case was subsequently transferred to federal court. J.A. 441–46.
In federal court, Redman filed a motion to remand, arguing that Javitch waived its
right to remove when it continued to litigate in state court after it had sufficient notice of
removal eligibility. J.A. 450–61. The district court granted the motion, concluding that
Javitch’s filings in state court “demonstrate[d] [its] desire to litigate the matter in state
court,” thereby waiving its removal right. J.A. 607. The court found the motion to dismiss
particularly evident of that intent as it “raised dispositive arguments.” Id. This included a
res judicata argument, in which Javitch contended that the debt collection litigation
precluded Redman’s new class action claims. Id. The district court believed that the state
court was thus better equipped to handle the case. Id. Moreover, it found “[p]articularly
interesting” the timing of defendant’s removal notice as it was “just three hours after the
case was reassigned to [Judge Redding,] who handled the first litigation involving these
parties.” Id. Javitch subsequently filed a motion to stay remand pending appeal or for
expedited reconsideration. J.A. 609–28. The district court denied this motion, reasoning
3 USCA4 Appeal: 21-2236 Doc: 35 Filed: 12/15/2022 Pg: 4 of 6
again that “judicial economy clearly weighs in favor of this case being decided by the court
in which it originated and was already, partially litigated.” J.A. 629–31.
II.
Javitch appeals the district court’s remand order. There is no dispute that Javitch
timely filed its notice of removal within 30 days of receiving Redman’s amended complaint
raising the federal FDCPA issue. See 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b)(3). Javitch instead argues that it
did not waive its right to remove this state court action to federal court.
A district court’s “waiver determination involves a factual and objective inquiry as
to the defendant’s intent to waive.” Grubb v. Donegal Mut. Ins. Co., 935 F.2d 57, 59 (4th
Cir. 1991) (quoting Rothner v. City of Chicago, 879 F.2d 1402, 1408 (7th Cir. 1989)). We
thus “review this factual finding for clear error.” Northrop Grumman v. Dyncorp Int’l LLC,
865 F.3d 181, 186 (4th Cir. 2017). Under a clear error standard of review, we determine
“[i]f the district court’s account of the evidence is plausible in light of the record viewed
in its entirety.” United States v. Thorson, 633 F.3d 312, 317 (4th Cir. 2011). “If so, we may
not reverse the district court’s conclusion—even if we may have weighed the evidence
differently.” Walsh v. Vinoskey, 19 F.4th 672, 677 (4th Cir. 2021).
The district court was not clearly erroneous in determining that Javitch waived its
right to remove. Javitch disputes that the standard of review is one of clear error, but we
would uphold the district court’s determination under any standard. We have found that “a
defendant may yet waive its 30-day right to removal by demonstrating a ‘clear and
unequivocal’ intent to remain in state court.” Grubb, 935 F.2d at 57 (quoting Rothner, 879
F.2d at 1416). Waiver of this right is only appropriate “in extreme situations, when judicial
4 USCA4 Appeal: 21-2236 Doc: 35 Filed: 12/15/2022 Pg: 5 of 6
economy, fairness, and comity demand it.” Northrop Grumman, 865 F.3d at 186 (internal
quotations omitted).
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USCA4 Appeal: 21-2236 Doc: 35 Filed: 12/15/2022 Pg: 1 of 6
UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 21-2236
JEROME REDMAN, Individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated,
Plaintiff – Appellee,
v.
JAVITCH BLOCK, LLC,
Defendant – Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of West Virginia, at Martinsburg. Gina M. Groh, District Judge. (3:21−cv−00037−GMG)
Submitted: October 3, 2022 Decided: December 15, 2022
Before WILKINSON, RICHARDSON, and RUSHING, Circuit Judges.
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
ON BRIEF: Tyler G. Lansden, Michael D. Slodov, JAVITCH BLOCK LLC, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellant. Stephen G. Skinner, SKINNER LAW FIRM, Charles Town, West Virginia, for Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. USCA4 Appeal: 21-2236 Doc: 35 Filed: 12/15/2022 Pg: 2 of 6
PER CURIAM:
Javitch Block, LLC appeals the district court’s order granting Jerome Redman’s
motion to remand, in which the court determined that Javitch waived its right to remove
this matter from state to federal court. Because the district court’s finding of waiver was
not clearly erroneous, we affirm.
I.
This case arises out of two successive lawsuits in the Circuit Court of Berkeley
County, West Virginia. The first was a debt collection action by FIA Card Services, N.A.
against Jerome Redman, in which FIA eventually obtained a default judgment. J.A. 20–22.
Javitch Block, LLC became involved when it filed a wage garnishment execution against
Redman to collect this default judgment on FIA’s behalf. J.A. 23. Redman later became
aware of this default judgment and filed a motion to set it aside. J.A. 135, 464–69. The
state court, Judge R. Steven Redding, granted that motion and allowed Redman to assert
defenses and counterclaims against FIA and a third-party complaint against Javitch. J.A.
478–95. Redman and FIA eventually reached a settlement, and they voluntarily dismissed
the original complaint and counterclaims. J.A. 118–19. After voluntarily dismissing his
third-party claim against Javitch in the first action, Redman filed a class action complaint
against Javitch in January 2021 in the same court, alleging violations of West Virginia law.
J.A. 150, 518-543. The new case was originally assigned to a different judge. See J.A. 440.
On February 11, 2021, Redman amended the complaint to add claims under the
federal Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA), 15 U.S.C. §§ 1692–1692p. J.A. 5–
24. The new FDCPA claim triggered federal court removal eligibility pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
2 USCA4 Appeal: 21-2236 Doc: 35 Filed: 12/15/2022 Pg: 3 of 6
§ 1441(a). Under 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b)(3), Javitch was required to file a notice of removal
within 30 days of the amended complaint. However, on February 25, fourteen days after
the action became removable, Javitch filed a motion to dismiss all claims in state court.
J.A. 25–50. Javitch then filed several other litigation documents before the state court, such
as a notice of supplemental authority and a motion to stay discovery pending resolution of
the motion to dismiss. J.A. 431–38. On March 5, the presiding judge recused himself and
the case was transferred to Judge Redding. J.A. 439–40. A few hours later, Javitch filed a
notice of removal, and the case was subsequently transferred to federal court. J.A. 441–46.
In federal court, Redman filed a motion to remand, arguing that Javitch waived its
right to remove when it continued to litigate in state court after it had sufficient notice of
removal eligibility. J.A. 450–61. The district court granted the motion, concluding that
Javitch’s filings in state court “demonstrate[d] [its] desire to litigate the matter in state
court,” thereby waiving its removal right. J.A. 607. The court found the motion to dismiss
particularly evident of that intent as it “raised dispositive arguments.” Id. This included a
res judicata argument, in which Javitch contended that the debt collection litigation
precluded Redman’s new class action claims. Id. The district court believed that the state
court was thus better equipped to handle the case. Id. Moreover, it found “[p]articularly
interesting” the timing of defendant’s removal notice as it was “just three hours after the
case was reassigned to [Judge Redding,] who handled the first litigation involving these
parties.” Id. Javitch subsequently filed a motion to stay remand pending appeal or for
expedited reconsideration. J.A. 609–28. The district court denied this motion, reasoning
3 USCA4 Appeal: 21-2236 Doc: 35 Filed: 12/15/2022 Pg: 4 of 6
again that “judicial economy clearly weighs in favor of this case being decided by the court
in which it originated and was already, partially litigated.” J.A. 629–31.
II.
Javitch appeals the district court’s remand order. There is no dispute that Javitch
timely filed its notice of removal within 30 days of receiving Redman’s amended complaint
raising the federal FDCPA issue. See 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b)(3). Javitch instead argues that it
did not waive its right to remove this state court action to federal court.
A district court’s “waiver determination involves a factual and objective inquiry as
to the defendant’s intent to waive.” Grubb v. Donegal Mut. Ins. Co., 935 F.2d 57, 59 (4th
Cir. 1991) (quoting Rothner v. City of Chicago, 879 F.2d 1402, 1408 (7th Cir. 1989)). We
thus “review this factual finding for clear error.” Northrop Grumman v. Dyncorp Int’l LLC,
865 F.3d 181, 186 (4th Cir. 2017). Under a clear error standard of review, we determine
“[i]f the district court’s account of the evidence is plausible in light of the record viewed
in its entirety.” United States v. Thorson, 633 F.3d 312, 317 (4th Cir. 2011). “If so, we may
not reverse the district court’s conclusion—even if we may have weighed the evidence
differently.” Walsh v. Vinoskey, 19 F.4th 672, 677 (4th Cir. 2021).
The district court was not clearly erroneous in determining that Javitch waived its
right to remove. Javitch disputes that the standard of review is one of clear error, but we
would uphold the district court’s determination under any standard. We have found that “a
defendant may yet waive its 30-day right to removal by demonstrating a ‘clear and
unequivocal’ intent to remain in state court.” Grubb, 935 F.2d at 57 (quoting Rothner, 879
F.2d at 1416). Waiver of this right is only appropriate “in extreme situations, when judicial
4 USCA4 Appeal: 21-2236 Doc: 35 Filed: 12/15/2022 Pg: 5 of 6
economy, fairness, and comity demand it.” Northrop Grumman, 865 F.3d at 186 (internal
quotations omitted). In past cases, we have looked to see whether a defendant has taken
substantial defensive action in state court before petitioning for removal. See Aqualon Co.
v. MAC Equipment, Inc., 149 F.3d 262, 264 (4th Cir. 1998); see also Northrop Grumman,
865 F.3d at 188.
Here, Javitch took several actions which expressed the requisite intent to remain in
state court. First, Javitch filed a motion to dismiss in which it raised substantive arguments
before the state court. Under West Virginia law, a ruling on a motion to dismiss amounts
to an adjudication on the merits. See Sprouse v. Clay Comm., Inc., 211 S.E.2d 674, 696
(W. Va. 1975). Thus, Javitch opened itself up to a complete merits determination in state
court. Further, Javitch filed this motion a full two weeks after receiving notice that the case
was removable. Instead of proceeding straight to federal court, Javitch decided to avail
itself of state court. Then, before removing the case, Javitch supplemented its motion to
dismiss with additional authority, further demonstrating an intent to receive a merits
determination on the matter in state court. And finally, Javitch moved to stay discovery
pending resolution on the motion to dismiss. These actions show Javitch “actively
engage[d] in defensive litigation in the state court[.]” Northrop Grumman, 865 F.3d at 188.
As for the “extreme situations” determination, the district court was also not clearly
erroneous in finding this satisfied. It found that “judicial economy clearly weighs in favor
of this case being decided by the court in which it originated and was already, partially
litigated.” J.A. 630. We note that Javitch waited 22 days before removing the complaint,
and only did so three hours after the case was reassigned to Judge Redding. Javitch cannot
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“be allowed to test the waters in state court . . . and finding the temperature not to its liking,
beat a swift retreat to federal court.” Northrop Grumman, 865 F.3d at 188 (quoting Estate
of Krasnow v. Texaco, Inc., 773 F.Supp. 806, 809 (E.D. Va. 1991)). Javitch sought to use
the state court proceedings to its advantage several times over, and only changed its mind
once Judge Redding was assigned to the case. Under these circumstances, the district court
was not clearly erroneous in finding Javitch waived its right to removal, and we affirm.
AFFIRMED