MEMORANDUM DECISION FILED Jul 21 2016, 5:42 am Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be CLERK Indiana Supreme Court regarded as precedent or cited before any Court of Appeals and Tax Court court except for the purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata, collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Philip R. Skodinski Gregory F. Zoeller South Bend, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
J.T. Whitehead Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Jeremy Michael Neloff, July 21, 2016 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 71A03-1511-CR-1933 v. Appeal from the St. Joseph Superior Court State of Indiana, The Honorable Elizabeth C. Appellee-Plaintiff Hurley, Judge Trial Court Cause No. 71D08-1410-F1-8
Crone, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1511-CR-1933 | July 21, 2016 Page 1 of 14 Case Summary [1] Jeremy Michael Neloff appeals his convictions, following a jury trial, for three
counts of level 1 felony rape. On appeal, he contends that the trial court abused
its discretion in admitting certain evidence. He also asserts that the State
presented insufficient evidence to sustain his convictions. Concluding that the
trial court did not abuse its discretion and that the State presented sufficient
evidence to sustain the convictions, we affirm.
Facts and Procedural History [2] The facts most favorable to the verdicts are as follows. On October 18, 2014,
A.G. 1 was out drinking beers and watching football at the bars with her friends
in South Bend. After driving one of her friends home on the west side of town,
A.G. planned to stay the night with her ex-boyfriend rather than driving all of
the way back to her home in Bristol. However, at around 3:56 a.m. on October
19, the car A.G. was driving ran out of gas on Grape Road in Mishawaka.
Because A.G.’s ex-boyfriend did not answer her call, she decided to just pull
over and wait for help.
[3] Meanwhile, Neloff was out driving around with his almost one-year-old son,
K.N., in order to help K.N. fall asleep. Neloff pulled his car up behind A.G.’s
and offered to help her. He told her that he would drive to a gas station to see if
1 We note that in its appellate brief, the State refers to the victim as “P.G.” However, we refer to her as “A.G.” based upon her full legal name.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1511-CR-1933 | July 21, 2016 Page 2 of 14 it sold gas cans and then return. Neloff drove away and returned a few minutes
later to report that he had found a station that sold gas cans. He offered to drive
A.G. to the gas station. Because the presence of his young son in the back seat
made her feel comfortable, A.G. agreed to let Neloff drive her to buy gas. As
they drove, A.G. and Neloff engaged in “that awkward small talk that you
make when you’re with a stranger.” Tr. at 26.
[4] A.G. “wasn’t paying very much attention” to where Neloff was driving, but
suddenly realized that they had turned down a dead-end road. Id. A.G. started
to be concerned because she noticed that there were no houses around and that
they were in a wooded area. Neloff claimed that he had made a mistake and
that he would just turn the car around. Instead, he turned into a nearby drive,
“forcefully shoved the car in park[,]” and grabbed A.G. into a bear hug. Id. at
28. A.G. began to struggle and fight. Neloff, who weighed roughly 225
pounds, told her “[D]on’t move, don’t do it.” Id. A.G. “completely started to
panic” and asked Neloff what he wanted. Id. Neloff pulled her over to his side
of the car and “proceeded to pull his pants down and shove [A.G.’s] head into
his crotch.” Id. A.G. screamed and kept trying to fight back until she felt
“something sharp” on her neck. Id. Neloff threatened, “[D]on’t move or I will
slice you wide open.” Id. at 29. A.G. believed that Neloff was holding a knife
or box cutter to her throat. A.G. feared that Neloff might kill her, so she just
“froze” and tried not to make any sudden movements. Id.
[5] Neloff forced A.G. to perform oral sex on him. While she was performing oral
sex, Neloff pulled A.G.’s pants down and inserted his fingers in both her anus
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1511-CR-1933 | July 21, 2016 Page 3 of 14 and her vagina. A.G. continued to cry and scream. This awakened Neloff’s
young son, and A.G. could hear his son crying from the back seat. A.G. next
saw a bright light shining in her face and realized that Neloff was filming her.
He asked A.G. her name and age, and she lied and said that her name was
“Ashley” and that she was “twenty-one.” Id. at 30. A.G. was just trying “to
survive” at this point. Id.
[6] Neloff ordered A.G. to remove the boots that she was wearing. Rather than
oblige, A.G. moved as far over into the passenger seat of the car as she could
get. Neloff screamed at her to take her “f**king boots” off, so she did. Id. at
31. Neloff then climbed on top of A.G. and attempted to have sexual
intercourse with her. He inserted his penis inside her vagina and moved “back
and forth” in a sexual manner for about four minutes, but he could not
maintain an erection. Id. Neloff’s son was screaming and crying very loud, and
Neloff eventually climbed off A.G. Neloff was saying out loud, “[W]hat am I
doing, I am not a bad person ... I don’t know why I am … what am I doing
[?].” Id. at 32. A.G. thought that Neloff’s sudden claimed confusion and
remorse was “very fake,” but she decided to just “go with it” since fighting him
had not worked. Id. A.G. realized that the weapon that Neloff had held to her
throat was a screwdriver. A.G. assured Neloff that he was not a bad person
and that she knew that he was not trying to hurt her. A.G. asked Neloff to take
her to her car, and she promised him that she would not tell anyone what had
happened. Neloff began looking around the car while saying, “I can’t let you
go.” Id. at 48. A.G. was frantic and started begging Neloff not to kill her.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1511-CR-1933 | July 21, 2016 Page 4 of 14 A.G. brought up God and tried to convince Neloff that maybe God put her in
the situation to help him. Neloff seemed to be amenable to this idea and started
telling A.G. about his life and his addictions. One of the addictions that he
discussed with A.G. was his addiction to voyeurism.
[7] Neloff finally drove to the gas station and purchased a gas can and gas for A.G.
He then drove A.G. back to her car and put gas in it. Neloff requested that
A.G. spend more time talking with him. She agreed to talk with him but
insisted that they park in front of a store that she believed had security cameras.
Neloff followed A.G. to the storefront. A.G. wanted to get Neloff’s name so
that she could identify him to police. Neloff was “regretful,” “remorseful,” and
“apologetic” to A.G. about raping her. Id. at 42. She convinced him that she
needed his name so that she could be sure that he hadn’t ever raped anyone
else. He allowed A.G. to look at his identification in his wallet. She
memorized as much information as she could. After that, A.G. told Neloff that
she needed to leave. Neloff responded, “[S]o I guess I will just go home and
wait for the cops.” Id. at 43. A.G. told him that she had a lot to think about
and that she would not feel safe driving away unless he left first. Neloff left,
and A.G. drove straight to her ex-boyfriend’s house and then to the police
station.
[8] Neloff was arrested, and a recorded interview was conducted by Mishawaka
Police Department Special Victims Unit Detective Martin Mullins on October
23, 2014. Before the interview, Detective Mullins advised Neloff of his Miranda
rights. Neloff read along with Detective Mullins and read a portion of the
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1511-CR-1933 | July 21, 2016 Page 5 of 14 statement of his rights aloud back to Detective Mullins. He then signed a
waiver of rights form. During the interview, Neloff inquired, “There’s no way I
can speak to a counselor or an attorney before I talk about this?” State’s Ex. 12:
Appellant’s App. at 166. Mullins responded, “That’s totally up to … I can’t
suggest a counselor. I can’t suggest an attorney. Those aren’t decisions I’m
allowed to make.” Id. at 167. Neloff continued to speak to Mullins but never
admitted to raping A.G.
[9] The State charged Neloff with four counts of level 1 felony rape, one count of
level 5 felony criminal confinement, and one count of level 6 felony performing
sexual conduct in the presence of a minor. Before trial, Neloff filed a motion to
suppress arguing that his statements to police during the interview on October
23, 2014, should be suppressed because he invoked his right to counsel.
Following a suppression hearing, the trial court denied Neloff’s motion
concluding that his alleged invocation of his right to counsel was equivocal and
ambiguous.
[10] A jury trial was held on August 31 through September 3, 2015. The jury found
Neloff guilty of three counts of level 1 felony rape and not guilty of one count of
level 1 felony rape. The criminal confinement and performing sexual conduct
counts were dismissed. This appeal ensued.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1511-CR-1933 | July 21, 2016 Page 6 of 14 Discussion and Decision
Section 1 – The trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting into evidence Neloff’s interview with police. [11] Neloff first asserts that the trial court erred in denying his pretrial motion to
suppress his interview with Detective Mullins. That issue is no longer viable.
Clark v. State, 994 N.E.2d 252, 259 (Ind. 2013). Because he appeals following a
completed trial, the issue before us is properly framed as whether the trial court
abused its discretion in admitting the evidence at trial. Id. The trial court is
afforded wide discretion in ruling on the admissibility of evidence, and we
review its ruling only for an abuse of discretion. Beasley v. State, 46 N.E.3d
1232, 1235 (Ind. 2016). An abuse of discretion occurs when the decision is
clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances and the error
affects a party’s substantial rights. Id. We do not reweigh the evidence, and we
consider only the evidence that is either favorable to the ruling or unrefuted
evidence favorable to the defendant. Id.
[12] During his recorded interview with Detective Mullins, Neloff inquired,
“There’s no way I can speak to a counselor or an attorney before I talk about
this?” State’s Ex. 12: Appellant’s App. at 166. 2 Neloff contends that this
2 On appeal, Neloff directs us to other statements that he made later during his interview, which he argues may have also constituted requests for counsel. However, he made no mention of these statements in his motion to suppress and did not call the trial court’s attention to these additional statements when he renewed his objection to the admission of the interview at trial. Therefore, his challenge to these additional statements is waived. See Addison v. State, 962 N.E.2d 1202, 1211 (Ind. 2012) (a defendant may not argue one ground for objection at trial and then raise new grounds on appeal); see also Townsend v. State, 632 N.E.2d 727, 730 (Ind. 1994) (a party waives an issue if it is raised for the first time on appeal).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1511-CR-1933 | July 21, 2016 Page 7 of 14 statement constituted an invocation of his right to counsel and that the
interview should have ceased at that point. Thus, he argues that the admission
of his interview violated his right to counsel. We disagree. 3
[13] It is well established that “[i]nvocation of the Miranda right to counsel requires,
at a minimum, some statement that can reasonably be construed to be an
expression of a desire for the assistance of an attorney.” Davis v. United States,
512 U.S. 452, 459 (1994) (quotation marks and citation omitted). While the
cessation of police questioning is required once an accused requests counsel, the
request for counsel must be unambiguous and unequivocal. Berghuis v.
Thompkins, 560 U.S. 370, 381 (2010). Indeed, the request must be made with
sufficient clarity such that a “reasonable police officer in the circumstances
would understand the statement to be a request for an attorney.” Davis, 512
U.S. at 459.
[14] In Davis, the United States Supreme Court determined that the defendant's
statement “maybe I should talk to a lawyer” was not an unequivocal request for
counsel. Id. at 462. In Taylor v. State, 689 N.E.2d 699 (Ind. 1997), the
defendant stated, “I guess I really want a lawyer, but, I mean, I've never done
3 The State argues that Neloff has waived his argument regarding the admission of the interview by specifically advocating for and agreeing to the admission of a less redacted version of the interview versus a more redacted version that the State initially introduced. We find the State’s argument disingenuous, as our review of the record reveals that Neloff renewed his objection to the admission of the interview at trial based upon his motion to suppress, see Tr. at 131, and that the discussion and advocation the State is referring to occurred simply because once Neloff knew that the evidence was coming in, he wanted the more complete version admitted.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1511-CR-1933 | July 21, 2016 Page 8 of 14 this before so I don't know.” Id. at 703. Our supreme court determined that the
defendant's statement was “an expression of doubt, not a request” and was
merely the suspect choosing to “think out loud about whether to exercise his
constitutional right.” Id. at 703–05. In Powell v. State, 898 N.E.2d 328 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2008), trans. denied (2009), this Court considered the defendant’s statement
“Could I see about getting a lawyer or something man?” Id. at 337. We found
the wording of that statement, which was posed as a question to officers, to be
ambiguous and not sufficiently clear as to constitute a request for an attorney.
We emphasized in Powell that officers immediately followed up and asked the
defendant if he in fact wanted an attorney. When directly asked, the defendant
did not say yes or clarify that he wanted counsel. See id.
[15] Neloff’s statement here is akin to the statements made in Davis, Taylor, and
Powell and was neither unambiguous nor unequivocal. Neloff posed a question
to Detective Mullins regarding whether he needed an attorney, and even after
Detective Mullins told him that it was a personal decision, Neloff failed to
clarify that he wanted counsel. Under the circumstances, we cannot say that
Neloff’s request was made with sufficient clarity such that a reasonable police
officer under the circumstances would understand that Neloff was
unambiguously asserting his right to counsel. The trial court did not abuse its
discretion when it admitted Neloff’s interview with Detective Mullins into
evidence.
[16] Additionally, even if the trial court abused its discretion in admitting Neloff’s
interview with Detective Mullins, any such error was harmless. “[S]tatements
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1511-CR-1933 | July 21, 2016 Page 9 of 14 obtained in violation of the federal constitution and erroneously admitted are
subject to harmless error analysis.” Anderson v. State, 961 N.E.2d 19, 28 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2012), trans. denied. The reviewing court must be satisfied that the
error did not contribute to the verdict, that is, that the error was unimportant in
relation to everything else the jury considered on the issue in question. Morales
v. State, 749 N.E.2d 1260, 1267 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001). In other words, “if the
State has presented other overwhelming evidence of the defendant’s guilt, then
an erroneously admitted statement may be deemed harmless.” Anderson, 961
N.E.2d at 28.
[17] Our review of Neloff’s interview reveals that it is a far cry from a confession of
guilt and was generally consistent with his direct testimony at trial in which he
did not admit to any nonconsensual sexual contact with A.G. Thus, we cannot
say that the interview contributed to his rape convictions. Moreover, as we will
discuss more fully later in this opinion, the State presented other overwhelming
evidence of Neloff’s guilt sufficient to render any error in the admission of his
interview with Detective Mullins harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. In
short, the admission of the interview was unimportant in relation to the other
evidence considered by the jury. Accordingly, we find no error much less
reversible error on this issue.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1511-CR-1933 | July 21, 2016 Page 10 of 14 Section 2 – The trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting Neloff’s testimony regarding a conversation that he had with his wife. [18] Next, Neloff relies on the marital privilege doctrine to argue that the trial court
abused its discretion in permitting the State to question him during trial
regarding a conversation that he had with his wife. 4 As stated above, the trial
court is afforded wide discretion in ruling on the admissibility of evidence, and
we review that ruling only for an abuse of discretion. Beasley, 46 N.E.3d at
1235. Our supreme court has indicated that the marital privilege prohibits
“requiring a spouse to testify as to confidential marital communications, but
does not bar the spouse from testifying if the spouse chooses to do so.” Glover v.
State, 836 N.E.2d 414, 422 (Ind. 2005); see Ind. Code § 34-46-3-1 (providing that
“the following persons shall not be required to testify regarding the following
communications…(4) Husband and wife as to communications made to each
4 Although Neloff’s wife did testify briefly at trial, she asserted the marital privilege and did not testify regarding any conversations that she had with Neloff.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1511-CR-1933 | July 21, 2016 Page 11 of 14 other.”). Under the circumstances presented here, Neloff’s reliance on the
marital privilege is misplaced and unavailing. 5
[19] On appeal, Neloff complains about a line of questioning that was initiated by
his own trial counsel as a matter of strategy. He was asked by his counsel on
direct examination, “Did you tell your wife that you felt like you cheated on
her?” Tr. at 185-86. Neloff answered his counsel’s question in the affirmative
and explained why he made that statement to his wife. Then, on recross, the
State asked Neloff follow-up questions about what else he had told his wife
during that same conversation, and the trial court permitted Neloff to answer
over his counsel’s objection on the grounds of marital privilege. We conclude
that Neloff voluntarily opened the door during direct examination to further
questioning as to the conversation that he had with his wife. Evidence that is
otherwise inadmissible may become admissible when the defendant opens the
door to questioning on that evidence. Bryant v. State, 802 N.E.2d 486, 500 (Ind.
2004). “In order to open the door, the evidence relied upon must leave the trier
of fact with a false or misleading impression of the facts related.” Id. Neloff’s
5 Although we need not reach the issue because we conclude that Neloff opened the door to the challenged testimony, we question his ability as the party-spouse to assert the marital privilege to exclude his own testimony regarding what he said to his wife. It is generally accepted under Indiana law that “[b]ecause the marital privilege exists only to protect marriages, only the witness-spouse [as opposed to the party-spouse] may claim the privilege….” 12 ROBERT LOWELL MILLER, JR., INDIANA PRACTICE, INDIANA EVIDENCE § 501.558 (3d. ed 2007) (citing Glover, 836 N.E.2d at 416). However, the “leading common law treatises agree that the privilege should belong to the spouse who made the communication, rather than to the spouse to whom the communication is made[.]” Id. at n.1 (citations omitted). While our courts do not appear to have specifically considered or adopted this position, we note that the broad language of Indiana Code Section 34- 46-3-1(4) certainly implies that the privilege belongs to both spouses regarding communications made to each other.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1511-CR-1933 | July 21, 2016 Page 12 of 14 limited and obviously self-serving answers on direct examination regarding the
conversation that he had with his wife left the jury with a misleading impression
that the only thing that he said to his wife regarding the early morning in
question was that he felt like he cheated on her, when in fact he said much
more. The trial court did not abuse its discretion by permitting the State to
question Neloff regarding the conversation that he had with his wife.
Section 3 – The State presented sufficient evidence to sustain Neloff’s convictions. [20] Finally, Neloff contends that the State presented insufficient evidence to sustain
his convictions. When reviewing a claim of insufficient evidence, we neither
reweigh the evidence nor assess witness credibility. Bell v. State, 31 N.E.3d 495,
499 (Ind. 2015). We look to the evidence and reasonable inferences drawn
therefrom that support the verdict and will affirm if there is probative evidence
from which a reasonable factfinder could have found the defendant guilty
beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. In short, if the testimony believed by the trier
of fact is enough to support the verdict, then the reviewing court will not disturb
the conviction. Id. at 500. “A conviction can be sustained on only the
uncorroborated testimony of a single witness, even when that witness is the
victim.” Bailey v. State, 979 N.E.2d 133, 135 (Ind. 2012).
[21] To convict Neloff of level 1 felony rape, the State was required to prove that,
while armed with a deadly weapon, Neloff knowingly or intentionally had
sexual intercourse with another person or knowingly or intentionally caused
another person to perform or submit to other sexual conduct when the other
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1511-CR-1933 | July 21, 2016 Page 13 of 14 person was compelled by force or imminent threat of force. See Ind. Code § 35-
42-4-1. A.G. explained to the jury how Neloff drove her down a deserted road,
grabbed her, held a sharp object to her throat, and threatened to slice her “wide
open." Tr. at 29. She then testified in great detail regarding how Neloff forced
her to perform oral sex on him, attempted to have sexual intercourse with her,
and also how he touched her anus and inserted his fingers into both her vagina
and her anus. A.G. stated that she feared for her life during her encounter with
Neloff.
[22] Neloff points to what he claims are inconsistencies in A.G.’s story and argues
that A.G.’s testimony regarding the rapes as well as the other events that
occurred that early morning was not believable. The entirety of Neloff’s
argument is merely a request that we reweigh the evidence and reassess
credibility in his favor, tasks not within our prerogative on appeal. The State
presented sufficient evidence to sustain the convictions.
[23] Affirmed.
Najam, J., and Robb, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1511-CR-1933 | July 21, 2016 Page 14 of 14