NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT _____________
No. 23-3201 _____________
JENNIFER A. MCLAUGHLIN, Appellant v.
WALMART ________________
On Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (D.C. Civil No. 2-22-cv-03272) District Judge: Honorable John M. Younge ______________
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a) September 9, 2024 ______________
Before: CHAGARES, Chief Judge, ROTH and RENDELL, Circuit Judges.
(Opinion filed: December 3, 2024) ____________
OPINION* ____________
* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and, pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7, does not constitute binding precedent. CHAGARES, Chief Judge.
Jennifer McLaughlin, an assistant store manager at a Pennsylvania Walmart, left
her job in 2019. She later filed a lawsuit claiming that Walmart violated the federal
Family and Medical Leave Act (“FMLA”), 29 U.S.C. § 2601 et seq., and the Americans
with Disabilities Act (“ADA”), 42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq. The District Court granted
Walmart’s motion for summary judgment, finding that McLaughlin voluntarily left her
job, thereby suffering no adverse employment action for the purposes of her FMLA and
ADA claims, and due to her separation, could not have suffered interference with her
FMLA rights. McLaughlin appealed. For the reasons that follow, we will affirm the
District Court’s order.
I.1
Jennifer McLaughlin worked for Walmart from November 2012 until October
2019.2 She worked as a Front-End Assistant Store Manager at a Boothwyn, Pennsylvania
store from 2016 until the time of her separation. She suffered pelvic injuries in August
2018.
McLaughlin took multiple leaves of absence during her time at Walmart, including
several periods of FMLA leave due to her injury and a pregnancy. Walmart employees
1 Because we write for the parties, we recite only facts pertinent to our decision.
McLaughlin provided no fact section in her brief, instead incorporating by reference the facts she pled in her opposition to summary judgment. But McLaughlin failed to respond to Walmart’s statement of undisputed material fact in the District Court. Therefore, many of these facts come from Walmart’s statement of undisputed material facts as they are deemed admitted. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e)(2); U.S. District Judge John Milton Younge, Policies and Procedures: General Matters, Civil Cases, and Criminal Cases 14, 2 like McLaughlin must request leaves of absence through a third-party leave
administrator, which makes the final decision approving or denying leave requests.
Walmart employees must also upload supporting medical documentation for the third-
party leave administrator’s review, when necessary. The third-party leave administrator
approved, denied, and asked for supporting medical documentation with respect to
McLaughlin’s various requests for FMLA and other leave made from December 2016
until the time of her separation.
McLaughlin testified that her supervisors made comments related to her injury at
work. When McLaughlin leaned on counters or stacks of boxes as she tried to take
pressure off her hip, she claimed that her supervisors remarked “you still got to get things
done” and it was “not a good look for our customers.” Appendix (“App.”) 272. She also
claimed that her supervisors refused to accommodate her disability and represented to her
https://www.paed.uscourts.gov/sites/paed/files/documents/procedures/youpol.pdf (“Without exception, all facts set forth shall be deemed admitted unless addressed by the opposing party as set forth herein.”). McLaughlin also concedes that Walmart’s statement of undisputed facts is admitted. We also draw facts from McLaughlin’s procedurally improper factual narrative opposing summary judgment. See U.S. District Judge John Milton Younge, supra, at 14 (“Judge Younge requires the parties to file separate statements of material facts (i.e., not simply a factual narration section of a brief) . . . .” (emphasis in original)). 2 McLaughlin also previously worked at Walmart from March 2009 until she was terminated in December 2010. But this appeal does not concern that period of employment.
3 that her FMLA leave requests3 were denied. McLaughlin stated that her supervisors
would often assign her additional work, as well.
McLaughlin eventually signed a job offer letter from Giant Food Stores, LLC
(“Giant”) on August 31, 2019. Over a month later, on October 8, she texted her Walmart
store manager, “I’d like to give a two week notice, but I can’t work it. It’s too much on
my health. I’ll need to stop by and give my keys. Say goodbye to everyone.” App. 210.
She began working at Giant on October 10 — only two days after texting her resignation
notice. On October 21 — twelve days into her new job — McLaughlin texted her
Walmart store manager “Was I termed for medical? Or job abandonment?” App. 383.
Her manager replied, “Health.” App. 383.
McLaughlin timely filed her discrimination claim with the Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission on August 9, 2020. She received her right-to-sue letter on May
19, 2022. She timely filed her complaint in the District Court, which later granted
Walmart’s motion for summary judgment. McLaughlin then timely appealed.
II.
The District Court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331. This Court has
appellate jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Our review of the District Court’s
grant of summary judgment is plenary. Physicians Healthsource, Inc. v. Cephalon, Inc.,
954 F.3d 615, 618 (3d Cir. 2020). We apply the same standard as the District Court:
summary judgment is appropriate only when “there is no genuine dispute as to any
3 It is not clear from McLaughlin’s factual narrative in opposition to summary judgment whether her supervisor told her one or two of her FMLA leave requests were denied. 4 material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Id. (citing Fed.
R. Civ. P. 56(a)). We view all “the facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving
party and draw all inferences in that party’s favor.” Stone v. Troy Constr., LLC, 935
F.3d 141, 147 n.6 (3d Cir. 2019) (quoting Prowel v. Wise Bus. Forms, Inc., 579 F.3d 285,
286 (3d Cir. 2009)).
III.
McLaughlin brings two types of claims: (1) retaliation claims under the FMLA
and ADA, and (2) an FMLA interference claim.4 We address these claims in turn.
A.
Retaliation claims are cognizable under the FMLA and ADA. See Canada v.
Samuel Grossi & Sons, Inc., 49 F.4th 340, 346 (3d Cir. 2022). And they are both
analyzed pursuant to the burden-shifting framework established in McDonnell Douglas
Corp. v. Green,
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT _____________
No. 23-3201 _____________
JENNIFER A. MCLAUGHLIN, Appellant v.
WALMART ________________
On Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (D.C. Civil No. 2-22-cv-03272) District Judge: Honorable John M. Younge ______________
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a) September 9, 2024 ______________
Before: CHAGARES, Chief Judge, ROTH and RENDELL, Circuit Judges.
(Opinion filed: December 3, 2024) ____________
OPINION* ____________
* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and, pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7, does not constitute binding precedent. CHAGARES, Chief Judge.
Jennifer McLaughlin, an assistant store manager at a Pennsylvania Walmart, left
her job in 2019. She later filed a lawsuit claiming that Walmart violated the federal
Family and Medical Leave Act (“FMLA”), 29 U.S.C. § 2601 et seq., and the Americans
with Disabilities Act (“ADA”), 42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq. The District Court granted
Walmart’s motion for summary judgment, finding that McLaughlin voluntarily left her
job, thereby suffering no adverse employment action for the purposes of her FMLA and
ADA claims, and due to her separation, could not have suffered interference with her
FMLA rights. McLaughlin appealed. For the reasons that follow, we will affirm the
District Court’s order.
I.1
Jennifer McLaughlin worked for Walmart from November 2012 until October
2019.2 She worked as a Front-End Assistant Store Manager at a Boothwyn, Pennsylvania
store from 2016 until the time of her separation. She suffered pelvic injuries in August
2018.
McLaughlin took multiple leaves of absence during her time at Walmart, including
several periods of FMLA leave due to her injury and a pregnancy. Walmart employees
1 Because we write for the parties, we recite only facts pertinent to our decision.
McLaughlin provided no fact section in her brief, instead incorporating by reference the facts she pled in her opposition to summary judgment. But McLaughlin failed to respond to Walmart’s statement of undisputed material fact in the District Court. Therefore, many of these facts come from Walmart’s statement of undisputed material facts as they are deemed admitted. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e)(2); U.S. District Judge John Milton Younge, Policies and Procedures: General Matters, Civil Cases, and Criminal Cases 14, 2 like McLaughlin must request leaves of absence through a third-party leave
administrator, which makes the final decision approving or denying leave requests.
Walmart employees must also upload supporting medical documentation for the third-
party leave administrator’s review, when necessary. The third-party leave administrator
approved, denied, and asked for supporting medical documentation with respect to
McLaughlin’s various requests for FMLA and other leave made from December 2016
until the time of her separation.
McLaughlin testified that her supervisors made comments related to her injury at
work. When McLaughlin leaned on counters or stacks of boxes as she tried to take
pressure off her hip, she claimed that her supervisors remarked “you still got to get things
done” and it was “not a good look for our customers.” Appendix (“App.”) 272. She also
claimed that her supervisors refused to accommodate her disability and represented to her
https://www.paed.uscourts.gov/sites/paed/files/documents/procedures/youpol.pdf (“Without exception, all facts set forth shall be deemed admitted unless addressed by the opposing party as set forth herein.”). McLaughlin also concedes that Walmart’s statement of undisputed facts is admitted. We also draw facts from McLaughlin’s procedurally improper factual narrative opposing summary judgment. See U.S. District Judge John Milton Younge, supra, at 14 (“Judge Younge requires the parties to file separate statements of material facts (i.e., not simply a factual narration section of a brief) . . . .” (emphasis in original)). 2 McLaughlin also previously worked at Walmart from March 2009 until she was terminated in December 2010. But this appeal does not concern that period of employment.
3 that her FMLA leave requests3 were denied. McLaughlin stated that her supervisors
would often assign her additional work, as well.
McLaughlin eventually signed a job offer letter from Giant Food Stores, LLC
(“Giant”) on August 31, 2019. Over a month later, on October 8, she texted her Walmart
store manager, “I’d like to give a two week notice, but I can’t work it. It’s too much on
my health. I’ll need to stop by and give my keys. Say goodbye to everyone.” App. 210.
She began working at Giant on October 10 — only two days after texting her resignation
notice. On October 21 — twelve days into her new job — McLaughlin texted her
Walmart store manager “Was I termed for medical? Or job abandonment?” App. 383.
Her manager replied, “Health.” App. 383.
McLaughlin timely filed her discrimination claim with the Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission on August 9, 2020. She received her right-to-sue letter on May
19, 2022. She timely filed her complaint in the District Court, which later granted
Walmart’s motion for summary judgment. McLaughlin then timely appealed.
II.
The District Court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331. This Court has
appellate jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Our review of the District Court’s
grant of summary judgment is plenary. Physicians Healthsource, Inc. v. Cephalon, Inc.,
954 F.3d 615, 618 (3d Cir. 2020). We apply the same standard as the District Court:
summary judgment is appropriate only when “there is no genuine dispute as to any
3 It is not clear from McLaughlin’s factual narrative in opposition to summary judgment whether her supervisor told her one or two of her FMLA leave requests were denied. 4 material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Id. (citing Fed.
R. Civ. P. 56(a)). We view all “the facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving
party and draw all inferences in that party’s favor.” Stone v. Troy Constr., LLC, 935
F.3d 141, 147 n.6 (3d Cir. 2019) (quoting Prowel v. Wise Bus. Forms, Inc., 579 F.3d 285,
286 (3d Cir. 2009)).
III.
McLaughlin brings two types of claims: (1) retaliation claims under the FMLA
and ADA, and (2) an FMLA interference claim.4 We address these claims in turn.
A.
Retaliation claims are cognizable under the FMLA and ADA. See Canada v.
Samuel Grossi & Sons, Inc., 49 F.4th 340, 346 (3d Cir. 2022). And they are both
analyzed pursuant to the burden-shifting framework established in McDonnell Douglas
Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973) when the plaintiff relies upon circumstantial
evidence of discrimination, like here. See Samuel Grossi & Sons, Inc., 49 F.4th at 346.
Pursuant to this framework, the plaintiff must first establish a prima facie case by
demonstrating “(1) that she engaged in protected employee activity; (2) adverse action by
the employer either after or contemporaneous with the employee’s protected activity; and
(3) a causal connection” between the protected activity and the adverse action. Id.
4 McLaughlin also brought an ADA disability discrimination claim that the District Court considered. But she fails to mention this claim in her brief, so we deem it forfeited. See M.S. ex rel. Hall v. Susquehanna Twp. Sch. Dist., 969 F.3d 120, 124 n.3 (3d Cir. 2020); Barna v. Bd. of Sch. Dirs. of the Panther Valley Sch. Dist., 877 F.3d 136, 145-46 (3d Cir. 2017).
5 (cleaned up). The District Court correctly concluded that McLaughlin’s claim fails
because she has not demonstrated any adverse employment action.
The District Court held that McLaughlin voluntarily resigned from her position at
Walmart — as evidenced by her resignation notice, signed Giant offer letter, and new
employment — and, therefore, she failed to demonstrate any adverse employment
action.5 McLaughlin argues that her October 21 text message asking “Was I termed for
termed for medical? Or job abandonment?” and her manager’s reply, “Health,” creates a
genuine issue of material fact as to whether she resigned or was terminated, defeating
summary judgment. App. 383. She writes that “all communications”6 between her
separation date and this text message “can be interpreted to show [she] believes she was
terminated. This is in direct contradiction to the statements provided by [her supervisors].
This contradiction creates a genuine issue of material fact that defeats summary
judgment.” McLaughlin Br. 5 (record citations omitted).
But the District Court correctly noted that the record contained evidence that
McLaughlin’s supervisors believed and officially documented that she had voluntarily
resigned due to health concerns. McLaughlin’s subjective belief that she was terminated,
without more, is insufficient to create a genuine issue of material fact to defeat summary
judgment. See Ramara, Inc. v. Westfield Ins. Co., 814 F.3d 660, 666 (3d Cir. 2016);
5 The District Court also considered whether McLaughlin’s voluntary resignation constituted a constructive discharge and rejected this argument. McLaughlin does not mention this issue in her briefs, so we will not address it. See Barna, 877 F.3d at 145-46. 6 McLaughlin does not refer to or cite any communication other than her October 21 text message. 6 Jones v. Sch. Dist. of Phila., 198 F.3d 403, 414 (3d Cir. 1999). We therefore will affirm
the grant of summary judgment as to the retaliation claims.
B.
The FMLA entitles eligible employees to up to “12 workweeks of leave during
any 12-month period” due to an employee’s “serious health condition.” 29 U.S.C.
§ 2612(a)(1)(D). The act makes it “unlawful for any employer to interfere with, restrain,
or deny the exercise of or the attempt to exercise, any right” under the FMLA. Id.
§ 2615(a)(1); see also Ross v. Gilhuly, 755 F.3d 185, 191 (3d Cir. 2014). An FMLA
plaintiff bringing an interference claim must establish that
(1) he or she was an eligible employee under the FMLA; (2) the defendant was an employer subject to the FMLA’s requirements; (3) the plaintiff was entitled to FMLA leave; (4) the plaintiff gave notice to the defendant of his or her intention to take FMLA leave; and (5) the plaintiff was denied benefits to which he or she was entitled under the FMLA.
Gilhuly, 755 F.3d at 191-92.
The District Court correctly granted summary judgment to Walmart on this claim.
McLaughlin argues (in one paragraph) that her alleged termination and her supervisor’s
comments that her leave request was denied demonstrate FMLA interference. But
McLaughlin has not demonstrated that she was denied any FMLA benefit. She resigned
and began her new job at Giant before the third-party leave administrator received her
FMLA leave request, giving it no opportunity to approve or deny it. Specifically, the
undisputed facts show that McLaughlin texted her resignation notice to her supervisor
eight days before and separated from Walmart two days before the third-party leave
administrator received her FMLA leave request on October 16. The leave administrator
7 therefore never processed the FMLA request because McLaughlin’s employment had
ended.
Her supervisor’s comment that the FMLA leave requests were denied cannot
constitute a denial of FMLA benefits because Walmart’s third-party leave-
administrator — not her supervisor — made the final decisions concerning leave
requests. As a longtime Walmart employee and manager familiar with the leave policy,
McLaughlin had interacted with the third-party leave administrator numerous times,
belying her dubious and unsupported argument that she “reasonably believed that her
supervisor would have knowledge about the claim being denied.” McLaughlin Br. 6.
And the supervisor’s comments about leave denial seemingly did not discourage her from
requesting FMLA leave in any event, since she made the request to the third-party
administrator after the supervisor’s comments. We therefore will affirm the grant of
summary judgment as to the FMLA interference claim.
IV.
For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s order granting
summary judgment against McLaughlin and in favor of Walmart.