OPINION OF THE COURT
SEITZ, Circuit Judge.
Appellant Jean Ettinger appeals from the order of the district court granting appellee Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc.’s (“Merrill Lynch”) motion for summary judgment and denying her motion for class certification. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 (1982).
I.
In May and June 1984, Ettinger purchased from Merrill Lynch several zero-coupon bonds, which Merrill Lynch calls TIGR’s.
It is undisputed that Merrill Lynch is a market maker in these securities.
After selling these securities several months later, Ettinger filed this action in the district court alleging that Merrill Lynch charged excessive and unconscionable mark-ups on the sale of these zero-coupon bonds and failed to disclose this compensation in violation of section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. § 78j(b) (1982), and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder, 17 C.F.R. § 240.10b-5 (1984). Invoking pendent jurisdiction, Et-tinger also asserted breaches by Merrill Lynch of its contractual and fiduciary duties under Pennsylvania law.
Ettinger subsequently filed a motion for class action determination, and Merrill Lynch filed a motion for summary judgment. The district court granted Merrill Lynch's motion for summary judgment, holding that as a matter of law Merrill Lynch’s failure to disclose allegedly excessive commissions on the sale of zero-coupon bonds did not constitute a violation of section 10(b) or Rule 10b — 5; the district court denied Ettinger’s motion for class certification.
Ettinger appeals from the order of the district court.
II.
A.
Our standard of review from a grant of summary judgment is plenary.
Goodman v. Mead Johnson & Co.,
534 F.2d 566, 573 (3d Cir.1976),
cert. denied,
429 U.S. 1038, 97 S.Ct. 732, 50 L.Ed.2d 748 (1977).
We first address Merrill Lynch’s contention that its compliance with the disclosure requirements of Rule 10b-10, 17 C.F.R. § 240.10b-10 (1984), exempted it from liability under section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5. Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 makes it unlawful to utilize “any manipulative or deceptive device or contrivance” in connection with the purchase or sale of securities. Rule 10b-5 provides:
It shall be unlawful for any person, directly or indirectly, by the use of any means or instrumentality of interstate commerce, or of the mails or of any facility of any national securities exchange,
(a) To employ any device, scheme, or artifice to defraud,
(b) To make any untrue statement of a material fact or to omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading, or
(c) To engage in any act, practice or course of business which operates or would operate as a fraud or deceit upon any person,
in connection with the purchase or sale of any security.
The Supreme Court has interpreted the federal securities laws broadly. Referring to section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5 together, the Supreme Court noted, “These proscriptions ... are broad, and by the repeated use of the word ‘any,’ are obviously meant to be inclusive.”
Affiliated Ute Citizens v. United States,
406 U.S. 128, 151, 92 S.Ct. 1456, 1471, 31 L.Ed.2d 741 (1972). The Court has frequently noted that securities legislation, explicitly including section 10(b), “must be read flexibly, not technically and restrictively.”
Superintendent of Ins. v. Bankers Life & Casualty Co.,
404 U.S. 6, 12, 92 S.Ct. 165, 169, 30 L.Ed.2d 128 (1971);
accord Herman & MacLean v. Huddleston,
459 U.S. 375, 386-87, 103 S.Ct. 683, 689-70, 74 L.Ed.2d 548 (1983).
The SEC has established through its enforcement actions the principle that charging undisclosed excessive commissions constitutes fraud. “This fraud is avoided only by charging a price which bears a reasonable relation to the prevailing price or disclosing such information as will permit the customer to make an informed judgment upon whether or not he will complete the transaction.”
In re Duker & Duker,
8 S.E.C. 386, 388-89 (1939). The SEC has continually adhered to this position,
see, e.g., In re Associated Secs. Corp.,
40 S.E.C. 10, 14 (1960), which has also received judicial approval.
Charles Hughes & Co. v. Securities & Exch. Comm’n,
139 F.2d 434, 437 (1943),
cert. denied,
321 U.S. 786, 64 S.Ct. 781, 88 L.Ed. 1077 (1944). Although these cases were proceedings to revoke broker-dealers’ registrations taken by the SEC pursuant to section 15(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. §
78o
(b), we believe that they illuminate the SEC’s view as to what constitutes fraud. They therefore have applicability in the context of private actions brought under the anti-fraud provisions of Rule 10b-5.
Thus, we have no doubt that, at least prior to the enactment of Rule 10b-10 in 1977, the alleged fraudulent actions of Merrill Lynch would have been actionable under section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5.
This brings us to Merrill Lynch’s contention, accepted by the district court, that the language and history of Rule 10b-10 show an intention to exempt brokers from liability under Rule 10b-5 for not disclosing allegedly excessive mark-ups in transactions by market makers in debt securities, such as Merrill Lynch’s sale of TIGR’s to Ettinger. Rule 10b-10 was first proposed by the SEC in 1976 and was adopted in slightly revised form in 1977. Rule 10b-10 is enti-
tied “Confirmation of Transactions” and sets forth various disclosures that a broker or dealer must make to customers in writing at or before the completion of certain transactions.
In its release announcing the adoption of this rule, the SEC stated:
The rule does not attempt to set forth all possible categories of material information to be disclosed by broker-dealers in connection with a particular transaction in securities.
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OPINION OF THE COURT
SEITZ, Circuit Judge.
Appellant Jean Ettinger appeals from the order of the district court granting appellee Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc.’s (“Merrill Lynch”) motion for summary judgment and denying her motion for class certification. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 (1982).
I.
In May and June 1984, Ettinger purchased from Merrill Lynch several zero-coupon bonds, which Merrill Lynch calls TIGR’s.
It is undisputed that Merrill Lynch is a market maker in these securities.
After selling these securities several months later, Ettinger filed this action in the district court alleging that Merrill Lynch charged excessive and unconscionable mark-ups on the sale of these zero-coupon bonds and failed to disclose this compensation in violation of section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. § 78j(b) (1982), and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder, 17 C.F.R. § 240.10b-5 (1984). Invoking pendent jurisdiction, Et-tinger also asserted breaches by Merrill Lynch of its contractual and fiduciary duties under Pennsylvania law.
Ettinger subsequently filed a motion for class action determination, and Merrill Lynch filed a motion for summary judgment. The district court granted Merrill Lynch's motion for summary judgment, holding that as a matter of law Merrill Lynch’s failure to disclose allegedly excessive commissions on the sale of zero-coupon bonds did not constitute a violation of section 10(b) or Rule 10b — 5; the district court denied Ettinger’s motion for class certification.
Ettinger appeals from the order of the district court.
II.
A.
Our standard of review from a grant of summary judgment is plenary.
Goodman v. Mead Johnson & Co.,
534 F.2d 566, 573 (3d Cir.1976),
cert. denied,
429 U.S. 1038, 97 S.Ct. 732, 50 L.Ed.2d 748 (1977).
We first address Merrill Lynch’s contention that its compliance with the disclosure requirements of Rule 10b-10, 17 C.F.R. § 240.10b-10 (1984), exempted it from liability under section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5. Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 makes it unlawful to utilize “any manipulative or deceptive device or contrivance” in connection with the purchase or sale of securities. Rule 10b-5 provides:
It shall be unlawful for any person, directly or indirectly, by the use of any means or instrumentality of interstate commerce, or of the mails or of any facility of any national securities exchange,
(a) To employ any device, scheme, or artifice to defraud,
(b) To make any untrue statement of a material fact or to omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading, or
(c) To engage in any act, practice or course of business which operates or would operate as a fraud or deceit upon any person,
in connection with the purchase or sale of any security.
The Supreme Court has interpreted the federal securities laws broadly. Referring to section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5 together, the Supreme Court noted, “These proscriptions ... are broad, and by the repeated use of the word ‘any,’ are obviously meant to be inclusive.”
Affiliated Ute Citizens v. United States,
406 U.S. 128, 151, 92 S.Ct. 1456, 1471, 31 L.Ed.2d 741 (1972). The Court has frequently noted that securities legislation, explicitly including section 10(b), “must be read flexibly, not technically and restrictively.”
Superintendent of Ins. v. Bankers Life & Casualty Co.,
404 U.S. 6, 12, 92 S.Ct. 165, 169, 30 L.Ed.2d 128 (1971);
accord Herman & MacLean v. Huddleston,
459 U.S. 375, 386-87, 103 S.Ct. 683, 689-70, 74 L.Ed.2d 548 (1983).
The SEC has established through its enforcement actions the principle that charging undisclosed excessive commissions constitutes fraud. “This fraud is avoided only by charging a price which bears a reasonable relation to the prevailing price or disclosing such information as will permit the customer to make an informed judgment upon whether or not he will complete the transaction.”
In re Duker & Duker,
8 S.E.C. 386, 388-89 (1939). The SEC has continually adhered to this position,
see, e.g., In re Associated Secs. Corp.,
40 S.E.C. 10, 14 (1960), which has also received judicial approval.
Charles Hughes & Co. v. Securities & Exch. Comm’n,
139 F.2d 434, 437 (1943),
cert. denied,
321 U.S. 786, 64 S.Ct. 781, 88 L.Ed. 1077 (1944). Although these cases were proceedings to revoke broker-dealers’ registrations taken by the SEC pursuant to section 15(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. §
78o
(b), we believe that they illuminate the SEC’s view as to what constitutes fraud. They therefore have applicability in the context of private actions brought under the anti-fraud provisions of Rule 10b-5.
Thus, we have no doubt that, at least prior to the enactment of Rule 10b-10 in 1977, the alleged fraudulent actions of Merrill Lynch would have been actionable under section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5.
This brings us to Merrill Lynch’s contention, accepted by the district court, that the language and history of Rule 10b-10 show an intention to exempt brokers from liability under Rule 10b-5 for not disclosing allegedly excessive mark-ups in transactions by market makers in debt securities, such as Merrill Lynch’s sale of TIGR’s to Ettinger. Rule 10b-10 was first proposed by the SEC in 1976 and was adopted in slightly revised form in 1977. Rule 10b-10 is enti-
tied “Confirmation of Transactions” and sets forth various disclosures that a broker or dealer must make to customers in writing at or before the completion of certain transactions.
In its release announcing the adoption of this rule, the SEC stated:
The rule does not attempt to set forth all possible categories of material information to be disclosed by broker-dealers in connection with a particular transaction in securities. Rule 10b-10 only mandates the disclosure of information which can generally be expected to be material. Of course, in particular circumstances, additional information may be material and disclosure may be required.
Securities Exchange Act Release No. 13,-508 [1977-1978 Decisions] Fed.Sec.L.Rep. (CCH) ¶ 81, 143, at 87,930 n. 28 (May 5, 1977).
Subsequent to the initial adoption of Rule 10b-10, the SEC released various proposed amendments to the rule and adopted some of these amendments in modified form in light of public comments. In 1978, the SEC brought within the rule dealers acting as “riskless principals” (only dealers acting as agents were covered originally) in transactions involving equity securities; the SEC specifically deferred a decision on the applicability of the rule to transactions in debt securities. Securities Exchange Act Release No. 15,219 [1978 Decisions] Fed.Sec.L.Rep. (CCH) ¶ 81,746 (Oct. 6, 1978). The SEC noted,
[A] market maker may often engage in transactions that effectively offset one another, giving the appearance of being “riskless” principal transactions, even though the market maker did not structure any particular pair of transactions as offsetting, “riskless” principal transactions. As a result, the problem of identifying when a “riskless” principal disclosure might have to be made could create substantial practical and interpretive difficulties for a bona fide market maker. For that reason, the [SEC] has determined to provide an exemption from the riskless principal disclosure requirement for ... market makers_
Id.
at 80,974. The limited scope of this exemption from the strictures of Rule 10b-10 for market makers is highlighted by
In re Alstead, Dempsey & Co.,
Securities Exchange Act Release No. 20,805 [1984 Decisions] Fed.Sec.L.Rep. (CCH) ¶ 83,607 (Apr. 5, 1984). In this disciplinary proceeding against a broker-dealer who charged excessive commissions in over 300 transactions in equity securities in which he acted as a market maker, the SEC conclued that the market maker “violated the antifraud provisions of Section 17(a)(1) of the Securities Act
and
Section 10(b) of the Securities Ex
change Act and Rule 10b-5 thereunder.”
Id.
at 86,742 (emphasis added).
In 1982, the SEC withdrew a proposed amendment to Rule 10b-10 that it had published in 1978. Securities Exchange Act Release No. 15,220 [1978 Decisions] Fed. Sec.L.Rep. (CCH) 1181,747 (Oct. 6, 1978). The amendment would have required broker-dealers (other than market makers) engaging in “riskless principal” transactions in non-municipal debt securities to disclose the mark-ups.
Id.
at 80,980. In announcing the withdrawal of the proposal, the SEC stated that the amendment “would not achieve the purposes [of deterring pricing abuse] at an acceptable cost and that there are alternative ways of achieving the same goals with fewer adverse side effects.” Securities Exchange Act Release No. 18,-987 [1982 Decisions] Fed.Sec.L.Rep. (CCH) ¶ 83,245 at 85,259 (Aug. 20, 1982). The Commission, however, stressed that it would “maintain close scrutiny to prevent excessive mark-ups and take enforcement actions where appropriate.”
Id.
On the same day, the SEC proposed an amendment to Rule 10b-10 requiring the disclosure of yield information. Securities Exchange Act Release No. 18,988 [1982 Decisions] Fed.Sec.L.Rep. (CCH) ¶ 83,246 (Aug. 20, 1982). The SEC labeled this proposal “a means of discouraging potentially deceptive practices.”
Id.
at 85,264. Finally, in 1983, the SEC adopted the requirement that yield be disclosed and indicated that “[y]ield has been characterized as the single most important piece of information to an investor in the context of a transaction in debt securities.” Securities Exchange Act Release No. 19,687 [1982-1983 Decisions] Fed.Sec.L.Rep. (CCH) ¶ 83,341, at 85,893 (April 18, 1983).
Merrill Lynch argues from the foregoing that over this period the SEC specifically considered and rejected various proposals that would have brought the transactions at issue here under the mark-up disclosure requirements of Rule 10b-10. From this, it asserts that it is shielded from liability under the anti-fraud provisions of Rule 10b-5.
First of all, we think Merrill Lynch’s formulation of the approach to the impact of Rule 10b-10 is faulty. Since we have decided that Ettinger would have stated a claim under Rule 10b-5 prior to the adoption of Rule 10b-10, Merrill Lynch must show that the Commission intended to abrogate such a claim in its actions relating to Rule 10b-10. We turn to that issue.
Throughout the process of adopting and amending Rule 10b-10, the SEC has maintained that “additional information may be material and disclosure may be required”; the SEC narrowly construed the exemption for market makers in its enforcement actions. Although it did not mandate disclosure of mark-ups in transactions of debt securities, the SEC stressed that it would “also maintain close scrutiny to prevent excessive mark-ups and take enforcement actions where appropriate”; similarly, although it noted that yield may be “the single most important piece of information” in debt transactions, the SEC never indicated that yield is the exclusive datum required or even that yield by itself is sufficient to permit a customer to make an informed investment decision.
We believe that these statements by the SEC, the noticeable lack of any
reference in SEC documents to the exclusivity of the provisions of Rule 10b-10, and, finally, but of decisive significance, the absence of any language in Rule 10b-10 carving out a limitation to the traditional actions under Rule 10b-5 for fraud of this nature negate the contention advanced by Merrill Lynch. We hold that a broker-dealer’s compliance with the disclosure requirements of Rule 10b-10 does not, as a matter of law, shield it from possible liability under Rule 10b-5.
Merrill Lynch argues that, in any event, it was entitled to summary judgment because Ettinger failed to support her Rule 10b-5 allegations with the requisite factual showing. Our reading of the opinion of the district court convinces us that the district court based its summary judgment decision solely on the ground that Rule 10b-10 grants to market makers an exemption from the requirement of disclosing markups and that the rule did not in 1984 require disclosures of mark-ups in transactions in debt securities. Thus, the district court did not address Merrill Lynch's separate argument that Ettinger failed to allege specific facts indicating that the markups charged by Merrill Lynch were in fact excessive. Under these circumstances, we believe that issue should be resolved by the district court in the first instance.
B.
We next address Ettinger’s appeal of the district court’s denial of her motion for class certification. In view of our holding concerning the grant of summary judgment, we will vacate the district court’s order denying class certification and remand this issue to the district court for prompt reconsideration, if appropriate.
C.
Finally, we address the pendent state law claims asserted by Ettinger. After examination of Merrill Lynch’s motion for summary judgment and memorandum of law in support of the motion, we are satisfied that Merrill Lynch also sought to have these state law claims dismissed. Although the district court did not specifically address the pendent claims in its order, we believe that the order was intended to and did dismiss these state law claims. Since the district court presumably dismissed the state law claims because of its disposition of the federal claim, and since we are reversing that action, we will vacate the district court’s dismissal of the pendent state law claims.
III.
In light of the foregoing, the order of the district court granting Merrill Lynch’s motion for summary judgment will be reversed, and the orders denying class certification and dismissing the pendent state law claims will be vacated. The case will be remanded to the district court for further consideration consistent with this opinion.