Case: 16-16045 Date Filed: 12/07/2017 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 16-16045 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 0:16-cv-61493-WPD; 0:13-cr-60267-WPD-1
JEAN CAZY,
Petitioner-Appellant,
versus
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Respondent-Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida ________________________
(December 7, 2017)
Before MARTIN, JORDAN, and ROSENBAUM, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 16-16045 Date Filed: 12/07/2017 Page: 2 of 7
Jean Cazy, a federal prisoner proceeding pro se, appeals the denial of his
28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion to vacate his conviction and sentence.
I.
On April 29, 2014, Cazy was sentenced to a 248-month term of
imprisonment. He was sentenced after a jury convicted him of (1) conspiracy to
commit Hobbs Act robbery, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1951; (2) conspiracy to
possess with intent to distribute 5 kilograms or more of cocaine, in violation of 21
U.S.C. § 846; (3) attempt to possess more than 500 grams, but less than 5
kilograms, of cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846; (4) conspiracy to use, carry,
or possess a firearm during the commission of a crime of violence, in violation of
18 U.S.C. § 924(o); (5) using, carrying, or possessing a firearm during a crime of
violence, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A); and (6) using, carrying, or
possessing a firearm during a drug trafficking offense, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(c)(1)(A). In addition to the term of imprisonment, Cazy was ordered to pay
a special assessment of $100 for each of his six convictions, for a total assessment
of $600. On December 15, 2015, his sentence was reduced to 211-months
imprisonment, but the monetary penalty remained intact.
On June 27, 2016, Cazy filed his § 2255 motion, arguing generally that his
conviction was the result of government entrapment and prosecutorial misconduct.
2 Case: 16-16045 Date Filed: 12/07/2017 Page: 3 of 7
Among his other claims, Claim 6 1 of his motion asserted that his conviction for
using, carrying, or possessing a firearm during a crime of violence was no longer
valid because, after Johnson v. United States, 576 U.S. ___, 135 S. Ct. 2551
(2015), conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery no longer qualified as a predicate
crime for a conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c).
On August 31, 2016, the district court denied Cazy’s motion. With respect
to Claim 6, the district court found that Cazy would not benefit from any extension
of the ruling in Johnson because of the concurrent sentence doctrine. However, out
of an “abundance of caution,” the district court waived the $100 special assessment
for that conviction, thereby reducing Cazy’s overall assessment to $500.
On March 30, 2017 this Court granted Cazy a COA for the following issues:
“Whether the district court erred by (1) resentencing Cazy to reduce his special
assessment by $100; and (2) denying Claim 6 on the ground that, under the
concurrent sentence doctrine, Cazy would not benefit from any extension of the
ruling in Johnson.”
1 In Cazy’s motion, the substance of this claim appeared within the claims labeled nine through eleven. However, because subsequent court orders referred to this claim as “Claim 6,” we will as well. 3 Case: 16-16045 Date Filed: 12/07/2017 Page: 4 of 7
II.
We review de novo the district court’s legal conclusions related to the denial
of a § 2255 motion. Mamone v. United States, 559 F.3d 1209, 1210 (11th Cir.
2009) (per curiam).
III.
Under 18 U.S.C. § 3013, “[t]he court shall assess on any person convicted
. . . of a felony . . . $100 if the defendant is an individual.” 18 U.S.C.
§ 3013(a)(2)(A). This provision is mandatory on the sentencing court. See
Rutledge v. United States, 517 U.S. 292, 301, 116 S. Ct. 1241, 1247 (1996) (“We
begin by noting that 18 U.S.C. § 3013 requires a federal district court to impose a
[] special assessment for every conviction.”).
A district court’s authority to modify a sentence is constrained by statute.
See United States v. Phillips, 597 F.3d 1190, 1194–95 (11th Cir. 2010). Once a
sentence has been imposed, a district court may modify the sentence only when:
(1) the defendant offers substantial assistance to law enforcement pursuant to
Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 35, (2) an amendment to the United States
Sentencing Guidelines lowers the applicable guidelines range, or (3) the Director
of the Bureau of Prisons files a motion under certain circumstances. 18 U.S.C.
§ 3582(c). Even in these circumstances, however, a district court generally may
not waive a mandatory monetary penalty. See United States v. Puentes, 803 F.3d
4 Case: 16-16045 Date Filed: 12/07/2017 Page: 5 of 7
597, 606 (11th Cir. 2015) (holding that the district court lacked authority to
eliminate mandatory restitution under the Mandatory Victims Restitution Act
because that statute’s mandatory language trumped the district court’s authority
under Rule 35(b)(4)).
None of the conditions of 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c) were met here, so the district
court lacked authority to reduce Cazy’s sentence. See Phillips, 597 F.3d at 1195.
Even if the district court had the authority to modify Cazy’s sentence, that
authority would not have extended to an ability to waive a mandatory monetary
penalty. See Puentes, 803 F.3d at 606. Therefore the district court erred by
waiving the $100 special assessment.
IV.
The concurrent sentence doctrine provides that the existence of one valid
conviction may render unnecessary the review of other convictions when
concurrent sentences have been imposed, unless the defendant would suffer
“adverse collateral consequences” as a result of the unreviewed conviction. United
States v. Bradley, 644 F.3d 1213, 1293 (11th Cir. 2011) (quotation omitted). The
Supreme Court has ruled that the concurrent sentence doctrine does not apply
where a defendant was assessed cumulative money assessments for each count of
conviction. Rutledge, 517 U.S. at 301, 116 S.
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Case: 16-16045 Date Filed: 12/07/2017 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 16-16045 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 0:16-cv-61493-WPD; 0:13-cr-60267-WPD-1
JEAN CAZY,
Petitioner-Appellant,
versus
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Respondent-Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida ________________________
(December 7, 2017)
Before MARTIN, JORDAN, and ROSENBAUM, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 16-16045 Date Filed: 12/07/2017 Page: 2 of 7
Jean Cazy, a federal prisoner proceeding pro se, appeals the denial of his
28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion to vacate his conviction and sentence.
I.
On April 29, 2014, Cazy was sentenced to a 248-month term of
imprisonment. He was sentenced after a jury convicted him of (1) conspiracy to
commit Hobbs Act robbery, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1951; (2) conspiracy to
possess with intent to distribute 5 kilograms or more of cocaine, in violation of 21
U.S.C. § 846; (3) attempt to possess more than 500 grams, but less than 5
kilograms, of cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846; (4) conspiracy to use, carry,
or possess a firearm during the commission of a crime of violence, in violation of
18 U.S.C. § 924(o); (5) using, carrying, or possessing a firearm during a crime of
violence, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A); and (6) using, carrying, or
possessing a firearm during a drug trafficking offense, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(c)(1)(A). In addition to the term of imprisonment, Cazy was ordered to pay
a special assessment of $100 for each of his six convictions, for a total assessment
of $600. On December 15, 2015, his sentence was reduced to 211-months
imprisonment, but the monetary penalty remained intact.
On June 27, 2016, Cazy filed his § 2255 motion, arguing generally that his
conviction was the result of government entrapment and prosecutorial misconduct.
2 Case: 16-16045 Date Filed: 12/07/2017 Page: 3 of 7
Among his other claims, Claim 6 1 of his motion asserted that his conviction for
using, carrying, or possessing a firearm during a crime of violence was no longer
valid because, after Johnson v. United States, 576 U.S. ___, 135 S. Ct. 2551
(2015), conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery no longer qualified as a predicate
crime for a conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c).
On August 31, 2016, the district court denied Cazy’s motion. With respect
to Claim 6, the district court found that Cazy would not benefit from any extension
of the ruling in Johnson because of the concurrent sentence doctrine. However, out
of an “abundance of caution,” the district court waived the $100 special assessment
for that conviction, thereby reducing Cazy’s overall assessment to $500.
On March 30, 2017 this Court granted Cazy a COA for the following issues:
“Whether the district court erred by (1) resentencing Cazy to reduce his special
assessment by $100; and (2) denying Claim 6 on the ground that, under the
concurrent sentence doctrine, Cazy would not benefit from any extension of the
ruling in Johnson.”
1 In Cazy’s motion, the substance of this claim appeared within the claims labeled nine through eleven. However, because subsequent court orders referred to this claim as “Claim 6,” we will as well. 3 Case: 16-16045 Date Filed: 12/07/2017 Page: 4 of 7
II.
We review de novo the district court’s legal conclusions related to the denial
of a § 2255 motion. Mamone v. United States, 559 F.3d 1209, 1210 (11th Cir.
2009) (per curiam).
III.
Under 18 U.S.C. § 3013, “[t]he court shall assess on any person convicted
. . . of a felony . . . $100 if the defendant is an individual.” 18 U.S.C.
§ 3013(a)(2)(A). This provision is mandatory on the sentencing court. See
Rutledge v. United States, 517 U.S. 292, 301, 116 S. Ct. 1241, 1247 (1996) (“We
begin by noting that 18 U.S.C. § 3013 requires a federal district court to impose a
[] special assessment for every conviction.”).
A district court’s authority to modify a sentence is constrained by statute.
See United States v. Phillips, 597 F.3d 1190, 1194–95 (11th Cir. 2010). Once a
sentence has been imposed, a district court may modify the sentence only when:
(1) the defendant offers substantial assistance to law enforcement pursuant to
Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 35, (2) an amendment to the United States
Sentencing Guidelines lowers the applicable guidelines range, or (3) the Director
of the Bureau of Prisons files a motion under certain circumstances. 18 U.S.C.
§ 3582(c). Even in these circumstances, however, a district court generally may
not waive a mandatory monetary penalty. See United States v. Puentes, 803 F.3d
4 Case: 16-16045 Date Filed: 12/07/2017 Page: 5 of 7
597, 606 (11th Cir. 2015) (holding that the district court lacked authority to
eliminate mandatory restitution under the Mandatory Victims Restitution Act
because that statute’s mandatory language trumped the district court’s authority
under Rule 35(b)(4)).
None of the conditions of 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c) were met here, so the district
court lacked authority to reduce Cazy’s sentence. See Phillips, 597 F.3d at 1195.
Even if the district court had the authority to modify Cazy’s sentence, that
authority would not have extended to an ability to waive a mandatory monetary
penalty. See Puentes, 803 F.3d at 606. Therefore the district court erred by
waiving the $100 special assessment.
IV.
The concurrent sentence doctrine provides that the existence of one valid
conviction may render unnecessary the review of other convictions when
concurrent sentences have been imposed, unless the defendant would suffer
“adverse collateral consequences” as a result of the unreviewed conviction. United
States v. Bradley, 644 F.3d 1213, 1293 (11th Cir. 2011) (quotation omitted). The
Supreme Court has ruled that the concurrent sentence doctrine does not apply
where a defendant was assessed cumulative money assessments for each count of
conviction. Rutledge, 517 U.S. at 301, 116 S. Ct. at 1247 (“As long as § 3013
stands, a second conviction will amount to a second punishment.”); see also Pinkus
5 Case: 16-16045 Date Filed: 12/07/2017 Page: 6 of 7
v. United States, 436 U.S. 293, 304–05, 98 S. Ct. 1808, 1815 (1978) (holding that
sentences are “not in fact fully concurrent” when a defendant “had at least a
pecuniary interest in securing review of his conviction on each of the counts”).
Even without the required special assessment, “[t]he separate conviction, apart
from the concurrent sentence, has potential adverse collateral consequences that
may not be ignored.” Rutledge, 517 U.S. at 302, 116 S. Ct. at 1248 (quotation
omitted). For example, the presence of an additional conviction on a prisoner’s
record, regardless of its impact on the total sentence, may “result in an increased
sentence under a recidivist statute for a future offense,” may “be used to impeach
the defendant’s credibility[,] and certainly carries the societal stigma
accompanying any criminal conviction.” Id.
This Court has applied the concurrent sentence doctrine where a defendant
“has [not] made any showing of adverse collateral consequences.” In re Williams,
826 F.3d 1351, 1357 (11th Cir. 2016) (per curiam). But there will always be
adverse collateral consequences when there is a monetary penalty attached to each
conviction. See In re Chance, 831 F.3d 1335, 1338 (11th Cir. 2016)
(distinguishing In re Williams from cases that involve monetary penalties).
Because Cazy’s $100 special assessment must stand, the concurrent sentence
doctrine is inapplicable. See Rutledge, 517 U.S. at 301, 116 S. Ct. at 1247; In re
Chance, 831 F.3d at 1338.
6 Case: 16-16045 Date Filed: 12/07/2017 Page: 7 of 7
For these reasons we (1) vacate the district court’s removal of Cazy’s $100
special assessment and denial of Cazy’s § 2255 motion as to Claim 6; and (2)
remand for treatment consistent with this order.
VACATED AND REMANDED.