FIFTH DIVISION MCFADDEN, C. J., MCMILLIAN, P. J., and SENIOR APPELLATE JUDGE PHIPPS
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. http://www.gaappeals.us/rules
March 13, 2020
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A19A2359. BROWN v. THE STATE.
MCFADDEN, Chief Judge.
This appeal challenges the denial of a plea in bar which asserted double
jeopardy grounds after the first trial of the defendant ended with the trial judge’s sua
sponte declaration of a mistrial due to a violation of the rule of sequestration. Because
there was no manifest necessity for a mistrial, the defendant may not be tried again
on the same charges. Accordingly, the trial court erred in denying the plea in bar.
1. Facts and procedural posture.
Jasmine Brown was charged by accusation with two counts of battery and four
counts of reckless conduct arising out of an altercation that allegedly occurred on
November 3, 2016. The case proceeded to a jury trial on March 23, 2018. At the
outset of the trial, Brown’s counsel invoked the rule of sequestration, and the trial court instructed any witnesses in the case to leave the courtroom. The state then
presented its case-in-chief and rested.
As the defense prepared to call its two witnesses, who were located in a
conference room adjacent to the courtroom, the judge indicated that the door to the
conference room had not been closed. The judge sent the jury to the jury room,
brought the two defense witnesses into the courtroom, and asked them how long they
had been in the conference room. Both witnesses indicated that they had been in the
room approximately two hours. The judge asked if they had been able to hear her
voice from the conference room. One of the witnesses said, “A little, but I wasn’t
paying attention.” And the other witness replied, “It goes, but it wasn’t clear.”
The judge then asked the state if it had a motion. The state’s attorney did not
make a motion, but she said that there was a question about whether the rule of
sequestration had been violated and noted that one of the witnesses was also charged
with offenses arising out of the alleged altercation. When the state’s attorney
continued discussing that witness, the trial judge cut her off and sua sponte declared
a mistrial. The judge announced: “This case is mistried. I’m declaring a mistrial at
this moment. The case is mistried and I will consider rescheduling as well as any
other additional matters next week.” The judge then called the jurors back into the
2 courtroom, told them that there was a mistrial because there had been a violation of
the rule of sequestration, and dismissed the jury.
After the jury had left, the court reporter told the judge that she thought the two
witnesses had approached her after lunch and asked “in general how they would go
about getting what was said in the trial.” The judge indicated that she appreciated that
matter being put on the record, but that she wanted to get back to the issue at hand,
which was the rule of sequestration. The judge then announced that there had been
a violation of that rule, that she found the violation to be the responsibility of defense
counsel, and that she was holding both defense attorneys in contempt of court. The
judge refused the attorneys’ request for a hearing at a later date with the assistance
of counsel and asked them if they had anything “to say about the actual contempt at
this time[.]” After both attorneys denied being in contempt, the judge reiterated her
earlier finding of contempt, fined each of them $175, and adjourned the proceedings.1
Brown subsequently filed a plea in bar, claiming that the trial judge had
improperly declared a mistrial and thus any subsequent prosecution of the case
against her is barred by double jeopardy. After a hearing, the trial judge denied the
1 An appeal from the summary criminal contempt finding against the two defense attorneys is pending before this court. See In re Adams, Case No. A19A1723.
3 plea in bar. In her written order, the judge estimated that the door of the conference
room was located approximately twenty-five to thirty feet from the witness stand and
that the door had been open approximately four to six inches during the trial
proceedings. The judge found, based on her brief questioning of the two defense
witnesses at trial, that they had in fact heard the testimony of the state’s witnesses.
The judge concluded that she had the discretion to declare a mistrial based on such
a violation of the rule of sequestration and that subsequent “[p]rosecution of the case
is not barred by double jeopardy.” Brown appeals from that ruling.
2. Double jeopardy.
Brown asserts that the trial judge erred in denying her plea in bar because the
double jeopardy provisions of the federal constitution, the Georgia constitution, and
the Georgia code prohibit another trial on the same charges after the mistrial.
In determining whether a second trial is permitted on the same charges following a mistrial, our case law has treated all forms of double jeopardy claims, whether under the Constitution of the United States, under the Georgia Constitution, or under the Georgia Code, in a manner consistent with case law from the United States Supreme Court regarding the Fifth Amendment, and we do so below regarding [Brown’s] claims.
Carman v. State, 304 Ga. 21, 25 (2) (815 SE2d 860) (2018).
4 “The Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment, which applies to the
states through the Fourteenth Amendment, says ‘[n]o person shall be . . . subject for
the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb.’” Meadows v State, 303
Ga. 507, 510 (2) (813 SE2d 350) (2018) (citations and punctuation omitted). See also
Ga. Const. of 1983, Art. I, Sec. I, Par. XVIII (“No person shall be put in jeopardy of
life or liberty more than once for the same offense. . . .”); OCGA § 16-1-8 (a) (2) (“A
prosecution is barred if the accused was formerly prosecuted for the same crime based
upon the same material facts, if such former prosecution . . . [w]as terminated
improperly after the jury was impaneled and sworn[.]).
[P]rotection against double jeopardy recognizes the valued right of a criminally accused, once [her] jury has been sworn and impaneled and thus jeopardy has attached, to have [her] trial proceed to acquittal or conviction before that tribunal. The trial judge, therefore, must always temper the decision whether or not to abort a trial by considering the importance to the defendant of being able, once and for all, to conclude [her] confrontation with society through the verdict of a tribunal [she] might believe to be favorably disposed to [her] fate. For these reasons, to avoid barring a second trial, the court may declare a mistrial without a defendant’s consent or over [her] objection only when taking all the circumstances into consideration, there is a manifest necessity for doing so, which means a high degree of necessity.
Meadows, supra at 511 (2) (citations and punctuation omitted). “Because of the
severe consequences of ordering a mistrial without the accused’s consent, a trial court
5 should give careful, deliberate, and studious consideration to whether the
circumstances demand a mistrial, with a keen eye toward other, less drastic,
alternatives[.]” Smith v. State, 263 Ga. 782, 783 (1) (439 SE2d 483) (1994) (citations
and punctuation omitted). See also Fugitt v. State, 253 Ga. 311, 315 (E), n. 3 (319
SE2d 829) (1984) (“Unique problems arise when the court grants a mistrial . . . on the
court’s own motion. [Cit.]”).
In this case, there was no manifest necessity for the trial judge’s sua sponte
declaration of a mistrial based on the finding of a purported violation of the rule of
sequestration. Our current statutory rule regarding sequestration of witnesses
provides, in pertinent part, that “at the request of a party the court shall order
witnesses excluded so that each witness cannot hear the testimony of other witnesses,
and it may make the order on its own motion.” OCGA § 24-6-615.2 “(T)he purpose
of the sequestration rule is to prevent the shaping of testimony by one witness to
match that of another, and to discourage fabrication and collusion.” Davis v. State,
2 “The text of OCGA § 24-6-615 differs significantly from the text of the sequestration provision of the old Evidence Code, and instead tracks in pertinent part the language of Federal Rule of Evidence 615. To the extent that a provision of the new Evidence Code deviates from the old Evidence Code and borrows its text from a Federal Rule of Evidence, we look to decisions of the federal appellate courts construing and applying the Federal Rule.” Franklin v. State, 306 Ga. 872, 875 (2) n. 9 (834 SE2d 830) (2019) (citation and punctuation omitted).
6 299 Ga. 180, 185 (2) (a) (787 SE2d 221) (2016) (citation and punctuation omitted).
Accord Jones v. State, 302 Ga. 488, 493 (3) n. 5 (807 SE2d 344) (2017). But the
“[f]ailure of a witness to comply with the sequestration rule does not of itself render
his testimony inadmissible, although it may affect the weight of the testimony[.]”
United States v. Suarez, 487 F2d 236, 238 (5th Cir. 1973).
[W]hen the rule of sequestration has been invoked and a witness violates it, the trial court may respond in at least three ways: (1) it may cite the guilty party for contempt; (2) it may allow opposing counsel to cross-examine the witnesses as to the nature of the violation; or (3) where counsel or the witness violates the rule intentionally, the court may strike testimony already given or disallow further testimony. The [trial] court’s denial of a mistrial for violation of the sequestration rule is a matter of discretion and reversible only on a showing of prejudice.
Davis, supra at 188 (2) (a). “To justify either declaring a mistrial or granting a new
trial for a violation of [the rule of sequestration], there must be a showing that [a
party’s] right to a fair trial was prejudiced by the violation.” United States v. Green,
2015 U. S. Dist. LEXIS 69000 at *29-30 (II) (b) (2015 WL 3440424) (M. D. Fla.
2015) (construing and applying Eleventh Circuit decisions).
In this case, there was no showing that the state’s right to a fair trial was
prejudiced by the alleged violation of the rule of sequestration. As an initial matter,
there is no evidence that the rule was actually violated. The record shows only that
7 at some point the two defense witnesses could hear the judge’s voice from the
conference room. But there is no evidence of any specific testimony that was
overheard, no evidence as to what the two defense witnesses’ own testimony would
have been, and no showing that their testimony would have been shaped to match the
testimony of others. “Under these circumstances, . . . declaring a mistrial [was an]
inappropriate sanction[].” United States v. Jimenez, 780 F2d 975, 981 (III) (C) (11th
Cir. 1986) (involving no prejudice or showing that witness’ testimony was influenced
by violation of the rule).
Furthermore, even if we assume that the trial judge was authorized to infer that
the two defense witnesses could have heard testimony from the witness stand, there
still was no evidence of any prejudice to the state from any presumed overhearing of
testimony. As discussed above, there is no evidence showing that either of the
defense witnesses would have changed their testimony to match that of other
witnesses. See Verdin v. Sea-Land Serv., 1993 U. S. App. LEXIS 39310 at *9 (III)
(C) (5th Cir. 1993) (no prejudice where there was no showing that witness changed
testimony as a result of sequestration violation). Absent such prejudice, there was no
manifest necessity for the judge’s sua sponte declaration of a mistrial. “Instead, the
[trial] court [should have] chose[n an] intermediate option[, such as allowing] . . .
8 cross-examination of the witness[es] regarding the [possible] violation . . . [and]
instructing the jury that a violation of the rule should be considered in evaluating
[their] credibility[.]” Jimenez, supra. Because the extreme and unnecessary sanction
of “a mistrial was improperly declared, . . . we [must] reverse the judgment of the trial
court denying [Brown’s plea in bar] on grounds of double jeopardy.” Johnson v.
State, 258 Ga. App. 33, 35 (1) (572 SE2d 669) (2002).
3. Implied consent to mistrial.
The dissent posits that because Brown did not object after the trial court’s sua
sponte declaration of a mistrial, she thereby consented to the mistrial and is thus
barred from asserting the double jeopardy violation as a plea in bar. As an initial
matter, we note that this issue was not raised by the parties on appeal or ruled on by
the trial court, which made no finding that Brown had consented to the court’s
declaration of a mistrial. Regardless, it is clear from a review of the trial transcript
that Brown did not consent to the mistrial.
The dissent cites State v. Johnson, 267 Ga. 305 (477 SE2d 579) (1996) for the
proposition that the failure to raise a timely objection to a mistrial constitutes implied
consent to the mistrial. But Johnson, which is materially different from the instant
case, announced no such bright-line rule requiring that a defendant object to a mistrial
9 or else be deemed to have consented to it. In Johnson, one of two co-defendants
moved for a mistrial, the other co-defendant remained silent during the discussion
concerning the motion, the trial court granted the motion for a mistrial as to both co-
defendants, the co-defendant who had not made the motion did not object, the co-
defendant who had made the motion indicated to the court that he would make a
motion to bar retrial based on double jeopardy, and the other co-defendant again
remained silent. Id. at 305. Under those circumstances, the Supreme Court, citing the
case of McCormick v. Gearinger, 253 Ga. 531 (322 SE2d 716) (1984) for the
proposition that “failure to object to mistrial, coupled with even tacit joining of co-
defendant’s motion for mistrial, constitutes consent to mistrial,” held that the co-
defendant who had not made the motion had impliedly consented to the mistrial by
failing to object. Johnson, supra at 305-306.
In the instant case, there was no co-defendant’s motion for mistrial which
Brown tacitly joined. Indeed, there was no motion for a mistrial by either party and
no discussion at all between the court and the parties about the possibility of a
mistrial. Rather, the trial judge cut off the prosecutor mid-sentence as she was
discussing one of the defense witnesses, announced that the case was mistried, called
for the jurors to be brought into the courtroom and dismissed them, and summarily
10 held the defense attorneys in contempt. At no point either before or after the court had
sua sponte ordered a mistrial did the court ask Brown for her position on the matter.
See Dotson v. State, 213 Ga. App. 7, 10 (1) (443 SE2d 650) (1994) (“The trial court
gave appellant no opportunity before declaring mistrial either to object thereto or to
present an argument as to the appropriate means of correcting the . . . error[.]”).
Compare Burleson v. State, 259 Ga. 498, 500 (384 SE2d 659) (1989) (“It is apparent
from the exchange between court and counsel and from the hearing on the plea in bar
that the defendant was afforded an opportunity to object and to suggest alternatives
to the mistrial.”).
The dissent also contends that the instant case is similar to Howell v. State, 266
Ga. App. 480 (597 SE2d 546) (2006). On the contrary, Howell is materially different
from the instant case. In Howell, the state provided the defendant with newly
discovered exculpatory material during the course of the trial. Id. at 487 (3). The court
immediately told defense counsel that it was inclined to grant a continuance instead
of a mistrial; defense counsel then moved for a continuance; after some discussion,
instead of a continuance, the court announced that it was going to excuse the jury and
call the case back the next month for another trial; after dismissing the jury, the court
conferred with defense counsel to ensure that he would be available for trial the next
11 month and counsel assured the court that he would be available. Id. On appeal, this
court concluded that the trial court had in effect granted a mistrial by indicating its
intent to excuse the jury and try the case at a later date, and that the trial court was
authorized to find that the defendant’s counsel had impliedly consented to such a
procedure by failing to object. Id. at 487-488 (3).
In the instant case, unlike in Howell, the defense was not given any opportunity
to discuss the various remedies available to the court before the court’s sua sponte
declaration of a mistrial. And the trial court here did not confer with Brown’s counsel
after declaring a mistrial to ensure availability for another trial. Whereas the
circumstances in Howell supported a finding by the trial court that defense counsel
had consented to the trial court’s procedure to try the case before another jury in light
of newly discovered exculpatory material, there were no such circumstances in the
instant case.
Certainly, the lack of an objection to a mistrial is a factor to be considered in
determining whether there has been consent to the mistrial. But there is no bright-line
rule establishing that the absence of an objection automatically equates to consent in
all cases. Rather, the applicable law is that in order “to avoid barring a second trial,
the court may declare a mistrial without a defendant’s consent or over his objection
12 only when taking all the circumstances into consideration, there is a manifest
necessity for doing so[.]” Meadows v. State, 303 Ga. 507, 511 (2) (813 SE2d 350)
(2018) (citations and punctuation omitted; emphasis supplied). Accord Smith v. State,
263 Ga. 782, 783 (1) (439 SE2d 483) (1994) (“If a mistrial is declared without a
defendant’s consent or over his objection, the defendant may be retried only if there
was a ‘manifest necessity’ for the mistrial. [Cit.]”) (emphasis supplied); Pleas v.
State, 268 Ga. 889, 890 (2) (495 SE2d 4) (1998) (same). This controlling law
expressly distinguishes between an objection to a mistrial and the lack of consent to
a mistrial, does not equate the two, and requires manifest necessity for a mistrial if
there is either the lack of consent or an objection to the mistrial. So where, as in the
instant case, there was no objection to the mistrial, the court must then determine
whether or not there was consent to the mistrial. But the court cannot simply equate
the lack of an objection with consent since our law clearly distinguishes between the
two and requires manifest necessity for a mistrial if either circumstance exists.
Under all the circumstances of this case, the mere absence of an objection to
the court’s abrupt sua sponte declaration of a mistrial, without more, did not
constitute consent to the mistrial. See Smith, supra (finding no consent even though
no objection after declaration of mistrial). See also Reed v. State, 267 Ga. 482, 484
13 (1) (480 SE2d 27) (1997) (“[T]he power of the trial judge to interrupt the proceedings
on his own . . . by declaring a mistrial is subject to stringent limitations.”) (citation
omitted).
Judgment reversed. Senior Appellate Judge Herbert E. Phipps concurs.
McMillian, P. J., dissents.*
*THIS OPINION IS PHYSICAL PRECEDENT ONLY. COURT OF
APPEALS RULE 33.2 (a).
14 MCMILLIAN, Presiding Judge, dissenting.
Because the defendant failed to timely object when the trial court called a
mistrial at the initial trial of this case, the defendant was barred from asserting a
double jeopardy violation as a plea in bar. For this reason, I must respectfully dissent.
Under Georgia law, if a defendant consents to a mistrial, “he may not thereafter
utilize the mistrial as the basis of a plea of double jeopardy.” (Citation omitted.) State
v. Johnson, 267 Ga. 305, 305 (477 SE2d 579) (1996). See also Lyde v. State, 241 Ga.
111, 111 (243 SE2d 64) (1978). Our Supreme Court has held that “[c]onsent to the
grant of a mistrial can be express or implied,” and that the failure to raise a timely
objection to the mistrial constitutes implied consent. Johnson, 267 Ga. at 305. Here,
as the trial judge noted in her order on the plea in bar and as Brown concedes on
appeal , neither of Brown’s two trial attorneys ever raised any objection to the
mistrial. Although Brown asserts that her counsel were not given the opportunity to
be heard before the trial court declared a mistrial , a timely objection could have been
made at the time the trial court called the mistrial. The trial judge made the announcement while the jurors were outside the courtroom, and she then called the
jury back and dismissed them. Therefore, Brown’s counsel had the opportunity to
raise an objection after the court declared the mistrial but before the jurors were
returned to the courtroom; however, they did not object.
This case is remarkably similar to Howell v. State, 266 Ga. App. 480 (597 SE2d
546) (2004). In Howell, defendant’s counsel moved for a continuance, but the trial
court announced it would excuse the jury and call the case back for trial before a
different jury at the next trial calendar. The court then called the jury in and dismissed
them. We held that the defendant’s counsel’s failure to raise an objection after the
court announced its intention to excuse the jury but before they returned to courtroom
supported the trial court’s finding that the defendant, through counsel, impliedly
consented to the grant of a mistrial and thus it could not serve as the basis for a plea
in bar. Id. at 487-88 (3).
I therefore conclude that Brown impliedly consented to the mistrial by failing
to raise a timely objection. Johnson, 267 Ga. at 305 (defendant impliedly consented
to mistrial after he failed to object after the mistrial declaration); Howell, 266 Ga.
App. at 488 (3). Accordingly, the trial court properly denied Brown’s plea in bar, and
I would affirm. See Johnson, 267 Ga. at 306; State v. Stockhoff, 333 Ga. App. 833,
2 839 (777 SE2d 511) (2015); State v. Grayson, 332 Ga. App. 862, 865 (1) (775 SE2d
222) (2015); Howell, 266 Ga. App. at 488 (3).1
1 Pretermitting whether the issues raised in the plea in bar would be subject to review for plain error under OCGA § 24-1-103 (d), it is well established that “the burden of establishing plain error falls squarely on the defendant,” State v. Crist, 341 Ga. App. 411, 415 (801 SE2d 545) (2017), and Brown has not asserted plain error, nor can her appellate argument be construed as touching upon the required elements for showing such error.