Reverse and Remand; Opinion Filed April 28, 2014.
S In The Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas No. 05-12-01475-CV
JANET L. SHEARER, Appellant V. RICH REISTER & THE LAW OFFICES OF RICH REISTER & ASSOCIATES, Appellees
On Appeal from the 14th Judicial District Court Dallas County, Texas Trial Court Cause No. DC-12-06313
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before Justices Moseley, Francis, and Lang Opinion by Justice Lang Appellant Janet L. Shearer (“Shearer”) contends the trial court erred in rendering
summary judgment against her on her claims against Rich Reister and the Law Offices of Rich
Reister & Associates (“Reister”), appellees, under the 2012 version of Government Code §
82.0651(c) (“the civil barratry statute”), which allowed plaintiffs to bring civil barratry claims
against attorneys who violated “the laws of this state.” Shearer claims she was entitled to
recover against Reister because under the civil barratry statute, she can maintain a cause of
action based upon their alleged violation of the 2012 version of Penal Code § 38.12(d)(2)(D),
which prohibited an attorney from soliciting professional employment from a defendant in a civil
suit unless the lawsuit in which the defendant was named had been on file for more than 31 days
before the solicitation and which was incorporated by reference in the civil barratry statute. We construe Shearer’s brief as having raised two issues on appeal. 1 Shearer first argues
the trial court erred when it granted summary judgment against her if the trial court determined
Penal Code § 38.12(d)(2)(D), which was incorporated by reference into her civil barratry claim,
is unconstitutional. Second, Shearer asserts the trial court erred if it rendered summary judgment
on the ground that the civil barratry statute required a criminal prosecution or conviction under
Penal Code § 38.12(d)(2)(D) as a prerequisite to recovery. For the reasons described below, we
reverse the trial court’s order granting summary judgment and remand the case to the trial court
for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
On May 14, 2012, Palisades Collection LLC sued Shearer for an alleged debt. On May
21, 2012, Shearer received a letter from Reister, dated May 17, 2012, concerning the Palisades
case, in which they offered Shearer a free consultation to discuss her legal options. Shearer had
never sought Reister’s legal representation. On June 7, 2012, Shearer filed a petition alleging
Reister violated Penal Code § 38.12(d)(2)(D) by soliciting her within thirty-one days of when the
Palisades suit was filed and claimed she was entitled to a $10,000 statutory “penalty” and
“reasonable and necessary attorney fees” from Reister as provided by the civil barratry statute.
Reister filed an answer and a plea to the jurisdiction. 2 Reister’s answer included several
“Affirmative Defenses,” including that Shearer’s claim had no merit because it relied upon Penal
Code § 38.12(d)(2)(D), which Reister claimed had been ruled “unconstitutional and
1 Shearer’s brief to this court explicitly identified only one issue, arguing the constitutionality of Penal Code §38.12(d)(2)(D). However, Shearer also addressed a second assertion that was raised by Reister as one of the bases for their motion for summary judgment in the trial court, asserting the necessity of a criminal prosecution or conviction as a condition to recover under the civil barratry statute. Since this argument was also raised in the trial court, we construe this to be Shearer’s second issue. 2 Although the order does not appear in the Clerk’s Record provided, the parties do not contest Reister’s plea to the jurisdiction was denied by the trial court. The denial of the plea to the jurisdiction is not an issue before us.
–2– unenforceable.” 3 Reister also argued this Penal Code provision unconstitutionally restrained
their “rights to commercial free speech” under the constitutions of both the United States and
Texas. Further, Reister contended Shearer’s claim “fails” because there was “no finding by the
Attorney General, or any judicial or administrative body” that Reister had violated this law or
engaged in barratry. The substance of these arguments, contending the unconstitutionality of
Penal Code § 38.12(d)(2)(D) and the necessity of a criminal prosecution or conviction as a
condition to civil recovery, was re-urged to the trial court in Reister’s motion for summary
judgment.
In her response to Reister’s amended motion for summary judgment, Shearer argued
what she claimed is a “dispositive” U.S. Supreme Court case, State Bar of Florida v. Went for It,
that allegedly demonstrated Penal Code § 38.12(d)(2)(D) “passe[d] constitutional muster.”
Further, Shearer contended she had standing to pursue her claims because, contrary to Reister’s
assertion, the civil barratry statute did not require a criminal prosecution or conviction as a
prerequisite to recovery. Reister replied, contending that Shearer offered no evidence to show
the criminal barratry statute was constitutional or that the AG would ever seek to enforce it.
The trial court granted summary judgment for Reister that Shearer take nothing. This
appeal followed.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
“We review the summary judgment de novo to determine whether a party’s right to
prevail is established as a matter of law.” Mid-Continent Cas. Co. v. Castagna, 410 S.W.3d 445,
449 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, pet. denied) (citing Howard v. INA Cnty. Mut. Ins. Co., 933
S.W.2d 212, 216 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1996, writ denied)). In our review, “we take as true all 3 We note that, although the constitutionality of a state statute was at issue before the trial court, the statutorily required notice was not provided to the Attorney General (“AG”) by the trial court. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 402.010 (West 2012) (effective from June 17, 2011 to August 31, 2013). The record does reflect that some of Shearer’s pleadings in the trial court contained certificates of service stating that copies of some filings had been sent to the AG, and the clerk of this court has also notified the AG of the constitutional challenge raised by the parties. Nevertheless, the record does not reflect that the AG made an appearance in either the trial court or this court.
–3– evidence favorable to the nonmovant, and we indulge every reasonable inference and resolve any
doubts in the nonmovant’s favor.” Valence Operating Co. v. Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d 656, 661
(Tex. 2005). To prevail on a traditional motion for summary judgment, “a defendant must . . .
disprove at least one element of the plaintiff’s claim as a matter of law.” Innovate Tech.
Solutions, L.P. v. Youngsoft, Inc., 418 S.W.3d 148, 151 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, no pet.).
Where the trial court’s order does not articulate the basis for summary judgment, the reviewing
court “must affirm the trial court’s judgment if any of the theories advanced are meritorious.” W.
Invs., Inc. v. Urena, 162 S.W.3d 547, 550 (Tex. 2005) (citing Rogers v. Ricane, 772 S.W.2d 76,
79 (Tex. 1989)).
III. APPLICABLE LAW
A. History of the Challenged Penal Code Provision
The 2012 version of the civil barratry statute, at issue before this court, provided as
follows:
A person who was solicited by conduct violating the laws of this state or the Texas
Disciplinary Rules of Professional Conduct of the State Bar of Texas regarding barratry
by attorneys or other persons, but who did not enter into a contract as a result of that
conduct, may file a civil action against any person who committed barratry.
TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 82.0651(c) (West 2012) (effective from September 1, 2011 to August
31, 2013). 4 A person who was solicited by this conduct “may file a civil action against any
person who committed barratry” and recover a penalty of $10,000, plus actual damages and
4 Effective September 1, 2013, Government Code § 82.0651(c), not implicated by this case, was revised to read:
A person who was solicited by conduct violating Section 38.12(a) or (b), Penal Code, or Rule 7.03 of the Texas Disciplinary Rules of Professional Conduct of the State Bar of Texas, regarding barratry by attorneys or other persons, but who did not enter into a contract as a result of that conduct, may file a civil action against any person who committed barratry.
TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 82.0651(c) (West 2013) (emphasis added). Penal Code § 38.12(d)(2)(D) is no longer cited as being incorporated by reference in this amended version of the civil barratry statute. Neither party disputes the constitutionality of either the 2012 or the 2013 version of this civil statute.
–4– attorney’s fees. TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 82.0651(d) (2012) (effective from September 1, 2011
to August 31, 2013).
The 2012 version of § 38.12(d)(2)(D) of the Penal Code is one of “the laws of this state”
Shearer claims is incorporated by reference in the civil barratry statute and gives rise to her
claim. Pursuant to that section of the Penal Code, a person commits the criminal offense of
barratry if the person
with the intent to obtain professional employment for the person or for another, provides
or knowingly permits to be provided to an individual who has not sought the person's
employment, legal representation, advice, or care a written communication or a
solicitation . . . that . . . concerns a lawsuit of any kind . . . in which the person to whom
the communication or solicitation is provided is a defendant or a relative of that person,
unless the lawsuit in which the person is named as a defendant has been on file for more
than 31 days before the date on which the communication or solicitation was provided.
TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 38.12(d)(2)(D) (West 2012) (effective from September 1, 2009 to
August 31, 2013).
In 1994, “various commercial entities” sought an injunction in the United States District
Court in the Southern District of Texas to prevent enforcement of then-recent amendments to
Penal Code § 38.12(d)(2)(A)-(D) 5 and other laws. Moore v. Morales (“Moore I”), 843 F. Supp.
1124, 1125 (S.D. Tex. 1994), rev’d on other grounds, 63 F.3d 358 (5th Cir. 1995). In that case,
the plaintiffs sued the Texas Attorney General, the Director of the Texas Department of Public
5 At the time the federal court injunction was sought in Moore I, Penal Code § 38.12(d)(2)(D) provided that a person commits the offense of barratry if the person
with the intent to obtain professional employment for himself or for another, sends or knowingly permits to be sent to an individual who has not sought the person's employment, legal representation, advice, or care a written communication that . . . concerns a lawsuit of any kind . . . in which the person to whom the communication is addressed is a defendant or a relative of that person, unless the lawsuit in which the person is named as a defendant has been on file for more than 31 days before the date on which the communication was mailed.
TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 38.12(d)(2)(D) (West 1994) (emphasis added to show changes).
–5– Safety, and the district attorneys of Webb and Wilson counties, among others. Id. According to
the opinion of the trial court, “[a]ll the defendants agreed to be bound” by that court’s decision.
Id. On the merits, the trial court granted an injunction preventing enforcement of Penal Code §
38.12(d)(2)(A)-(D) on constitutional grounds, concluding those contested provisions did not
meet the “requirements set forth by the Supreme Court,” which “defined the limits within which
states may regulate” commercial speech. Id. at 1133. Only one of these provisions, §
38.12(d)(2)(A) relating to personal injury victims, was at issue in the appeal of the trial court’s
decision. Moore, 63 F.3d at 360. The judgment and injunction of the trial court as to that
section alone was reversed by the Fifth Circuit. Id. Accordingly, the trial court’s judgment
respecting § 38.12(d)(2)(B)-(D) was final and unchallenged. See id.
In 1999, the AG issued an opinion discussing the constitutionality of Penal Code §
38.12(d)(2)(C), concerning solicitation of criminal defendants. Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. JC-0022
(1999). Citing Moore I and other authorities, the AG concluded a “court would probably hold
that § 38.12(d)(2)(C) of the Penal Code . . . contravenes the First Amendment to the United
States Constitution.” Id.
Since Moore I and the 1999 AG opinion, Penal Code § 38.12 has been amended several
times, including most recently in 2009 and 2013. 6 In 2011, the Fifth Circuit expressed its
uncertainty regarding Moore I’s binding effect as to the 2009 version of Penal Code §
38.12(d)(2)(C), concerning criminal defendants:
[A]ttorney Villasana challenges § 38.12(d) as it relates to written solicitations of
arrestees. In 1994, the state successfully appealed the district court’s judgment [in Moore
I] holding the entire statute unconstitutional but only the part that related to written
6 The 2009 version of this statute was in effect in 2012 when the events underlying this suit took place. Therefore, our discussion focuses only on this version of the law. We do not express an opinion on any alleged violations occurring after September 1, 2013, the effective date of the latest amendments.
–6– solicitations of accident victims, leaving in place - at least in theory - the holding of the
district court as it relates to arrestees.
McKinley v. Abbott, 643 F.3d 403, 407 n.14 (5th Cir. 2011) (emphasis added).
B. Jurisdictional Issues
Regardless of whether the parties raise an objection to jurisdiction, “we are obligated to
review sua sponte issues affecting jurisdiction.” M.O. Dental Lab. v. Rape, 139 S.W.3d 671, 673
(Tex. 2004) (per curiam) (citing N.Y. Underwriters Ins. Co. v. Sanchez, 799 S.W.2d 677, 678
(Tex. 1990)).
When a party to litigation challenges the constitutionality of a Texas statute, the trial
court “shall . . . serve notice of the constitutional question . . . on the attorney general.” TEX.
GOV’T CODE ANN. § 402.010 (West 2012) (effective from June 17, 2011 to August 31, 2013).
However, failure to do so “does not deprive the court of jurisdiction or forfeit an otherwise
timely filed claim or defense” based on the constitutional challenge. Id.; see also In re J.D., No.
02-11-00328-CV, 2012 WL 3115804, at *1 n.3 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Aug. 2, 2012, no pet.)
(indicating notice had been given to the AG in accordance with the statute, the AG filed no
response, and the court of appeals proceeded to decide the merits of case before it).
Because Texas has a bifurcated system of civil and criminal jurisdiction, a civil court has
jurisdiction to declare a criminal statute unconstitutional and enjoin its enforcement only when
(1) there is evidence that the statute at issue is unconstitutionally applied by a rule,
policy, or other noncriminal means subject to a civil court's equity powers and irreparable
injury to property or personal rights is threatened, or (2) the enforcement of an
unconstitutional statute threatens irreparable injury to property rights.
State v. Morales, 869 S.W.2d 941, 942 (Tex. 1994) (emphasis in original) (in a civil case where
plaintiffs sought an injunction solely against the prosecution of an allegedly unconstitutional
–7– Penal Code provision, but did not allege that, absent an injunction, this provision would be
enforced, the Texas Supreme Court concluded neither it nor either of the lower civil courts had
jurisdiction to enjoin or declare this criminal provision unconstitutional). “A naked declaration
as to the constitutionality of a criminal statute alone, without a valid request for injunctive relief,
is clearly not within the jurisdiction of a Texas court sitting in equity.” Id.
Another jurisdictional issue may be apparent from this record where there an
“indispensable” party is absent from the suit. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 39. According to Rule of Civil
Procedure 39, entitled “Joinder of Persons Needed for Just Adjudication,” “a person who is
subject to service of process shall be joined as a party in the action if . . . in his absence complete
relief cannot be accorded among those already parties.” Id. Although the Texas Supreme Court
admonished that “it would be rare indeed if there were a person whose presence was so
indispensable . . . that his absence deprives the court of jurisdiction to adjudicate between the
parties already joined,” Pirtle v. Gregory, 629 S.W.2d 919, 920 (Tex. 1982), there are in fact
“rare cases in which failure to name an indispensable party will deprive a court of jurisdiction,”
including “where a party responsible for enforcing a statute is not named in an action to declare
that statute unconstitutional.” Motor Vehicle Bd. v. El Paso Indep. Auto. Dealers Ass’n, Inc., 37
S.W.3d 538, 540-41 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2001, pet. denied); see also Lone Starr Multi Theatres,
Inc. v. State, 922 S.W.2d 295, 297 (Tex. App.—Austin 1996, no writ.) (concluding “the party
responsible for enforcement of the allegedly unconstitutional statute, either by prosecution or
promulgation of a rule adopted for the purpose of implementing such statute, must be the
defendant against whom suit for declaratory or injunctive relief is brought” (emphasis in
original)). This requirement “is essential to effectuate the well-settled principle that courts are
without jurisdiction to render advisory opinions.” Lone Starr Multi Theatres, Inc. v. State, 922
S.W.2d at 297.
–8– In the Lone Starr Multi Theatres, Inc. case, the constitutionality of a Penal Code
provision was challenged in a civil suit where declaratory and injunctive relief was sought
against the State of Texas and the AG. Id. at 298. The Austin Court of Appeals held the trial
court lacked equity jurisdiction “on the ground that a party responsible for prosecut[ing]
violations of [these] statutes, a district or county attorney, was not named in the action to declare
these statutes unconstitutional and enjoin their enforcement.” Id. (emphasis added). Referring to
a provision in the Uniform Declaratory Judgments Act that is similar to Government Code §
402.010 as to notice required to be given to the AG when statutes are challenged on
constitutional grounds, the Austin Court of Appeals noted, “That the attorney general must be
given notice of a suit to declare a statute unconstitutional does not suggest . . . that the attorney
general is the proper party to sue in an action for declaratory or injunctive relief from the
enforcement of a criminal statute.” Id. (citing TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 37.006(b)
(West 1986)).
Assuming the trial court had jurisdiction, when analyzing a constitutional challenge to a
criminal statute, the reviewing court “must begin with the presumption that the statute is valid
and that the Legislature did not act arbitrarily or unreasonably in enacting it.” State v. Rosseau,
396 S.W.3d 550, 557 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). The burden typically rests upon the individual
challenging the statute to establish its unconstitutionality. Id. However, it is “well established
that ‘the party seeking to uphold a restriction on commercial speech carries the burden of
justifying it.’” Edenfield v. Fane, 507 U.S. 761, 770 (1993) (quoting Bolger v. Youngs Drug
Prods. Corp., 463 U.S. 60, 61 n.20 (1983)). “Lawyer advertising is in the category of
constitutionally protected commercial speech.” Shapero v. Kentucky Bar Ass’n, 486 U.S. 466,
472 (1988) (citing Bates v. State Bar of Arizona, 433 U.S. 350 (1977)).
–9– IV. APPLICATION OF THE LAW TO THE FACTS
In the case before us, as to the issue of constitutionality, we address only the version of
Penal Code § 38.12(d)(2)(D) in effect when this claim arose. 7 This version was in effect from
September 1, 2009 to August 31, 2013. It was superseded by a version of the Penal Code that
became law on September 1, 2013. Neither party asserts that the 2013 version of Penal Code §
38.12(d)(2)(D) is implicated in this action. Further, we note that the civil barratry statute has
also been amended, effective September 1, 2013, and that statute no longer contains language
providing for the general incorporation by reference of the “laws of this state,” nor is Penal Code
§ 38.12(d)(2)(D) expressly identified as being applicable.
A. Constitutional Challenge to Penal Code § 38.12(d)(2)(D)
Before we address Shearer’s argument that “the trial court erred in granting summary
judgment on the issue of the constitutionality of [Penal Code] § 38.12(d)(2)(D),” we must focus
on issues apparent in the record respecting whether the trial court had jurisdiction of the subject
matter. In such instances, “[w]e are required to review sua sponte issues affecting jurisdiction.”
Bank of New York Mellon v. Guzman, 390 S.W.3d 593, 596 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, no pet.)
(citing M.O. Dental Lab., 139 S.W.3d at 673).
In our jurisdictional analysis, we must first determine whether Reister demonstrated that
the trial court, as a court sitting in equity, had jurisdiction to declare this criminal statute
unconstitutional. Morales, 869 S.W.2d at 942; see also Lone Starr Multi Theatres, Inc., 922
S.W.2d at 297. Second, we must determine whether the “party with authority to enforce” this
criminal statute was absent from these proceedings, thus “leav[ing] the trial court without
jurisdiction.” See Lone Starr Multi Theatres, Inc., 922 S.W.2d at 297. Each proposition will be
addressed in turn.
7 TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 38.12(d)(2)(D) (West 2012) (effective from September 1, 2009 to August 31, 2013).
–10– 1. Jurisdiction of Equity Courts to Consider Constitutional Challenge to Criminal Statutes
A trial court addressing a civil matter has jurisdiction to declare a criminal statute
unconstitutional if one of these conditions has been met:
(1) there is evidence that the statute at issue is unconstitutionally applied by a rule, policy
or other noncriminal means subject to a court's equity powers and irreparable injury to
property or personal rights is threatened; or (2) the enforcement of an unconstitutional
statute threatens irreparable injury to property rights.
Morales, 869 S.W.2d at 942 (emphasis in original); see also Lone Starr Multi Theatres, Inc., 922
S.W.2d at 297. In this case, the record shows Reister neither offered evidence that Penal Code §
38.12(d)(2)(D) was unconstitutionally applied by the civil barratry statute and that irreparable
injury to their property or personal rights was threatened, nor did they show that enforcement of
Penal Code § 38.12(d)(2)(d) threatened irreparable injury to their property rights. Id.
Reister raised unconstitutionality in their answer as an affirmative defense. Further,
Reister elaborated on the issue of unconstitutionality in their motion for summary judgment
stating, “The statute upon which [Shearer’s] claim depends is void, rendering [Shearer’s] claim
invalid.” The only evidence offered by Reister is a short affidavit from defendant Richard J.
Reister attesting inter alia he had not met Shearer prior to the solicitation letter at issue. No
evidence was offered respecting the issues identified in Morales. Rather, to support their
position that Penal Code § 38.12(d)(2)(D) was unconstitutional, Reister offered only discussion
of case law.
Reister relied on Moore I, asserting that this opinion of the U.S. District Court declared
Penal Code § 38.12(d)(2)(D) unconstitutional and enjoined the AG from enforcing it. Reister
acknowledged a part of the judgment and injunction rendered in Moore I, relating to other
–11– sections of the Penal Code, had been reversed on appeal, but argued the “remaining ruling was
left intact,” including the part declaring § 38.12(d)(2)(D) unconstitutional.
In their motion for summary judgment, Reister also described a U.S. Supreme Court
decision, Shapero v. Kentucky Bar Association, as “dispositive of the issues in this case.” In
Shapero, the Court concluded lawyer advertising was constitutionally protected commercial
speech and determined states could not impose categorical prohibitions that prevented attorneys
from soliciting business by sending truthful, non-deceptive letters to potential clients known to
face particular legal problems. Shapero, 486 U.S. at 472, 479-80. Reister argued that, in
reaching its decision, the Shapero court had to address “a nearly identical factual scenario as the
one involved in this case,” and that “there is fundamentally no substantive difference between
the ban on direct-mail solicitations at issue in Shapero and the ban proposed by [Penal Code §]
38.12(d)(2)(D).” 8 However, in the briefing, Reister did not advise the trial court nor have they
advised this court which party had the burden to attack or defend the constitutionality of Penal
Code § 38.12(d)(2)(D). Further, no evidence was offered for the record to demonstrate whether
the holding in Shapero or in any of the other cited cases directed the trial court to hold this
statute unconstitutional.
Shearer responded to Reister’s summary judgment motion arguing the statute was
constitutional. No evidence was offered by Shearer.
In light of the absence of evidence in the record, we cannot agree that the case law
offered by Reister in the trial court or before this court is dispositive. Additionally, the case
upon which Reister relies heavily, Moore I, does not dictate a result because we are not bound by
the judgment and injunction of that federal court. See Villareal v. State, 267 S.W.3d 204, 208
8 Reister also listed other federal cases to show the “evolution of the case law in this arena”. See Peel v. Attorney Registration and Disciplinary Comm’n of Illinois, 496 U.S. 91 (1990); Zauderer v. Office of Disciplinary Counsel of the Sup. Ct. of Ohio, 471 U.S. 626, 648 (1985); In re R.M.J., 455 U.S. 191 (1982); Bates, 433 U.S. at 350; Ficker v. Curran, 119 F.3d 1150, 1156 (4th Cir. 1997).
–12– (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2008, no pet.) (“Just as state courts are not bound by declaratory
judgments, a lower federal court’s issuance of an injunction . . . also fails to directly bind state
courts.”); see also Sullo & Bobbitt P.L.L.C v. Abbott, No. 12-10843, 2013 WL 3783751, at *3
(5th Cir. July 22, 2013) (in constitutional challenge to the civil barratry statute, Fifth Circuit
noted neither Moore I nor the 1999 AG opinion was binding on that court and refused to “offer
any view on the statute’s constitutionality”). On this record, we conclude the trial court lacked
jurisdiction to determine the constitutionality of this criminal statute. See Morales, 869 S.W.2d
at 942. 9
2. Absence of the Party Responsible for Enforcement
In addition, the case law directs the conclusion that a trial court lacks jurisdiction to hear
a constitutional challenge when the “party with authority to enforce” a criminal statute in
question is absent from the proceedings. See Lone Starr Multi Theatres, Inc., 922 S.W.2d at 298.
Since such a party is “indispensable” to the constitutional challenge, the absence of this person or
persons from the suit leaves the trial court without jurisdiction to hear that challenge. See TEX.
R. CIV. P. 39 (“A person who is subject to service of process shall be joined as a party in the
action if . . . in his absence complete relief cannot be accorded among those already parties . . .”);
see also Motor Vehicle Bd., 37 S.W.3d at 540-41.
In the present case, based upon the allegations in the pleadings, it appears all acts or
transactions involving the parties occurred in Dallas County. Accordingly, the authority to
enforce this Penal Code provision is not vested in the AG, but rather in the Dallas County
District Attorney. See Lone Starr Multi Theatres, Inc., 922 S.W.2d at 298; see also TEX. CONST.
art. V, § 21. While there is a statutory requirement the AG be notified of this proceeding given
9 We also note that Reister did not expressly contend that Shearer had the burden to show Reister’s alleged right of commercial speech was not infringed by this statute. See Edenfield, 507 U.S. at 770 (“[I]t is well established that ‘the party seeking to uphold a restriction on commercial speech carries the burden of justifying it.’”)
–13– Reister’s assertion of unconstitutionality, that does not vest the AG with the responsibility for
enforcement. See Lone Star Multi Theatres, Inc., 922 S.W.2d at 297. 10 We conclude the trial
court lacked jurisdiction to decide the constitutional issues in this case because of the absence of
the “party with authority to enforce” Penal Code § 38.12(d)(2)(D).
B. Criminal Conviction or Prosecution as Prerequisite to Recovery
As its second contention that the trial court erred by rendering summary judgment,
Shearer asserts that, contrary to Reister’s position, a criminal case need not be “prosecuted
against Reister” and “conviction by a criminal court [was not] a condition” for her to recover
under the civil barratry statute. Reister first raised this argument in the trial court. On this
record, this issue does not implicate constitutionality of Penal Code § 38.12(d)(2)(D). Rather,
we construe Reister’s contention to be that because there has been no criminal prosecution under
the barratry statute nor was there a likelihood of such a prosecution, as a matter of law, Shearer’s
claim under the civil barratry statute “cannot accrue and cannot be ripe for review.” In support
of their position, Reister cites us to the 1999 AG Opinion, in which the AG opined, “a court
would probably hold that [Penal Code] § 38.12(d)(2)(C) . . . contravene[d] the First
Amendment.” Tex. Op. Att’y Gen. No. JC-0022 (1999) (emphasis added). Shearer does not
contest the fact that no prosecution has occurred or been threatened. Shearer only responds that
Reister’s argument lacks merit.
There was no contention by any party that this issue implicated the constitutionality of a
Texas statute. Accordingly, we cannot conclude the trial court was without jurisdiction to
address this ground. However, Reister has offered us no authority to support the merits of their
10 Out of an abundance of caution, this court provided notice to the AG as described in Note 3, supra. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 402.010 (West 2012) (effective from June 17, 2011 to August 31, 2013). However, we recognize the recent decision of the Court of Criminal Appeals in Ex Parte Lo, in which that court held this notice requirement was an “unconstitutional violation of separation of powers.” Ex Parte Lo, No. PD-1560-12, 2014 WL 1032234, at *1-3 (Tex. Crim. App. Mar. 19, 2014) (concluding this legislative “interference” preventing a court from “enter[ing]” a final judgment for failure to comply with the AG notice requirements was a “constitutionally intolerable imposition on a court’s power ”). We recognize this holding and its application in “criminal cases.” See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 4.04 (“The Court of Criminal Appeals shall have . . . final appellate and review jurisdiction in criminal cases . . .”).
–14– argument. On the contrary, there is authority that reaches the opposite result. See Sullo &
Bobbitt, PLLC v. Abbott, No. 3:11-CV-1926-D, 2012 WL 2796794, at *4 n.9 (N.D. Tex. July 10,
2012), aff’d, No. 12-10843, 2013 WL 3783751 (5th Cir. July 22, 2013) (“[A]n action under the
Civil Barratry Statute does not on its face require a conviction under the Criminal Barratry
Statute but merely a showing that the defendant ‘violat[ed] the laws of this state.’”).
Furthermore, the AG opinion cited by Reister is inapplicable to this case respecting solicitation
of parties sued in civil litigation. See Tex. Op. Att’y Gen. No. JC-0022. The opinion addresses
only Penal Code § 38.12(d)(2)(C), relating to solicitation of criminal defendants. See id.
Reister’s right to prevail was not established as a matter of law on this remaining
argument. See Mid-Continent Cas. Co., 410 S.W.3d at 449.
V. CONCLUSION
In light of the absence of jurisdiction in the trial court to determine the constitutionality
of Penal Code § 38.12(d)(2)(D) and our conclusion that Reister’s sole remaining argument does
not support summary judgment, we reverse the trial court’s order granting summary judgment
and remand the case to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
/Douglas S. Lang/ DOUGLAS S. LANG JUSTICE
121475F.P05
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JANET L. SHEARER, Appellant On Appeal from the 14th Judicial District Court, Dallas County, Texas No. 05-12-01475-CV V. Trial Court Cause No. DC-12-06313. Opinion delivered by Justice Lang. Justices RICH REISTER & THE LAW OFFICES Moseley and Francis participating. OF RICH REISTER & ASSOCIATES, Appellees
In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is REVERSED and this cause is REMANDED to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. It is ORDERED that appellant JANET L. SHEARER recover her costs of this appeal from appellees RICH REISTER & THE LAW OFFICES OF RICH REISTER & ASSOCIATES.
Judgment entered this 28th day of April, 2014.
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