Jammeh v. HNN Associates LLC

Opinion

1 2

3 4 5 6 7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON 8 AT SEATTLE

9 10 ADAMA JAMMEH, et al., CASE NO. C19-0620JLR 11 Plaintiffs, ORDER GRANTING v. PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION FOR HNN ASSOCIATES, LLC, et al., 13 Defendants. 14

16 Before the court is Plaintiffs Adama Jammeh and Oumie Sallah’s motion for class 17 certification under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23. (See MFCC (Dkt. # 77)); see also 18 Fed. R. Civ. P. 23. Defendants HNN Associates, LLC, and Gateway, LLC (collectively, 19 “HNN”) oppose Plaintiffs’ motion. (HNN Resp. (Dkt. # 70).) Defendants Columbia 20 Debt Recovery, LLC d/b/a Genesis Credit Management, LLC, and William Wojdak 21 (collectively, “CDR”) also oppose Plaintiffs’ motion. (CDR Resp. (Dkt. # 54).) The 22 court has considered the motion, the parties’ submissions filed in support of and in 1 opposition to the motion, the relevant portions of the record, and the applicable law. 2 Being fully advised,1 the court GRANTS Plaintiffs’ motion based on the modified class

3 definitions as provided herein. 6 HNN is the property manager for a low-income housing complex owned by 7 Defendant Gateway, LLC (“Gateway”). (SAC (Dkt. # 19) ¶¶ 3.2-3.3.) HNN currently 8 manages “just over 6,000 apartment homes” in 28 apartment communities. (4/16/20

9 Chandler Decl. (Dkt. # 55) ¶ 17, Ex. 16 (“Nored Dep.”) at 7:15-8:12.) Twenty-four of 10 those apartment communities accept only tenants qualified for the Low-Income Housing 11 Tax Credit (“LIHTC”) program. (See id. at 84:9-85:16.) The owners or principals of 12 HNN “have some form of ownership” in all the communities that HNN manages. (Id. at 13 11:23-12:2.)

14 HNN stores information pertaining to the complexes HNN manages and the 15 tenants who live in those complexes in a web-based system called Yardi. (Nored Dep. at 16 43:13-49:24; see also 4/16/20 Chandler Decl. ¶ 3, Ex. 2 (“HNN 30(b)(6) Dep.”)2 at 17 56:14-25.) Yardi is a primary technology tool for HNN and integral to HNN’s business 18

19 1 No party requests oral argument (see MFCC at title page; HNN Resp. at title page; CDR Resp. at title page), and the court does not consider oral argument to be helpful to its disposition 20 of the motion, see Local Rules W.D. Wash. LCR 7(b)(4).

2 HNN’s Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 30(b)(6) deposition appears at multiple places 21 in the record. (See e.g., Neumann Decl. (Dkt. # 71) ¶ 3, Ex. B; 5/8/20 Chandler Decl. (Dkt. # 79) ¶ 10, Ex. 37).) Irrespective of where this deposition appears in the record, the court will cite to it 22 as “HNN 30(b)(6) Dep.” 1 operations. (Nored Dep. at 44:11-16.) All HNN properties in Washington State use 2 Yardi, and Yardi contains tenant information going back to at least 2014. (Id. at 46:3-6,

3 45:20-23.) Yardi also has sophisticated reporting capabilities, and HNN can engage an 4 outside company to generate custom reports. (Id. at 47:1-49:20.) HNN regularly obtains 5 Yardi reports that include information such as financial analytics concerning income 6 statements, financial performance, compliance, and delinquencies. (See id. at 47:5-13.) 7 Further, it is possible to pull information from Yardi regarding individual tenants. (Id. at 8 49:21-24.)

9 1. Move-In Policies 10 HNN has a single Community Operations Manual (“the Manual”) that is available 11 electronically to all employees. (Nored Dep. at 64:21-23.) HNN expects its employees 12 at all its communities to follow the Manual’s procedures. (HNN 30(b)(6) Dep. at 13 95:19-96:4, 179:5-16; 4/16/20 Chandler Decl. ¶ 18, Ex. 17 (“Dean Dep.”) at 14:17-15:5.)

14 The Manual contains HNN’s policies on subjects such as move-in and move-out. (Nored 15 Dep. at 76:9-15.) Most training on HNN’s move-in and move-out policies is through the 16 Manual. (Id. at 76:19-77:4.) 17 Prospective tenants must apply to live in an HNN apartment complex. (See HNN 18 30(b)(6) Dep. at 28:12-29:23 (describing the general application process and stating

19 Plaintiffs went through this process).) Prior to 2019, applicants completed a 20 questionnaire and a company known as “On-Site” screened applicants based on HNN’s 21 “Resident Admission Standards.” (4/16/20 Chandler Decl. ¶ 19, Ex. 18 (attaching a copy 22 of HNN’s Resident Admission Standards); HNN 30(b)(6) Dep. at 28:12-36:19 1 (describing the application process).) All new tenants are required to pay a security 2 deposit of either $400.00 or $700.00 based on predetermined criteria. (HNN 30(b)(6)

3 Dep. at 35:11-36:19.) Plaintiffs signed a standard form lease that HNN used throughout 4 its communities until February 2019. (Id. at 45:11-47:6.) In February 2019, HNN hired 5 a different company to do tenant screening and changed its lease forms. (Dean Dep. at 6 4:21-5:25, 9:17-22.) 7 The “Move-In/Move-Out Inspection Form” that HNN completed for Plaintiffs’ 8 apartment unit is a form HNN used at its apartment communities until at least February

9 2019. (HNN 30(b)(6) Dep. at 107:9-108:9.) HNN attached a blank copy of this form to 10 Plaintiffs’ lease. (See 4/16/20 Chandler Decl. ¶ 20, Ex. 19 at HNN000346-47.) In 11 February 2019, HNN replaced this form with a four-page checklist that calls for the input 12 of more detail concerning the condition of the unit at both move-in and move-out. (See 13 id. ¶ 21, Ex. 20 (attaching a copy of the new form); HNN 30(b)(6) Dep. at

14 151:13-152:11.) The Manual contains a policy requiring completion of a 15 Move-In/Move-Out Inspection Form when a tenant moves in. (See 4/16/20 Chandler 16 Decl. ¶ 22, Ex. 21.) 17 2. Move-Out Policies and Records 18 The Manual includes a policy titled “Move Out Process.” (Id. ¶ 23, Ex. 23; Dean

19 Dep. at 14:17-16:11.) The Manual also includes documents titled “From Notice to 20 Vacate to Move Out,” “Move Out Scenarios,” and the Move-In/Move-Out Inspection 21 Form. (4/16/20 Chandler Decl. ¶¶ 22, 24-25, Exs. 21, 23-24.) 22 // 1 HNN’s “Move Out Scenarios” describes circumstances in which HNN requires a 2 resident to forfeit his or her security deposit. (See id. ¶ 25, Ex. 24.) HNN employees

3 used the chart to determine when a resident is required to forfeit a deposit for all leases 4 after July 2016. (HNN 30(b)(6) Dep. at 179:17-182:23.) According to this document, 5 HNN requires a tenant to forfeit his or her deposit when a tenant moves out because of an 6 eviction; when HNN issues a three-day, ten-day, or twenty-day notice to quit the 7 premises; or when a tenant gives less than 20 days of notice, abandons the unit, or moves 8 out during the first six months of a lease. (4/16/20 Chandler Decl. ¶ 25, Ex. 24; see also

9 Dean Dep. at 45:15-49:11 (testifying about the forfeiture of Plaintiffs’ deposit and that 10 HNN requires a tenant to forfeit his or her deposit when the tenant fails to comply with 11 the lease terms).) Plaintiffs have identified 415 tenants who moved into a HNN 12 apartment between July 31, 2016, and February 1, 2019, and whose deposits HNN 13 forfeited. (4/16/20 Boschen Decl. (Dkt. # 56) ¶ 18.)

14 HNN’s “Move Out Accounting Process” requires that all tenants who are moving 15 out be processed in the same way. (4/16/20 Chandler Decl. ¶ 26, Ex. 25.) HNN 16 employees create a “Move-Out Packet” with four documents: (1) a “Move Out 17 Accounting Cover Sheet,” (2) a move out letter, (3) a move out statement, and (4) a 18 “Move-In/Move-Out Inspection Report.” (Id. at 3 (describing these items in the

19 Move-Out Packet at step nine of the “Move Out Accounting Process” document).) 20 HNN’s corporate office had to approve a “Move-Out Packet” before it was sent to a 21 former tenant. (See id.; see also id. ¶ 23, Ex. 22 at HNN000492 (“All move outs are sent 22 for approval prior to mailing and/or refunds being issued.”).) 1 Starting at the end of 2015, HNN’s corporate office entered the data from the 2 Move-Out Packets into Excel spreadsheets and called these Excel documents “Move-Out

3 Lists.” (See Nored Dep. at 23:11-43:6 (discussing HNN Move-Out Lists).) The 2019 4 Move-Out List contains data for every move-out from an HNN property in 2019. (Id. at 5 25:8-19.) The 2019 Move-Out List includes the date of each move out, the date that the 6 HNN corporate office approved each Move-Out Packet and sent it back to the local 7 employee at the apartment complex or community, and data related to tenant 8 applications. (Id. at 28:3-23, 34:15-35:7.)

9 According to HNN policy, the date on which the HNN corporate office approved 10 the Move-Out Packet is the earliest date on which the local HNN employee could send 11 the Move-Out Packet to a tenant. (4/16/20 Chandler Decl. ¶ 26, Ex. 25 at 3 (describing 12 steps 9-11 of HNN’s move-out procedure).) Revised Move-Out Packets are noted as 13 revised in the data on the Move-Out Lists. (See Nored Dep. at 26:14-29:6.) Based on

14 HNN’s Move-Out Lists, Plaintiffs identified 531 tenants to whom HNN did not send a 15 move out statement until more than 21 days after they moved out. (4/16/20 Boschen 16 Dec. ¶ 29, Ex. C.) 18 CDR is a debt collection company with primary collection portfolios consisting of

19 property management debt. (4/16/20 Chandler Decl. ¶ 16, Ex. 15 (“Engberg Dep.”)3 at 20 //

21 3 Portions of Mr. Engberg’s deposition appear at more than one place in the record. (See, e.g., 5/8/20 Chandler Decl. (Dkt. # 79) ¶ 6, Ex. 33.) Irrespective of where Mr. Engberg’s 22 deposition appears in the record, the court cites to his deposition as “Engberg Dep.” 1 48:17-49:17.) CDR merged with Genesis Credit Management (“Genesis”), and since 2 September 2017, CDR has done business under the name of Genesis. (Id. at 7:20-8:15.)

3 CDR collected amounts HHN claimed against former tenants under a February 13, 2017, 4 Debt Collection Agreement between HNN and Genesis. (4/16/20 Chandler Decl. ¶ 27, 5 Ex. 26.) In February 2019, HNN contracted with a company called Debt Logic, which 6 continued to assign some HNN accounts to CDR for collection. (Nored Dep. at 7 16:1-19:15.) 8 From February 2017 to February 2019, HNN contracted exclusively with CDR for

9 collections. (See Dean Dep. at 33:6-16.) HNN followed a standard process in assigning 10 accounts to CDR. (See id. at 33:6-36:14.) HNN emailed accounts for collection to one 11 of three email addresses at CDR. (Engberg Dep. at 56:21-57:12.) The information HNN 12 emailed to CDR included (1) a Move Out Accounting Cover Sheet, (2) the Move-Out 13 Statement, and (3) the Move-In/Move-Out Inspection Form. (Id. at 161:16-25, 162:18-

14 165:7, 169:3-21; 4/16/20 Chandler Decl. ¶¶ 28, 30, Exs. 27, 29.) 15 CDR stores all HNN data in a software program known as “CollectOne.” 16 (Engberg Dep. at 14:23-15:16.) CDR’s data entry department enters account information 17 into CollectOne, including the former tenant’s name, social security number, telephone 18 number, and most recent address, the principal balance, the date HNN assigned the

19 account to CDR, and the date of the last charge. (Id. at 56:4-20, 57:18-58:6.) CDR stores 20 copies of the forms from HNN Move-Out Packets in CollectOne. (Id. at 169:3-170:5.) 21 CDR uses codes for each client and can search its CollectOne system for all HNN 22 accounts using the HNN code. (Id. at 64:6-9.) 1 CDR utilizes certain standard collection procedures. For example, CDR generally 2 uses a three-digit code to identify its form letters. (Id. at 34:5-6.) In addition, CDR sends

3 a form “RO1 letter to every consumer on every account.” (Id. at 62:3-8.) CDR sent an 4 RO1 letter to Plaintiffs. (Id. at 61:23-63:3; 4/16/20 Chandler Decl. ¶ 13, Ex. 12.) CDR’s 5 data indicates that CDR attempted to collect from 1,986 former HNN tenants after March 6 2, 2017. (Engberg Dep. at 173:9-188:13 (testifying about CDR’s available data); 7 Chandler Decl. ¶ 32.) CDR’s data includes the amount of interest CDR charged and the 8 date from which CDR assessed the interest. (See Engberg Dep. at 177:3-18.)

9 HNN assigns CDR principal amounts for collection, and CDR adds the interest 10 charges through CDR’s CollectOne software. (Id. at 72:7-16; Dean Dep. at 36:5-7 11 (testifying that HNN does not add interest to the accounts it assigns to CDR).) 12 CollectOne automatically calculates the interest that CDR demands in the RO1 letters 13 from the tenant’s move out date. (Engberg Dep. at 72:14-16; 172:6-9.) A CDR

14 employee decides whether a payment is applied to principal, interest, or split in some way 15 between the two. (Id. at 99:6-100:18.) HNN does not provide guidance to CDR on how 16 CDR should apply a debtor’s payments. (Id. at 100:21-25.) CDR retains a 35% 17 commission on non-legal accounts and remits the remaining amounts collected on 18 accounts to HNN with an itemized statement generated by CollectOne. (Id. at

19 155:20-157:17.) 20 C. Plaintiffs’ Tenancy at the Gateway Apartments & CDR’s Collection Efforts 21 Plaintiffs are sisters who emigrated from Gambia. (MFCC at 4.) Ms. Jammeh, 22 along with her sister, Ms. Sallah, applied for an apartment at the Gateway Apartments. 1 (HNN 30(b)(6) Dep. at 42:19-45:8.) On September 6, 2017, Plaintiffs signed tax credit 2 documentation acknowledging that HNN could evict them for good cause, including for

3 violations of the lease. (Neuman Decl. (Dkt. # 71) ¶ 2, 4-7, 10, Exs. A, C-F, I.) Ms. 4 Jammeh signed the Resident Eligibility Application on which she represented that she did 5 not receive any child support or alimony/spousal payments. (Id. ¶ 7, Ex. F.) Ms. 6 Jammeh did not acknowledge a spouse anywhere on her paperwork. (HNN 30(b)(6) 7 Dep. at 71:14-19.) HNN accepted Plaintiffs’ application, and Plaintiffs signed a lease 8 and paid a $700 deposit. (See 4/16/20 Chandler Decl. ¶ 2, Ex. 1; HNN 30(b)(6) Dep. at

9 42:19-45:8.) Plaintiffs moved into their Gateway apartment on September 28, 2017. 10 (HNN 30(b)(6) Dep. at 44:21-23.) 11 Plaintiffs’ apartment was brand new, meaning no previous tenant had lived in it. 12 (Nored Decl. (Dkt. # 72) ¶ 3.) HNN completed a Move-In/Move-Out Inspection Form 13 when Plaintiffs moved into their apartment. (See 4/16/20 Chandler Decl. ¶ 4, Ex. 3.) The

14 Move-In/Move-Out Inspection Form provides space to describe the following rooms or 15 spaces in the apartment: living room/dining room, kitchen, bedroom, bathroom, 16 hall/closet, deck/patio/storage. (See id.) For the “Move In Inspection” on the Form, the 17 living room/dining room is described as “new carpet/new vinyl” and “no damages.” (Id.) 18 The kitchen is described as “new vinyl/new appliances” and “no damages.” (Id.) The

19 remaining rooms or spaces are described as “no damages.” (Id.) 20 On January 22, 2018, Ms. Jammeh sent an email to the Gateway Apartments 21 office asking an HNN employee to print a letter to Gambian authorities regarding her 22 request for a divorce from Sarjo Sonko. (Id. ¶ 5, Ex. 4.) In 2005, Ms. Jammeh was 1 married to Mr. Sonko in absentia under sharia law in Gambia. (See id. ¶ 6, Ex. 5 at 4.4) 2 Mr. Sonko claims at least one other wife. (See id.) Numerous people informed Ms.

3 Jammeh that her proxy marriage under sharia law to Mr. Sonko was not legal in the 4 United States. (Id.) 5 On January 24, 2018, Katie Long, an HNN employee and the Gateway 6 Community Manager, issued Plaintiffs a “3-Day Notice to Quit” the premises. (Id. ¶ 7, 7 Ex. 6; see also Neumann Decl. ¶¶ 15-16, Exs. N-O.) The notice states that Plaintiffs 8 must surrender possession of the apartment within three days because Ms. Jammeh failed

9 to disclose that she had a spouse in paperwork she filled out when she applied to rent a 10 Gateway apartment.5 (See 4/16/20 Chandler Decl. ¶ 7, Ex. 6.) The notice also states that 11 if Plaintiffs failed to surrender the premises, HNN would institute judicial proceedings to 12 obtain Plaintiffs’ eviction. (See 4/16/20 Chandler Decl. ¶ 7, Ex. 6.) 13 On the day she was served with the notice, Ms. Jammeh went to the Gateway

14 Apartments office to explain to Ms. Long that “she was not legally married in the United 15 States.” (Id. ¶ 8, Ex. 7.) On January 29, 2018, Snohomish County Legal Services sent 16 Ms. Long a letter explaining the same thing. (Id. ¶ 9, Ex. 8.) HNN did not rescind the 17 notice. (HNN 30(b)(6) Dep. at 72:19-86:8 (testifying that Ms. Jammeh could have 18 waited until HNN filed an eviction proceeding and then explained to the court why she

20 4 The court cites to the page number generated by the court’s electronic filing system in this exhibit.

21 5 Ms. Long also believed that the letter she printed for Ms. Jammeh referenced income that Ms. Jammeh had not disclosed on her paperwork when she applied for the apartment. (See 22 HNN 30(b)(6) Dep. at 84:14-18.) 1 disagreed with HNN’s determination that she failed to disclose a marriage on her 2 application paperwork).) On February 5, 2018, Plaintiffs moved out of their Gateway

3 apartment to avoid an eviction proceeding. (See id. ¶ 6, Ex. 5 at 6; HNN 30(b)(6) Dep. at 4 196:1-3.) On February 5-6, 2018, HNN conducted an inspection of Plaintiffs’ apartment 5 and noted damage on Move-In/Move-Out Inspection Form, along with photographs. 6 (Neumann Decl. ¶¶ 9, 18, Exs. H, Q.) 7 HNN maintains that it mailed Plaintiffs a letter, dated February 27, 2018, stating 8 that Plaintiffs owed $14,919.11 to HNN. (HNN 30(b)(6) Dep. at 195:17-20; 4/16/20

9 Chandler Decl. ¶ 10, Ex. 9 at 5.6) HNN sent the letter to Plaintiffs 22 days, rather than 10 the required 21 days, after Plaintiffs’ moved out because Ms. Long suffered a broken arm 11 and could not work for two weeks. (HNN 30(b)(6) Dep. at 196:4-14); see also RCW 12 59.18.280(1). The letter includes a “Move-Out Statement” listing several charges, 13 including a forfeiture of Plaintiffs’ entire $700.00 security deposit, $11,702.00 in future

14 rent, utility charges, and over $1,000.00 in cleaning and repair charges. (4/16/20 15 Chandler Decl. ¶ 10, Ex. 9 at 6.7) 16 On March 9, 2018, HNN sent a revised statement demanding payment of 17 $3,286.58. (Id. ¶¶ 11-12, Exs. 10-11; Neumann Decl. ¶¶ 20-21, Exs. S-T.) HNN’s 18 revised statement reduced the amount of the future rent charge to approximately three

19 // 20 6 The court cites to the page number generated by the court’s electronic filing system in this exhibit. 21

7 The court cites to the page number generated by the court’s electronic filing system in 22 this exhibit. 1 weeks because HNN re-rented the unit on March 1, 2019. (HNN 30(b)(6) Dep. at 2 201:25-202:7; Neumann Decl. ¶ 22, Ex. U.) HNN continued to demand the forfeiture of

3 Plaintiffs’ entire $700.00 security deposit, applying no part of it to the balance HNN 4 claimed Plaintiffs owed. (4/16/20 Chandler Decl. ¶ 12, Ex. 11 at 48 (noting “Forfeited 5 deposit” of $700.00).) 6 On March 22, 2018, CDR sent Plaintiffs a collection letter demanding $3,286.58 7 in principal and an additional $48.62 in interest. (Id. ¶ 13, Ex. 12.) CDR calculated the 8 interest at 12% starting on the February 5, 2019—Plaintiffs’ move-out date. (See id.)

9 CDR attempted to collect these amounts by making numerous calls to Plaintiffs. (Id. 10 ¶¶ 14-15, Ex. 13 at 4;9 Ex. 14.) Ultimately, Plaintiffs paid CDR $2,629.26. (Answer 11 (Dkt. # 31) ¶ 4.32 (admitting Plaintiffs paid Defendants $2,629.26).) CDR maintains that 12 the amount Plaintiffs paid did not represent a charge for any interest. (See CDR Resp. at 13 13 (citing 4/16/20 Wojdak Decl. (Dkt. # 53) ¶ 9, Ex. E at CDR0006 (including the

14 05/23/2018 entry of Plaintiffs’ account records, which states “2629.26 lowest w/ waiving 15 interest”)).) 16 //

17 //

18 //

19 // 20 8 The court cites to the page number generated by the court’s electronic filing system in this exhibit. 21

9 The court cites to the page number generated by the court’s electronic filing system in 22 this exhibit. 1 D. Plaintiffs’ Claims 2 Plaintiffs seek class certification for their first, second, third, and fourth causes of

3 action.10 (See MCC at 2-3; see also SAC ¶¶ 6.1-6.56.) Plaintiffs’ first cause of action is 4 against CDR for allegedly attempting to collect interest not legally due in violation of the 5 Washington Collection Agency Act (“CAA”), RCW 19.16.250(2), which is a per se 6 violation of the Washington Consumer Protection Act (“CPA”), RCW ch. 19.86. (See 7 SAC ¶¶ 6.1-6.16); see also RCW 19.16.440 (“[T]he commission by a licensee or an 8 employee of a licensee of an act or practice prohibited by RCW 19.16.250 . . . [is]

9 declared to be [an] unfair act[] or practice[] or unfair method[] of competition in the 10 conduct of trade or commerce for the purpose of the application of the [CPA].”). 11 Plaintiffs’ second cause of action is against CDR and CDR’s President William 12 Wojdak for collecting or attempting to collect interest not legally due in violation of the 13 Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (“FDCPA”), 15 U.S.C. § 1692 et seq. (See SAC

14 ¶¶ 6.17-6.35.) 15 Plaintiffs’ third cause of action is against HNN for their allegedly unfair acts under 16 the CPA.11 (See id. ¶¶ 6.36-6.50; see also MCC at 3.) 17 //

19 10 Plaintiffs do not seek class certification of their Fifth and Sixth causes of action for unjust enrichment and civil conspiracy. (See MCC at 4; see also SAC ¶¶ 6.57-6.65.) Indeed, the 20 court has granted summary judgment to Defendants on these causes of action. (See 6/4/20 Order (Dkt. # 83) at 2.)

21 11 In their second amended complaint, Plaintiffs allege this cause of action against all Defendants. (See SAC ¶¶ 6.36-6.50.) However, in their motion for class certification, Plaintiffs 22 stated that this cause of action is “against HNN and Gateway.” (See MCC at 3.) 1 In their fourth cause of action, Plaintiffs allege two violations of Washington’s 2 Residential Landlord Tenant Act (“RLTA”), RCW ch. 59.18, against HNN, for which

3 Plaintiffs seek class certification. (See SAC ¶¶ 6.51-6.56.) First, Plaintiffs allege that 4 HNN violated the RLTA by collecting security deposits without providing “a written 5 checklist or statement specifically describing the condition and cleanliness of or existing 6 damages to the premises and furnishings, including, but not limited to, walls, floors, 7 countertops, carpets, drapes, furniture, and appliances.” (See SAC ¶ 6.52 (quoting RCW 8 59.18.260).) Plaintiffs allege that because HNN collected Plaintiffs’ $700.00 deposit

9 without providing an adequate checklist, HNN is liable to Plaintiffs for the deposit. (See 10 id.) Second, Plaintiffs allege that HNN violated the RLTA by failing to send out move 11 out statements explaining the basis for retaining Plaintiffs’ security deposit within 21 12 days after Plaintiffs moved out. (See id. ¶ 6.54 (quoting RCW 59.18.280).) 13 E. Plaintiffs’ Putative Classes

14 In their second amended complaint, Plaintiffs sought to certify the following 15 classes: 16 HNN CLASS: All former tenants of an HNN managed property in Washington against whom HNN 17 (1) collected a deposit or security without providing a move-in checklist that 18 complies with the requirements of RCW 59.18.260; and/or

19 (2) retained all or part of a security deposit without providing a statement of its basis for retaining the deposit in the time and manner required by RCW 20 59.18.280; and/or

21 (3) assessed additional fees based on a Move-Out inspection without allowing the tenant the opportunity to be present at the inspection or to 22 dispute HNN’s inspection findings. 1 [CDR] CLASS: All members of the HNN Class from whom [CDR] collected, or attempted to collect the move-out charges referred by HNN 2 and/or charged interest on claimed amounts that were calculated from a time before the amounts had become liquidated. 3 (SAC (Dkt. # 19) ¶ 5.1.) 4 However, in their motion for class certification, Plaintiffs modify their requests for 5 class certification as follows: 6 HNN CLASSES: Former tenants of an HNN managed property in 7 Washington who moved in before February 1, 2019 and:

8 (1) who moved out on or after March 7, 2017, and from whom HNN collected a deposit or security without providing a move-in checklist that stated the 9 condition of the walls, floors, countertops, carpets, and appliances in the unit (the “Move-In Form” Class); or 10 (2) who moved out on or after March 7, 2017, and to whom HNN mailed a 11 statement of HNN’s basis for retaining a deposit more than 21-days after the tenant moved out of an HNN-managed unit (the “Late Statement” Class); or 12 (3) who moved into an HNN managed property after July 31, 2016, and 13 whose deposit was forfeited by HNN (the “Forfeiture Class”).

14 [CDR] CLASS: All former tenants of an HNN managed property in Washington whose accounts were placed with [CDR] between February 13, 15 2017, and January 31, 2019, and to whom [CDR] sent at least one written collection demand. 16 (MCC at 11.) 17 The court now considers Plaintiffs’ motion. 18 III. ANALYSIS 19 A. Standards for Class Certification 20 Plaintiffs seeking class certification bear the burden of demonstrating that they 21 meet “each of the four requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(a) and at least 22 1 one of the requirements of Rule 23(b).” Leyva v. Medline Indus., Inc., 716 F.3d 510, 512 2 (9th Cir. 2013); see Mazza v. Am. Honda Motor Co., 666 F.3d 581, 588 (9th Cir. 2012).

3 A district court may certify a class only if all of the requirements of Federal Rule of Civil 4 Procedure 23(a) are met, including: “(1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all 5 members is impracticable; (2) there are questions of law or fact common to the class; (3) 6 the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses of 7 the class; and (4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests 8 of the class.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a); see also Rodriguez v. Hayes, 591 F.3d 1105, 1122

9 (9th Cir. 2010). These Rule 23(a) prerequisites are often referred to in shorthand as 10 numerosity, commonality, adequacy, and typicality. See Mazza v. Am. Honda Motor Co., 11 666 F.3d 581, 588 (9th Cir. 2012). Certification is proper “only if ‘the trial court is 12 satisfied, after a rigorous analysis, that the prerequisites of Rule 23(a) have been 13 satisfied.’” See Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, 564 U.S. 338, 350-51 (2011) (quoting

14 Gen. Tel. Co. of Sw. v. Falcon, 457 U.S. 147, 161 (1982)). 15 In addition to meeting the Rule 23(a) prerequisites, the party seeking class 16 certification must also fall into one of three categories under Rule 23(b). Zinser v. 17 Accufix Research Inst., Inc., 253 F.3d 1180, 1186 (9th Cir. 2001), amended by 273 F.3d 18 1266 (9th Cir. 2001). Here, Plaintiffs seek class certification under Rule 23(b)(3) on the

19 basis that “questions of law or fact common to class members predominate over any 20 questions affecting only individual members, and that a class action is superior to other 21 available methods for fairly and efficiently adjudicating the controversy.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 22 23(b)(3). 1 “Rule 23 does not set forth a mere pleading standard.” Dukes, 564 U.S. at 350. 2 “A party seeking class certification must affirmatively demonstrate his compliance with

3 [Rule 23]—that is, he must be prepared to prove that there are in fact sufficiently 4 numerous parties, common questions of law or fact, etc.” Id. “[S]ometimes it may be 5 necessary for the court to probe behind the pleadings before coming to rest on the 6 certification question.” Id. (quoting Falcon, 457 U.S. at 160). “The class determination 7 generally involves considerations that are enmeshed in the factual and legal issues 8 comprising the plaintiff’s cause of action.” Id. (quoting Falcon, 457 U.S. at 160).

9 Nevertheless, although the court must engage in a “rigorous” analysis of the Rule 23 10 requirements, “[m]erits questions may be considered to the extent—but only to the 11 extent—that they are relevant to determining whether the Rule 23 prerequisites for class 12 certification are satisfied.” Amgen Inc. v. Ret. Plans & Trust Funds, 568 U.S. 455, 466 13 (2013). If a court is not fully satisfied that the requirements of Rules 23(a) and (b) have

14 been met, the court should deny class certification. Falcon, 457 U.S. at 161. 15 B. Preliminary Issues Concerning Plaintiffs’ Class Descriptions 16 Both HNN and CDR raise threshold objections concerning Plaintiffs’ revised class 17 definitions. The court will address the objections of HNN and CDR, respectively. 18 1. HNN’s Objections to Plaintiffs’ Class Definitions

19 HNN raises three preliminary objections to Plaintiffs’ HNN Classes. First, HNN 20 argues that Plaintiffs’ Forfeiture Class is improper because it was not alleged in 21 Plaintiffs’ second amended complaint, which added Plaintiffs’ class action allegations. 22 (HNN Resp. at 5-8.) Second, HNN argues that Plaintiffs’ class periods for the Move-In 1 Form Class and Late Statement Class are improper. (Id. at 8.) Third, HNN maintains 2 that Plaintiffs’ Move-In Form Class is overbroad on its face because it includes putative

3 class members whose purported claims have been barred for nearly a decade or more. 4 (Id. at 8-9.) 5 a. The Forfeiture Class 6 HNN asserts that Plaintiffs failed to place HNN on notice in Plaintiffs’ second 7 amended complaint of a putative class of former tenants who HNN claimed forfeited 8 their security deposits. (See id. at 8.) HNN also argues that Plaintiffs’ second amended

9 complaint failed to put HNN on notice that HNN’s lease terms which require a tenant to 10 forfeit his or her security deposit in certain circumstances violates the CPA. (See id.) 11 HNN argues that, although Plaintiffs may be able to narrow the scope of their alleged 12 classes, they may not broaden the alleged classes nor assert unpled classes in their motion 13 for class certification. (See id. at 6-8.)

14 District courts in the Ninth Circuit are split over whether a plaintiff is bound by 15 the class definition set out in her complaint. See Grodzitsky v. Am. Honda Motor Co., 16 No. 12-cv-01142-SVW, 2014 WL 718431, at *4 (C.D. Cal. Feb. 19, 2014) (collecting 17 cases). Some courts strictly adhere to class definitions provided in the operative 18 complaint and require plaintiffs to amend their complaint before certifying a different

19 class. See Berlowitz v. Nob Hill Masonic Mgmt., No. 96-cv-01241-MHP, 1996 WL 20 724776, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 6, 1996) (“The court is bound by the class definition 21 provided in the complaint [and] will not consider certification of the class beyond the 22 definition provided in the complaint unless plaintiffs choose to amend it.”): see also 1 Costelo v. Chertoff, 258 F.R.D. 600-05 (C.D. Cal. 2009) (“The Court is bound to class 2 definitions provided in the complaint and, absent an amended complaint, will not

3 consider certification beyond it.”). Other courts permit plaintiffs to narrow a proposed 4 class at the certification stage without amending the complaint. See, e.g., Abdeljalil v. 5 Gen. Elec. Capital Corp., 306 F.R.D. 303, 306 (S.D. Cal. 2015); Knutson v. Schwan’s 6 Home Servs., Inc., 2013 WL 4774763 at *10-13 (S.D. Cal. Sep. 5, 2013). Finally, a third 7 group of district courts permit plaintiffs to modify the proposed class so long as the 8 “proposed modifications are minor, require no additional discovery, and cause no

9 prejudice to defendants.” In re TFT-LCD (Flat Panel) Antitrust Litig., 267 F.R.D. 583, 10 590–91 (N.D. Cal. 2010); see also J.L. v. Cissna, No. 18-CV-04914-NC, 2019 WL 11 415579, at *5 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 1, 2019) (adopting the third approach). 12 Plaintiffs argue that the court should consider their new Forfeiture Class because it 13 is narrower than the class definition contained in their second amended complaint or is

14 merely a subset of it.12 (HNN Reply at 2-3.) Specifically, Plaintiffs argue that their new 15 Forfeiture Class is narrower than their earlier proposed class of tenants to whom HNN 16 allegedly charged excessive fees at move out without allowing the tenants an opportunity 17 12 Plaintiffs also maintain that their second amended complaint sufficiently notified HNN 18 that their CPA claim challenged HNN’s practice of forcing tenants to forfeit their security deposits. (HNN Reply (Dkt. # 78) at 1-3.) Specifically, Plaintiffs’ CPA claim states that HNN’s 19 unfair and deceptive practices included: “Forcing Plaintiffs and class members to vacate their apartments, and then retaining their respective security deposits.” (SAC ¶ 6.40(b).) Plaintiffs 20 also alleged that “HNN ha[d] a common practice of forfeiting the security deposits of tenants it ha[d] forced to vacate by terminating their tenancy.” (Id. ¶ 4.35.) Finally, Plaintiffs specifically alleged that HNN forced them to forfeit their own $700.00 security deposit. (Id. ¶¶ 1.3, 4.19, 21 4.21.) The court agrees that these allegations placed HNN on adequate notice that HNN’s lease terms, which require a tenant to forfeit his or her security deposit in certain circumstances, 22 allegedly violated the CPA. 1 to be present at the move out inspection or to dispute HNN’s inspection findings. (Id. at 2 2; see also SAC ¶ 5.1.) The court agrees that the new Forfeiture Class is smaller in size

3 and that some aspects of the new Forfeiture Class are narrower than the prior described 4 class. Nevertheless, the new Forfeiture Class does not require that HNN disallow any 5 opportunity to be present at the move out inspection or to dispute HNN’s inspection 6 findings and this alters and potentially enlarges the scope of the new Forfeiture Class in 7 some respects. (See MCC at 11.) 8 Despite these modest differences, the court rejects HNN’s objections to class

9 certification based on changes in the class definition. Like the third group of district 10 courts described above, this court adopts an approach that permits modest modifications 11 to the class definition so long as the proposed modifications are minor, require no 12 additional discovery, and cause no prejudice to defendants. See In re TFT-LCD (Flat 13 Panel) Antitrust Litig., 267 F.R.D. at 590-91; J.L., 2019 WL 415579, at *5. This is the

14 most appropriate test because instead of setting artificial limits based on allegations that 15 are drafted prior to class discovery or an amorphous determination that the newly 16 described class definition is “narrower” than the first, this test looks at the practical 17 impacts that the new class definition will have on the opposing party and the conduct of 18 the litigation in general.

19 Nowhere does HNN assert that Plaintiffs’ modest alterations to the Forfeiture 20 Class definition will prejudice HNN, create additional discovery burdens, or require 21 modification of the case schedule. (See HNN Resp. at 7-8.) These factors are pivotal in 22 the court’s view. Indeed, as Plaintiffs point out, the parties have already been conducting 1 litigation as if the Forfeiture Class were at issue. HNN has produced substantial 2 information to Plaintiffs about members of the Forfeiture Class. (See 4/16/20 Boschen

3 Decl. ¶¶ 14-18 (describing Plaintiffs’ counsel’s analysis of HNN documents produced to 4 identify member of the proposed Forfeiture Class).) Further Plaintiffs deposed HNN’s 5 representatives about HNN’s forfeitures of tenants’ security deposits. (See 5/8/20 6 Chandler Decl. (Dkt. # 79) ¶ 11, Ex. 38 (attaching Rule 30(b)(6) notice which seeks 7 testimony concerning HNN’s “POLICIES RELATING TO the refund of security 8 deposits to TENANTS after they move out, including, but not limited to, [HNN’s]

9 forfeiture of security deposits”); see also Dean Dep. at 45:15-49:11.) Finally, HNN 10 propounded a contention interrogatory and sought documents from Plaintiffs related to 11 paragraph 4.35 of the second amended complaint in which Plaintiffs allege HNN’s 12 common practice regarding forfeitures. (See 5/8/20 Chandler Decl. ¶ 3, Ex. 32 at 313; see 13 also SAC ¶ 4.35.) Because Plaintiffs’ proposed alterations to the class definition are

14 modest, the parties have already conducted substantial discovery related to the Forfeiture 15 Class, and HNN does not assert that additional discovery or prejudice will result, the 16 court rejects HNN’s objection based on the scope of the Forfeiture Class. The court, 17 therefore, will consider whether the Forfeiture Class meets the requirements of Rule 23. 18 b. Class Periods for the Move-In Forms and the Late Settlement Classes

19 HNN argues that Plaintiffs use an incorrect date for the putative class periods of 20 the Move-In Form Class and the Late Statement Class, both of which are based on 21

13 The court cites to the page number generated by the court’s electronic filing system in 22 this exhibit. 1 alleged violations of the RLTA, RCW ch. 59.18. (HNN Resp. at 8; see SAC ¶¶ 5.1, 2 6.51-6.56.) Plaintiffs admit that the RLTA is governed by a two-year statute of

3 limitations, and Plaintiffs define the class period for these two classes as beginning on 4 March 7, 2017, which is two years prior to the filing of the state court complaint. Yet, as 5 HNN points out, this action comprised no RLTA claims until July 12, 2019, when 6 Plaintiffs filed their motion for leave to file their second amended complaint. (HNN 7 Resp. at 8.) Plaintiffs agree that the requirements for relation back of the amendments 8 are not met here and that the start date for the Move-In Form and Late Statement Classes

9 should be altered from March 7, 2017, to July 12, 2017, which is two years prior to the 10 filing of Plaintiffs’ second amended complaint. (See HNN Reply at 3; see also SAC.) 11 Accordingly, in conformity with HNN’s response and Plaintiffs’ reply, the court alters 12 the starting date of these two classes from March 7, 2017, to July 12, 2017.14 See Borum 13 v. Brentwood Vill., LLC, 324 F.R.D. 1, 8 (D.D.C. 2018) (“When appropriate, district

14 courts may redefine classes or subclasses sua sponte prior to certification.”). 15 c. Breadth of the Move-In Forms Class 16 HNN argues that Plaintiffs’ definition of the Move-In Forms Class is “grossly 17 overbroad” because Plaintiffs define the class as any former tenant who moved out of an 18 14 Plaintiffs state in their reply memorandum that the issue of whether the RLTA should 19 be governed by a two-year or a three-year statute of limitations is presently before the Washington Supreme Court, and Plaintiffs ask the court to change the starting date of these two 20 classes to July 12, 2016, should the Washington Supreme Court determine that the RLTA is governed by a three-year statute of limitations. (See HNN Reply at 3.) The court, however, will not sua sponte alter the class periods in response to a ruling of the Washington Supreme Court. 21 If Plaintiffs believe that the class periods should be altered for any reason in the months to come, they must so move the court at that time and allow Defendants an appropriate opportunity to 22 respond. 1 HNN property on or after July 12, 2017,15 and did not receive a certain type of “move-in 2 checklist.” (HNN Resp. at 8-9.) HNN argues that the date on which the tenant moved

3 out is irrelevant because Plaintiffs’ RLTA cause of action under RCW 59.18.260 accrues 4 “when a tenant pays a security deposit without a written statement when their tenancy 5 began.” (Id. at 9.) Thus, HNN argues that, because Plaintiffs filed their second amended 6 complaint on July 12, 2019 (see SAAC), any tenant who moved into an HNN property on 7 or before July 11, 2017, is barred from bringing a claim under RCW 59.18.260. (Id.) 8 The court disagrees. A cause of action accrues and the limitations period begins to

9 run “when a party has the right to apply to the court for relief,” meaning that “‘the 10 plaintiff can establish each element of the action.’” Shepard v. Holmes, 345 P.3d 786, 11 790 (Wash. Ct. App. 2014) (quoting Hudson v. Condon, 6 P.3d 615, 620 (Wash. Ct. App. 12 2000)). In pertinent part, RCW 59.18.260 provides: 13 No deposit may be collected by a landlord unless the rental agreement is in writing and a written checklist or statement specifically describing the 14 condition and cleanliness of or existing damages to the premises and furnishings, including, but not limited to, walls, floors, countertops, carpets, 15 drapes, furniture, and appliances, is provided by the landlord to the tenant at the commencement of the tenancy. . . . No such deposit shall be withheld on 16 account of normal wear and tear resulting from ordinary use of the premises. . . . If the landlord collects a deposit without providing a written 17 checklist at the commencement of the tenancy, the landlord is liable to the tenant for the amount of the deposit . . . . 18 RCW 59.18.260. Neither party provided any case authority concerning when the 19 limitations period begins to run on this provision. (See HNN Resp. at 8-9; HNN Reply at 20 // 21

15 Plaintiffs use March 7, 2017 (see MCC at 11), but the court altered this date to July 12, 22 2017, see supra § III.B.1.b. 1 3-4.) Nevertheless, the court concludes that the two-year limitations period applicable to 2 RCW 59.18.260 begins to run when the tenant moves out—not when the tenant moves in.

3 A tenant does not suffer the harm that RCW 59.18.260 is designed to prevent—and thus 4 could not establish any damages—until the end of the tenancy when a landlord retains all 5 or a portion of the tenant’s deposit. If the limitations period ran from the time the tenant 6 moved in and the tenant stayed in the rental for more than two years, the tenant would 7 lose the ability to enforce this provision of the RLTA if the landlord improperly withheld 8 the tenant’s security deposit, rendering the provision toothless. The court declines to

9 adopt such an interpretation. Accordingly, the court rejects HNN’s objection to the 10 Move-In Class as overly broad because it runs from when a tenant moves out of an HNN 11 property rather than when a tenant moves in. 12 2. CDR’s Objections to Plaintiffs’ Class Definitions 13 CDR argues that Plaintiffs’ revised definition of the CDR Class impermissibly

14 enlarges the class. (CDR Resp. at 16-19.) Plaintiffs’ current definition of the CDR Class 15 includes: “All former tenants of an HNN managed property in Washington whose 16 accounts were placed with [CDR] between February 13, 2017, and January 31, 2019, and 17 to whom [CDR] sent at least one written collection demand.” (MCC at 11.) CDR argues 18 that this definition is impermissibly overbroad because “a purported class member could

19 have been a former tenant of an HNN property and had an account referred to [CDR] by 20 an entity other than HNN, but they would still be a class member under this definition.” 21 (CDR Resp. at 18.) CDR argues that “[t]his current definition would require an 22 investigation into what entity referred the account to [CDR], identify [sic] the debt being 1 collected, and whether any potential injury was consistent with Plaintiffs’ claimed 2 injury.” (Id. at 18-19.) The court agrees that Plaintiffs’ use of the passive voice, which

3 fails to clearly identify the entity that is assigning accounts to CDR, creates an ambiguity 4 in Plaintiffs’ CDR Class definition that requires modest modification. Nevertheless, as 5 discussed below, the court finds CDR’s argument that it was misled as to the intended 6 scope of Plaintiffs’ CDR Class to be disingenuous. 7 Plaintiffs respond that when they learned in discovery that HNN contracted with 8 CDR to collect from former tenants from February 13, 2017, to February 2019, they

9 modified the class period accordingly to narrow the class. (CDR Reply at 1-2.) Plaintiffs 10 also agree that, to the extent their new class definition can be read to include accounts 11 assigned to CDR by an entity other than HNN, the class definition requires modification. 12 They suggest replacing the word “were” with “HNN” as follows: “All former tenants of 13 an HNN managed property in Washington whose accounts HNN placed with [CDR]

14 between February 13, 2017, and January 31, 2019, and to whom [CDR] sent at least one 15 written collection demand.” (CDR Reply at 2.) The court agrees that this minor 16 modification adequately addresses the issues raised by CDR concerning the class 17 definition. 18 In any event, the court does not find credible CDR’s argument that it believed that

19 Plaintiffs were attempting to broaden the CDR Class to include all kinds of debt referred 20 by any creditor, “includ[ing] medical debts, legal debts, and other retail debts.” (See 21 CDR Resp. at 18 19, 21.) Such a class would be entirely inconsistent with Plaintiffs’ 22 briefing (see generally MCC) and would be constitute an absurdity. Although the court 1 agrees that the word “were” in the CDR Class definition should be replaced with “HNN” 2 for clarity, the court finds CDR’s argument that it was misled concerning the intended

3 breadth of the CDR Class or prejudiced by its “misunderstanding” to be disingenuous.16 4 Thus, the court alters the CDR Class definition in the manner suggested in Plaintiffs’ 5 reply memorandum and will consider the revised definition under the standards set forth 6 in Rule 23. See, e.g., Lundquist v. Sec. Pac. Automotive Fin. Servs. Corp., 993 F.2d 11, 7 14 (2d Cir. 1993) (“[T]he district court is not bound by the class definition proposed in 8 the complaint and should not dismiss the action simply because the complaint seeks to

9 define the class too broadly.” (internal quotations and citations omitted)); Victorino v. 10 FCA US LLC, 326 F.R.D. 282, 301-02 (S.D. Cal. 2018) (“It is to be noted that district 11 courts have the inherent power to modify overbroad class definitions.”) (citing cases); 12 Snipes v. Dollar Tree Distrib., Inc., No. 2:15-CV-00878-MCE-DB, 2019 WL 5830052, at 13 *5 (E.D. Cal. Nov. 7, 2019) (“The Court may properly . . . cure any defect contained

14 within a class definition.”); Hagen v. City of Winnemucca, 108 F.R.D. 61, 64 (D. Nev. 15 //

16 16 CDR also complains that the new definition could include accounts where CDR attempted to collect something other than move-out costs. (CDR Resp. at 19.) However, there is 17 no evidence, nor does CDR suggest, that CDR collected amounts on behalf of HNN that were unrelated to move-out costs. (See id. at 18-19.) CDR also suggests that the class definition is 18 overly broad because it may include accounts “for which [CDR] has obtained a judgment” and that, therefore, are subject to the affirmative defense of res judicata. (Id. at 19.) However, this is 19 an issue that should be addressed in the context of “predominance” under Rule 23(b)(3). See Victorino v. FCA US LLC, No. 16CV1617-GPC(JLB), 2020 WL 2306609, at *4 (S.D. Cal. May 20 8, 2020) (“[W]hen ‘one or more of the central issues in the action are common to the class and can be said to predominate, the action may be considered proper under Rule 23(b)(3) even though other important matters will have to be tried separately, such as damages or some 21 affirmative defenses peculiar to some individual class members.’”) (quoting Tyson Foods, Inc. v. Bouaphakeo, --- U.S. ---, 136 S. Ct. 1036, 1045 (2016) (quoting 7AA C. Wright, A. Miller, & M. 22 Kane, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1778, pp. 123-24 (3d ed. 2005)). 1 1985) (noting that “many circuits have held that the court itself may construct a definition 2 of a class . . . or may modify a proposed definition where the original is inadequate,” and

3 adopting a judicially modified class definition). 4 C. Rule 23(a) Prerequisites 5 As noted above, the Rule 23(a) prerequisites are often described, in shorthand, as 6 numerosity, commonality, adequacy, and typicality. See Mazza, 666 F.3d at 588. The 7 court will address the Rule 23(a) prerequisites for the HNN Classes and the CDR Class in 8 turn.

9 1. HNN Classes 10 HNN does not dispute that the proposed HNN Classes satisfy the Rule 23(a)(1) 11 numerosity requirement, the Rule 23(a)(2) commonality requirement, or the Rule 12 23(a)(4) adequacy requirement concerning class counsel. (See generally HNN Resp.) 13 The court has examined Plaintiffs’ proffer concerning these prerequisites and agrees that

14 Plaintiffs meet their burden of demonstrating these Rule 23(a) prerequisites for the HNN 15 Classes. Accordingly, the court addresses only HNN’s challenges to the Rule 23(a)(3) 16 typicality prerequisite and the adequacy of Plaintiffs as class representatives under Rule 17 23(a)(4). 18 a. Adequacy of Plaintiffs as Class Representatives

19 The Rule 24(a)(4) adequacy requirement “serves to uncover conflicts of interest 20 between named parties and the class they seek to represent.” Amchem Prods., Inc. v. 21 Windsor, 521 U.S. 591, 625-26 (1997). “[A] class representative must be part of the class 22 and ‘possess the same interest and suffer the same injury’ as the class members.” E. Tex. 1 Motor Freight Sys., Inc. v. Rodriguez, 431 U.S. 395, 403(1977) (quoting Schlesinger v. 2 Reservists Comm. to Stop the War, 418 U.S. 208, 216 (1974)). Plaintiffs argue that they

3 have demonstrated that they are adequate class representatives because they have 4 participated in counsel’s investigation, in reviewing and approving the complaints, and 5 producing responses to supplemental responses to written discovery. (See MCC at 17 6 (citing 4/16/20 Chandler Decl. ¶¶ 40-41).) 7 HNN responds that Plaintiffs fail to satisfy their burden because the evidence upon 8 which Plaintiffs rely relates not to their own adequacy as class representatives, but to the

9 adequacy of their counsel, and Plaintiffs failed to submit their own declarations or 10 affidavits. (HNN Resp. at 10-11.) HNN presents no evidence of Plaintiffs’ inadequacy 11 as class representatives or any conflict of interest; instead, HNN relies on Plaintiffs’ 12 burden of demonstrating the appropriateness of class certification and their failure to 13 submit their own declarations demonstrating their adequacy as class representatives. (See

14 id.) 15 Because HNN challenges the sufficiency of their showing, Plaintiffs submit 16 additional declarations with their reply memorandum. (See HNN Reply at 4-5 (citing 17 5/8/20 Chandler Decl. ¶ 4; Jammeh Decl. (Dkt. # 81); Sallah Decl. (Dkt. # 82)).) The 18 evidence demonstrates that Plaintiffs understand their responsibilities as class

19 representatives (Jammeh Decl. ¶ 3; Sallah Decl. ¶ 3), and that they have stayed in regular 20 contact with their counsel from the pre-complaint investigation to the present and have 21 assisted in responding to Defendants’ written discovery and in supplementing those 22 responses numerous times (5/8/20 Chandler Decl. ¶ 4; Jammeh Decl. ¶ 4; Sallah Decl. 1 ¶ 4). Based on this documentary evidence, the court concludes that Plaintiffs have met 2 their burden of establishing that they are adequate class representatives.

3 The court considers this evidence on reply because there is no prejudice to 4 Defendants in doing so. See In re Toys R Us-Delaware, Inc.--Fair & Accurate Credit 5 Transactions Act (FACTA) Litig., 300 F.R.D. 347, 372 (C.D. Cal. 2013) (finding 6 Plaintiffs to be adequate class representatives based in part on declarations submitted 7 with their reply memorandum). Indeed, Defendants have not yet deposed Plaintiffs and 8 thus could not present deposition testimony to undermine or cast doubt upon Plaintiffs’

9 declarations. (See HNN Reply at 5.) Further, if Defendants uncover evidence of 10 Plaintiffs’ inadequacy through additional discovery, Defendants may bring a motion to 11 decertify pursuant to Rule 23(c)(1)(C). See Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(c)(1)(C) (providing that 12 “[a]n order that grants or denies class certification may be altered or amended before final 13 judgment”). Accordingly, the court concludes that Plaintiffs have met their burden of

14 demonstrating their adequacy as class representatives. 15 b. Typicality 16 To demonstrate typicality, Plaintiffs must show that the named parties’ claims are 17 typical of the class. Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(3). The test for typicality is whether other class 18 members have the same or similar injury, whether the action is based on conduct which is

19 not unique to the named plaintiffs, and whether other class members have been injured by 20 the same course of conduct. Ellis v. Costco Wholesale Corp., 657 F.3d 970, 984 (9th Cir. 21 2011). Typicality refers to the nature of the claim or defense of the class representative, 22 and not to the specific facts from which the claim arose or the relief is sought. Id. 1 HNN argues that Plaintiffs’ claims are not typical because (1) Ms. Jammeh’s 2 credibility will be a focus of the trial due to her alleged misrepresentation concerning her

3 marital status on her application for housing (see HNN Resp. at 11-13); and (2) Plaintiffs 4 may be subject to a defense under the RLTA because they were not current on their rent 5 and utilities when they quit the premises (see id. at 13-14 (citing RCW 59.18.080 (stating 6 that a tenant must be “current in the payment of rent including all utilities which the 7 tenant has agreed in the rental agreement to pay before exercising any of the remedies” 8 under the RLTA)).)

9 Claims that a class representative has credibility issues “must relate to issues 10 directly relevant to the litigation” or be confirmed examples of dishonesty such as a 11 criminal conviction for fraud to preclude class certification. See Keegan v. Am. Honda 12 Motor Co., 284 F.R.D. 504, 525 (C.D. Cal. 2012) (internal quotations and citations 13 omitted).17 At a minimum, the attacks on the class representative’s credibility must be

14 //

15 17 The Keegan court dealt with the issue of the class representative’s credibility under the adequacy prerequisite of Rule 23(a)(4). 284 F.R.D. at 525-26. Other courts have dealt with 16 issues related to the class representative’s credibility under the prerequisite of typicality. See, e.g., Fosmire v. Progressive Max Ins. Co., 277 F.R.D. 625, 633 (W.D. Wash. 2011) (“[T]he 17 court is concerned that litigation concerning this defense will preoccupy Ms. Fosmire to the detriment of the class claims irrespective of whether she ultimately prevails. In addition, it 18 threatens to undermine her credibility at trial, which also undermines the element of typicality.”) (citing Drake v. Morgan Stanley & Co., No. CV 09-6467 ODW (RCx), 2010 WL 2175819, *5 19 (C.D. Cal. Apr. 30, 2010)); Troy v. Kehe Food Distributors, Inc., 276 F.R.D. 642, 654-55 (W.D. Wash. 2011) (considering the plaintiff’s credibility in determining whether the plaintiff’s claims 20 were typical of the class); Chavez v. AmeriGas Propane, Inc., No. CV1305813MMMMANX, 2015 WL 12859721, at *31 (C.D. Cal. Feb. 11, 2015) (declining to find the plaintiff’s claims were atypical due to the plaintiff’s credibility issues). This is not surprising because “[l]ike 21 commonality, typicality “tend[s] to merge with the adequacy-of-representation requirement[.]” Dukes, 564 U.S. at 350 n.5. Thus, whether the court addresses this issue under the prerequisite 22 of adequacy or typicality does not affect the analysis. 1 “so sharp as to jeopardize the interests of absent class members.” Harris v. Vector Mktg. 2 Corp., 754 F. Supp. 2d 996, 1015 (N.D. Cal. 2010). Here, HNN issued Plaintiffs a

3 three-day notice to quit their apartment. The issue of whether HNN’s action in doing so 4 was justified based on Ms. Jammeh’s alleged misrepresentation does not relate to an 5 element of Plaintiffs’ RLTA and CPA claims. See supra § II.D. Further, HNN does not 6 identify any defense to which Ms. Jammeh’s alleged misrepresentation would be 7 substantively material. In any event, HNN’s attempt to rely on Plaintiffs’ credibility to 8 undermine typicality rings hollow because HNN has not tested Plaintiffs’ credibility by

9 deposing either one of them. (See HNN Reply at 5.) Based on the current record, the 10 court cannot conclude that Plaintiffs’ credibility will become a focus of the trial, and 11 therefore does not conclude that Plaintiffs’ claims are atypical on this basis.18 12 HNN also argues that Plaintiffs’ claims are not typical because Plaintiffs will be 13 subject to a defense under RCW 59.18.080 for failing to pay all their rent and utility

14 charges. (HNN Resp. at 13-14.) This statutory provision requires a tenant to be “current 15 in the payment of rent including all utilities which the tenant has agreed in the rental 16 agreement to pay before exercising any of the remedies” under the RLTA. See RCW 17 59.18.080. Although Plaintiffs may be subject to this defense (HNN Resp. at 13), HNN 18 //

19 18 HNN’s reliance on Fosmire v. Progressive Max Ins. Co., 277 F.R.D. 625, 633 (W.D. 20 Wash. 2011), is misplaced. In Fosmire, the insurer argued that the named plaintiff made a material misrepresentation on her insurance application about whether her fiancé was a regular driver of her car. See id. A plaintiff’s material misrepresentation on an insurance application 21 may give an insurer a defense to coverage. See id. As noted herein, HNN identifies no defense to Plaintiffs’ claims under the CPA or the RLTA that turn on whether Plaintiffs’ housing 22 application was accurate. (See generally HNN Resp.) 1 argues that other class members will be subject to this defense as well (see id. at 14 2 (stating that “an analysis would be required to assess whether each putative class member

3 . . . [was] current in rent and utility payments before having the ability to bring a claim 4 under the RLTA”)). A named plaintiff who is subject to the same defense as other class 5 members is typical. See Ellis, 657 F.3d at 984; see also Davis v. Homecomings Fin., No. 6 C05--1466 RSL, 2006 WL 2927702, at *5 (W.D. Wash. Oct. 10, 2006) (“[A]lthough the 7 presence of unique defenses can undermine the typicality element, [the defendant’s] 8 defenses to plaintiff’s claims are not unique.”); Lyon v. U.S. Immigration & Customs

9 Enf’t, 308 F.R.D. 203, 213 (N.D. Cal. 2015) (“[I]f other class members may be subject to 10 the same defenses as the representative plaintiff, such defenses are not “unique” and 11 therefore do not defeat typicality.”) (citing Ewert v. eBay, Inc., No. C-07-02193 RMW, 12 2010 WL 4269259, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 25, 2010); Vedachalam v. Tata Consultancy 13 Servs., Ltd., No. C 06-0963 RMW, 2012 WL 1110004, at *10 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 2, 2012)).

14 Thus, the court concludes that HNN’s argument concerning its defense under RCW 15 59.18.080 does not undermine the typicality of Plaintiffs’ claims. Having carefully 16 reviewed Plaintiffs’ claims against HNN, the court concludes that Plaintiffs meet their 17 burden of demonstrating that their claims meet the Rule 23(a)(3) typicality prerequisite. 18 2. CDR Class

19 CDR does not dispute that Plaintiffs satisfy the Rule 23(a)(1) numerosity 20 requirement; nor does CDR dispute the Rule 23(a)(4) adequacy of Plaintiffs’ counsel. 21 (See generally CDR Resp.) The court has examined Plaintiffs’ proffer concerning these 22 prerequisites and agrees that they have met their burden concerning these prerequisites 1 for purposes of certifying the CDR class. Accordingly, the court addresses only CDR’s 2 challenges to commonality, typicality, and the adequacy of Plaintiffs as class

3 representatives. 4 a. Commonality 5 Rule 23(a)(2) requires “questions of law or fact common to the class.” Fed. R. 6 Civ. P. 23(a)(2). The commonality requirement has “‘been construed permissively’ and 7 ‘[a]ll questions of fact and law need not be common to satisfy the rule.’” Ellis, 657 F.3d 8 at 981 (quoting Hanlon v. Chrysler Corp., 150 F.3d 1011, 1019 (9th Cir. 1998),

9 overruled on other grounds by Dukes, 654 U.S. 338). However, “commonality requires 10 that the class members’ claims ‘depend upon a common contention’ such that 11 ‘determination of its truth or falsity will resolve an issue that is central to the validity of 12 each claim in one stroke.’” Mazza, 666 F.3d at 588 (quoting Dukes, 564 U.S. at 350) 13 (internal alteration omitted). “This does not . . . mean that every question of law or fact

14 must be common to the class; all that Rule 23(a)(2) requires is ‘a single significant 15 question of law or fact.’” Abdullah v. U.S. Sec. Assocs., Inc., 731 F.3d 952, 957 (9th Cir. 16 2013) (quoting Mazza, 666 F.3d at 589) (emphasis added in Abdullah). 17 Plaintiffs argue that the CDR Class’s common questions include: (1) whether 18 CDR’s policy of calculating interest on HNN’s move-out charges from the date the tenant

19 moved out is permissible because the tenant does not know what those charges are until 20 he or she receives HNN’s move-out statement and an explanation regarding the allocation 21 of the tenant’s security deposit; (2) whether CDR violated the FDPCA, 15 U.S.C. 22 § 1692f(1), when CDR allegedly collected full balances assigned by HNN without 1 crediting class members for security deposits that HNN allegedly unlawfully forfeited; 2 (3) whether CDR violated the FDCPA, 15 U.S.C. § 1692e(2)(A), by making a false

3 representation about class members’ debt for the same reasons as stated in question two; 4 (4) whether CDR violated the CAA, RCW 19.16.250(21), and per se violated the CPA, 5 RCW ch. 19.86, when it allegedly added impermissible interest to class members’ 6 accounts; and (5) whether Mr. Wojdak is a debt collector under 15 U.S.C. § 1692a(6) and 7 is personally liable under the FDCPA for the attempts to collect and the collection of 8 allegedly unauthorized interest from class members. (See MCC at 14-15.)

9 In its response, CDR does not challenge any of the common questions proffered 10 by Plaintiffs, argue that those questions are not common to all CDR Class members, or 11 that those questions are not sufficient to satisfy the requirements of Rule 23(a)(2). (See 12 CDR Resp. at 20-21.) Instead, CDR argues that the CDR Class lacks commonality based 13 on its disingenuous assertion that Plaintiffs expanded the CDR Class to include all kinds

14 of debt referred by any creditor. (See CDR Resp. at 20-21.) The court has already 15 rejected that argument and does so here as well. See supra § III.B.2. The court agrees 16 that the questions Plaintiffs identified are common to the CDR Class as modified by the 17 court, see supra § III.B.2, and that Plaintiffs satisfy Rule 23(a)(2)’s commonality 18 requirement.

19 b. Typicality 20 Plaintiffs argue that their claims are typical of CDR Class members’ claims 21 because CDR sent the same RO1 form letter to Plaintiffs—demanding the full principal 22 HNN assigned to CDR and interest calculated from Plaintiffs’ move out date—that CDR 1 sent to all CDR Class members. (MCC at 16.) Plaintiffs assert that it is this letter which 2 gives rise to Plaintiffs’ and the proposed CDR Class members’ claims for violations of

3 the FDCPA, the CAA, and the CPA—satisfying the typicality argument. (See id.); see 4 also Rodriguez v. Hayes, 591 F.3d 1105, 1124 (9th Cir. 2010) (“Like the commonality 5 requirement, the typicality requirement is ‘permissive’ and requires only that the 6 representative’s claims are ‘reasonably co-extensive with those of absent class members; 7 they need not be substantially identical.”). 8 CDR responds by raising the same disingenuous argument that it raised in

9 response to Plaintiffs’ class definition and Plaintiffs’ arguments on commonality. (CDR 10 Resp. at 22.) Specifically, CDR argues that Plaintiffs’ claims are not typical of class 11 members whose accounts were referred to CDR by entities other than HNN. (Id. (“[T]he 12 purported class includes individuals whose accounts were referred to [CDR] by entities 13 other than HNN.”).) As discussed above, although this might create typicality issues if

14 Plaintiffs’ CDR Class encompassed claims assigned by creditors other than HNN, 15 Plaintiffs’ CDR Class does not contain any such claims. See supra §§ III.B.2., III.C.2.a. 16 Further, to the extent that the CDR Class definition contained within Plaintiffs’ class 17 certification motion could be interpreted to include such claims, the court has modified 18 the class definition to eliminate any such ambiguity. See supra § III.B.2. Thus, CDR’s

19 argument does not undermine the court’s conclusion that Plaintiffs satisfy the typicality 20 prerequisite of Rule 23(a)(3). 21 CDR also asserts that, although Plaintiffs’ CPA claim is governed by a four-year 22 limitations period, a portion of the claims contained within Plaintiffs’ CDR Class would 1 be barred by the FDCPA’s one-year statute of limitations. (See CDR Resp. at 22 2 (“[CDR] has a statute of limitations defense [applicable to FDCPA claims] to any

3 purported class member that it sent a letter to prior to July 12, 2018.”) (citing 15 U.S.C. 4 § 1692k).) This argument represents a more substantive challenge to the typicality 5 prerequisite. Nevertheless, to satisfy the typicality requirement, Plaintiffs “need not 6 prove that [they are] immune from any possible defense, or that [their] claim will only 7 fail if every other class member’s claim also fails.” Fitzhenry-Russell v. Dr. Pepper 8 Snapple Grp., Inc., 326 F.R.D. 592, 608 (C.D. Cal. 2018) (internal quotations and

9 citations omitted). “Instead, [they] must establish that [they are] not subject to a defense 10 that is not typical of the defenses which may be raised against other members of the 11 proposed class.” Id. (internal quotations and citations omitted). 12 With respect to a statute of limitations defense, some courts conclude that 13 typicality is not met when the named plaintiff faces a significant statute of limitations

14 problem that is not shared by other members of the putative class. See, e.g., Plascencia v. 15 Lending 1st Mortg., LLC, 259 F.R.D. 437, 444 (S.D. Cal. 2009) (concluding that the 16 typicality requirement was not met where the plaintiff’s claim depended on an exception 17 to the statute of limitations and the limitations issue was “a major issue in the defense of 18 [that] claim”). However, a statute of limitations defense does not preclude class

19 certification where, like here, other members of the class may also be subject to the same 20 limitations defense as the class representative. See, e.g., Corcoran v. CVS Health, No. 21 15-cv-03504-YGR, 2019 WL 6250972, at *5 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 22, 2019) (concluding that 22 the typicality requirement was satisfied where, in view of a lengthy class period, other 1 class members were “very likely to be subject to the same statute of limitations defense 2 as both [class representatives],” and the class representatives therefore were not “uniquely

3 subjected to the statute of limitations”); Beck-Ellman v. Kaz USA, Inc., 283 F.R.D. 558, 4 566 (S.D. Cal. 2012) (concluding that the named plaintiff’s claims were typical despite 5 the possibility that some of her claims were subject to a time-barred defense). 6 Although CDR implies that Plaintiffs are subject to the FDCPA statute of 7 limitations, CDR makes no showing that Plaintiffs are uniquely subject to the FDCPA 8 limitations period. (See CDR Resp. at 22.) Indeed, CDR avers that other class members

9 are subject to the same defense. (See id.) As such, CDR’s statute of limitations argument 10 fails to undermine typicality. See Fitzhenry-Russell v. Dr. Pepper Snapple Grp., Inc., 11 326 F.R.D. 592, 608 (N.D. Cal. 2018) (“To be typical, a class representative need not 12 prove that she is immune from any possible defense . . . . Instead, she must establish that 13 she is not subject to a defense that is not typical of the defenses which may be raised

14 against other members of the proposed class.”) (internal quotations and citations 15 omitted).19 Accordingly, the court concludes that Plaintiffs have demonstrated that their 16 claims satisfy the typicality requirement of Rule 23(a)(3). 17 //

19 19 CDR relies upon Hanon v. Dataproducts Corp., 976 F.2d 497, 508 (9th Cir. 1992). (See CDR Resp. at 22, n.66.) The court ruled that the Hanon plaintiff did not satisfy the 20 typicality requirement because it was “predictable that a major focus of the litigation w[ould] be on a unique defense to him.” Hanon, 976 F.2d at 509. Unlike the plaintiff in Hanon, CDR has not asserted that Plaintiffs here are subject to any singular or unique defenses that would only 21 apply to them. (See CDR Resp. at 22 (“[CDR] has a statute of limitations defense to any purported class member that it sent a letter to prior to July 12, 2018.”).) Thus, Hanon is 22 inapposite. 1 Nevertheless, in response to CDR’s statute of limitations typicality argument, 2 Plaintiffs suggest the creation of an FDCPA subclass (see CDR Reply at 5), and the court

3 agrees that the creation of such a subclass is a worthy consideration,20 see Borum v. 4 Brentwood Vill., LLC, 324 F.R.D. 1, 8 (D.D.C. 2018) (“When appropriate, district courts 5 may redefine classes or subclasses sua sponte prior to certification.”); Santillan v. 6 Gonzales, 388 F. Supp. 2d 1065, 1072 (N.D. Cal. 2005) (“A court may divide a class into 7 subclasses on motion of either party, or sua sponte.”); Murray v. Local 2620, Dist. 8 Council 57, Am. Fed’n of State, Cty., & Mun. Employees, AFL-CIO, 192 F.R.D. 629, 635

9 (N.D. Cal. 2000) (“The court may [consider the creation of subclasses sua sponte] . . . 10 during the pendency of the case in response to factual developments that take place.”). 11 Because the court has not heard from CDR on this issue, however, the court orders the 12 parties to provide briefing on the merits of creating an FDCPA subclass, how such a 13 subclass should be described, whether the subclass independently meets the requirements

14 of Rule 23, whether Plaintiffs must designate an additional named plaintiff for such a 15 subclass, and any other issues that the parties believe merit the court’s attention 16 concerning such a subclass. The court details the briefing schedule in the conclusion of 17 this order. 18 //

19 // 20 20 CDR’s data suggests that there are at least 750 HNN tenants accounts in the proposed FDCPA subclass. (5/8/20 Chandler Decl. ¶ 2 (“[CDR’s] data reflects the date on which it sent an 21 RO1 letter to former tenant accounts placed by HNN. Columbia sent its initial letter to at least 757 former HHN tenants seeking to collect HNN accounts on or after July 12, 2018.”); see also 22 id. ¶ 2, Ex. 31.) 1 c. Adequacy 2 The court has already addressed the adequacy of Plaintiffs as representatives for

3 the HNN classes. See supra § III.C.1. The court sees no reason to alter that conclusion 4 regarding the adequacy of Plaintiffs as representatives for the CDR Class. Indeed, 5 CDR’s argument that Plaintiffs are inadequate class representatives turns once again on 6 its disingenuous interpretation of the CDR Class definition, which the court has already 7 rejected. See supra §§ III.B.2., III.C.2.a-b. Accordingly, the court finds that Plaintiffs 8 have meet their burden of demonstrating that they are adequate class representatives

9 under Rule 23(a)(4). 10 D. Rule 23(b)(3) 11 Having concluded that Plaintiffs met their burden of demonstrating the Rule 23(a) 12 prerequisites for class certification, the court now considers whether Plaintiffs have met 13 their burden of demonstrating that each of their proposed classes is appropriate for

14 certification under Rule 23(b)(3). Certification is appropriate under this provision if the 15 court finds that (1) “questions of law or fact common to members of the class 16 predominate over any questions affecting only individual members,” and (2) “a class is 17 superior to other available methods for the fair and efficient adjudication of the 18 controversy.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3). These two elements are referred to as

19 “predominance” and “superiority,” respectively. The court will first address these Rule 20 23(b)(3) elements concerning the proposed HNN Classes and the CDR Class in turn. 21 //

22 // 1 1. The HNN Classes 2 a. The Move-In Form Class – Predominance

3 To assess Rule 23(b)(3) predominance, the court asks “whether proposed classes 4 are sufficiently cohesive to warrant adjudication by representation.” In re Wells Fargo 5 Home Mortg. Overtime Pay Litig., 571 F.3d 953, 957 (9th Cir. 2009)), abrogated on 6 other grounds by Comcast Corp. v. Behrend, 569 U.S. 27 (2013). The court focuses on 7 whether “common questions present a significant aspect of the case and they can be 8 resolved for all members in the class in a single adjudication”; if so, “there is clear

9 justification for handling the dispute on a representative rather than on an individual 10 basis.” Walker v. Life Ins. Co. of the Sw, 953 F.3d 624, 630 (9th Cir. 2020) (quoting 11 Hanlon, 150 F.3d at 1022). A common question for purposes of the Rule 23(b)(3) 12 predominance test “is one where the same evidence will suffice for each member to make 13 a prima facie showing or the issue is susceptible to generalized, class-wide proof.” Tyson

14 Foods, Inc. v. Bouaphakeo, --- U.S. ---, 136 S. Ct. 1036, 1045 (2016) (internal quotations, 15 citations, and alterations omitted). The assessment of predominance “begins, of course, 16 with the elements of the underlying cause of action.” Stearns, 655 F.3d at 1020 (quoting 17 Erica P. John Fund, Inc. v. Halliburton Co., 563 U.S. 804, 809 (2011)). 18 The Move-In Form Class is based on HNN’s alleged violation of a provision of

19 the RLTA—RCW 59.18.260. Under RCW 59.18.260, a landlord may not collect a 20 deposit unless the landlord provides the tenant at the start of the tenancy “a written 21 checklist or statement specifically describing the condition and cleanliness of or existing 22 damages to the premises and furnishings, including but not limited to, walls, floors, 1 countertops, carpets, drapes, furniture, and appliances.” RCW 59.18.260. A landlord 2 who collects a deposit without providing such a written checklist or statement is liable to

3 the tenant for “the amount of the deposit.” Id. Plaintiffs argue that the predominance 4 requirement of Rule 23(b)(3) is satisfied for the Move-In Form Class because HNN used 5 a uniform Move-In/Move-Out Inspection form throughout the class period. (See 4/16/20 6 Chandler Decl. ¶ 20, Ex. 19 at HNN000346-47.) Plaintiffs allege that HNN employees 7 used these forms per HNN’s standard Move-In/Move-Out Inspection form policy but that 8 the policy provides no direction as to how to complete the form so that it complies with

9 the statutory requirements.21 (See id. ¶ 22, Ex. 21.) Plaintiffs argue that the court can 10 look at this form and determine if it fails to comply with the statute because it does not 11 specifically address the conditions of the walls, floors, countertops, carpets, and 12 appliances as required by RCW 59.18.260. Plaintiffs acknowledge that in some cases 13 HNN employees handwrote additional detail on the Move-In/Move-Out Inspection form,

14 but nevertheless assert that HNN employees failed to do so in Plaintiff’s case and in most 15 cases. (See MCC at 19.) Finally, Plaintiffs produced a summary exhibit which identifies 16 thousands of former HNN tenants by a unique identifier HNN assigned to them whose 17 forms Plaintiffs allege do not describe the elements required by RCW 59.18.260. 18 (4/16/20 Boschen Decl. ¶¶ 3-13, Ex. A.)

19 //

20 //

21 21 In contrast, the form HNN began using in February 2019 does contain a detailed checklist addressing each item listed in RCW 59.18.260. (4/16/20 Chandler Decl. ¶ 21, Ex. 20; 22 HNN 30(b)(6) Dep. at 151:13-152:11.) 1 HNN responds that Plaintiffs’ theory does not demonstrate predominance because 2 it will require individual reviews of every tenant file to determine whether HNN provided

3 Move-In Forms Class members with a checklist or statement that was RCW 59.18.260 4 compliant. (HNN Resp. at 16-18.) Yet, Plaintiffs already reviewed the completed forms 5 for proposed class members and produced an exhibit listing thousands of forms that they 6 allege fail to state the conditions of wall, floors, countertops, carpets, and appliances. 7 (4/16/20 Boschen Decl. ¶¶ 3-13, Ex. A.) In response, HNN has not proffered any 8 contradictory evidence; instead HNN speculates that the forms may have varying levels

9 of specificity. (See HNN Resp. at 18 (“The inspection forms inherently vary in level of 10 detail given that the forms are completed by inspectors making notations in “boxes” as 11 they are inspecting a unit.”).) If HNN could demonstrate that some of the forms 12 identified by Plaintiffs met the statutory standard, HNN presumably would have 13 proffered at least some examples to the court. So far, however, HNN has not identified

14 even one such form. Because courts ordinarily “do not consider defenses that a 15 defendant ‘might advance for which it . . . present[s] no evidence,’” HNN’s argument in 16 this regard does not defeat Plaintiffs’ demonstration of predominance for the Move-In 17 Class. See Esparza v. SmartPay Leasing, Inc., No. C 17-03421 WHA, 2019 WL 18 2372447, at *4, n.2 (N.D. Cal. June 5, 2019) (quoting True Health Chiropractic, Inc. v.

19 McKesson Corp., 896 F.3d 923, 932 (9th Cir. 2018)). Accordingly, the court concludes 20 that Plaintiffs satisfy the Rule 23(b)(3) predominance requirement for the Move-In Forms 21 Class. 22 // 1 b. The Late Statement Class – Predominance 2 The Late Statement Class is based on HNN’s alleged violation of a provision of

3 the RLTA—RCW 59.18.280. Under RCW 59.18.280(1), “the landlord shall give a full 4 and specific statement of the basis for retaining any of the deposit together with the 5 payment of any refund due the tenant under the terms and conditions of the rental 6 agreement” within 21 days of the tenant’s move out date. A landlord who fails to comply 7 with the terms of RCW 59.18.280(1) may raise the defense that “circumstances beyond 8 the landlord’s control prevented the landlord from providing the statement within twenty-

9 one days.” RCW 59.18.280(2). The landlord bears the burden of proof on this issue. See 10 id.; see also Goodell v. Madison Real Estate, 362 P.3d 302, 308 (Wash. Ct. App. 2015). 11 HNN tracks its processing of tenant move outs in Excel workbooks. (See Nored 12 Dep. at 23:11-43:6 (discussing HNN Move-Out Lists).) That data includes the date of the 13 move out and the date the move out packet was approved, which is the earliest date HNN

14 would send a move out statement to a former tenant. (See id. at 28:3-23, 34:15-35:7.) 15 Plaintiffs analyzed HNN’s data and—using the earliest non-revision approval dates— 16 identified more than 500 people, including Plaintiffs, to whom HNN sent an initial move 17 out statement more than 21 days after they moved out. (4/16/20 Boschen Decl. 18 ¶¶ 19-29.) Plaintiffs argue that their use of this common evidence—HNN’s own data—

19 to prove that HNN violated RCW 59.18.280(1) and is liable to the Late Statement Class 20 members for the full amount of their deposits demonstrates Rule 23(b)(3) predominance. 21 (See MCC at 20.) 22 // 1 HNN asserts that an affirmative defense under RCW 59.18.280(2)—that its 2 reasons for sending the statement late were outside of its control—raises individual issues

3 that defeats predominance. (HNN Resp. at 19-21.) First, as Plaintiffs point out, HNN did 4 not plead this affirmative defense. (See Def. Answer (Dkt. # 31) ¶¶ 8.1-8.15.) 5 Nevertheless, HNN provides the declaration of Phil Nored, who lists situations that might 6 give rise to a defense under RCW 59.18.280(2). (See generally 5/4/20 Nored Decl. (Dkt 7 # 72).) Mr. Nored, however, provides no documentation to back up his testimony 8 concerning HNN’s purported defense under RCW 59.18.260(2). (See generally id.) He

9 states that he reviewed documents showing that HNN’s failure to provide the timely 10 notice was the result of other’s actions, but he fails to identify those documents, disclose 11 whether HNN produced those documents to Plaintiffs, or attach any of those examples to 12 his declaration.22 (See id. ¶¶ 8, 11, 15-16, 18 (discussing his review of certain 13 documents).) Mr. Nored posits hypothetical situations, such as the necessity of obtaining

14 contractor bids to repair damage to apartments, unsupported by any documentation (see 15 id. ¶¶ 7-14, 17), and fails to specifically identify a single tenant on Plaintiffs’ class list 16 that is subject to the claimed defense (see generally id.). Mr. Nored’s testimony about a 17 potential, unpled defense does not undermine Plaintiffs’ demonstration of predominance. 18 See True Health Chiropractic, 896 F.3d at 932 (“[W]e do not consider . . . defenses that

19 [a defendant] might advance or for which it has presented no evidence.”) (citing Bridging 20

22 He also states that he identified instances within Plaintiffs’ Move-Out Class list “where 21 the tenant’s move-out statement was actually sent within 21-days after the tenant moved out.” (Nored Decl. ¶ 6.) However, he fails to specifically identify even one of these individuals. (See 22 generally id.) 1 Communities Inc. v. Top Flite Fin. Inc., 843 F.3d 1119, 1125 (6th Cir. 2016) (“We are 2 unwilling to allow such speculation and surmise to tip the decisional scales in a class

3 certification ruling[.]” (internal quotations and citations omitted)); Esparza, 2019 WL 4 2372447, at *4, n.2 (“‘Because courts do not consider defenses that a defendant “might 5 advance or for which it has presented no evidence,’ . . . these arguments do not defeat 6 class certification.”) (quoting True Health Chiropractic, 896 F.3d at 932). 7 Further, the court notes that Mr. Nored’s declaration is at odds with HNN’s Rule 8 30(b)(6) testimony is some respects. HNN’s Move-Out Process and Move-Out

9 Accounting Process policy documents describe steps from move out to sending the move 10 out statement, but those documents never mention the possibility of obtaining contractor 11 bids or the necessity of discussions with community organizations. (4/16/20 Chandler 12 Decl. ¶¶ 23, 26, Exs. 22, 25.) HNN’s Rule 30(b)(6) deponent testified that HNN 13 employees used HNN’s “Move-Out Cost Repair and Replacement Cost Estimates” form

14 and “industry knowledge” to decide what to charge tenants for damages, not contractor 15 bids. (HNN 30(b)(6) Dep. at 156:16-157:8, 161:6-14, 162:9-163:11; see also 5/8/20 16 Chandler Decl. ¶ 9, Ex. 36 (attaching a copy of the form).) For example, HNN charged 17 Plaintiffs $250.00 for carpet cleaning based on HNN’s own estimate from the “Move-Out 18 Repair [And] Replacement Cost Estimate” form, and HNN did not get an actual invoice

19 for the carpet cleaning until after processing Plaintiffs’ move-out. (HNN 30(b)(6) Dep. at 20 161:6-14.) The actual invoice was for only $135.00. (See id.) Nevertheless, HNN did 21 not revise the amount it charged Plaintiffs for carpet cleaning. (Id. at 161:15-19.) 22 Because Mr. Nored’s declaration is at odds in significant respects with HNN’s Rule 1 30(b)(6) deponent’s testimony, the court gives Mr. Nored’s declaration less weight and 2 concludes that Mr. Nored’s declaration does not undermine Plaintiffs’ demonstration of

3 predominance with respect to the Late Statement Class. In sum, the court concludes that 4 Plaintiffs have met their burden of demonstrating Rule 23(b)(3) predominance for the 5 Late Statement Class. 6 c. HNN’s Proffered Defenses of Offset and RCW 59.18.080 7 In addition to their foregoing arguments, HNN also argues that predominance is 8 lacking for both the Move-In Form Class and the Late Statement Class because RCW

9 59.18.080 requires a threshold inquiry to determine whether putative class members can 10 bring a RLTA claim and because the putative members of both classes are subject to 11 HNN’s affirmative defense of offset. (HNN Resp. at 14-15.) The court is not convinced 12 but addresses each argument in turn. 13 RCW 59.18.080 states in pertinent part that “[t]he tenant shall be current in the

14 payment of rent including all utilities which the tenant has agreed in the rental agreement 15 to pay before exercising any of the remedies accorded him or her under the provisions of 16 this chapter.” RCW 59.18.080. HNN argues this defense defeats Rule 23(b)(3) 17 predominance because whether the defense is applicable to Plaintiffs’ RLTA claims will 18 necessarily require “an individual review of [the class members’] accounts and

19 cross-examination (i.e., mini-trials) as to every single putative class member challenging 20 whether rent and utilities were due and owed.” (HNN Resp. at 14; see also 5/4/20 Nored 21 Decl. ¶ 26.) Further, if HNN assigned the file to a collector, HNN argues that it would 22 // 1 need to contact the collector to see how much the collector had retrieved. (See Nored 2 Decl. ¶ 26.)

3 In making this argument, HNN once again relies on the declaration of its 4 President, Mr. Nored. (See id.) As Plaintiffs point out, however, Mr. Nored’s declaration 5 appears to be inconsistent with his prior deposition testimony regarding how difficult it 6 would be for HNN to obtain the needed information and in whose custody such 7 information resides. (See HNN Reply at 7.) Indeed, based on Mr. Nored’s deposition 8 testimony, HNN appears to have the ability to readily retrieve the necessary information

9 from its own records. Mr. Nored testified that HNN’s Yardi system contains tenant 10 information going back to 2014, has significant reporting capabilities, and can be queried, 11 including queries about individual tenants. (Nored Dep. at 47:24-49:24.) Further, CDR, 12 which was HNN’s only debt collector during the Move-In Form Class and the Late 13 Statement Class periods, sends HNN remittance reports each month that show the

14 amounts collected for a particular former tenant, along with account balances, and the 15 account’ current status. (Engberg Dep. at 167:4-14; 4/16/20 Chandler Decl. ¶ 35, Ex. 34 16 (attaching Ms. Sallah’s statement).) Thus, the court is not convinced that the information 17 to resolve this issue is difficult to retrieve or will result in disfavored mini-trials. 18 More fundamentally, Plaintiffs argue that an RCW 59.18.080 defense is not

19 applicable to Plaintiffs’ claims under RCW 59.18.260 and RCW 59.18.280. (HNN Reply 20 at 6-7.) Although the court does not resolve dispositive issues on a Rule 23 certification 21 //

22 // 1 inquiry,23 whether RCW 59.18.080 applies to Plaintiffs’ RLTA claims under RCW 2 59.18.260 and RCW 59.18.280 is an issue that could be decided on a class-wide basis. If

3 the defense does not apply, HNN’s concerns would be irrelevant. If the defense does 4 apply, then the court can reassess certification of the Move-In Form and the Late 5 Statement Classes at that time, if necessary. ConocoPhillips Co., 593 F.3d at 809 (“[A] 6 district court retains the flexibility to address problems with a certified class as they arise, 7 including the ability to decertify.”). 8 Next, HNN argues that predominance does not exist because it has the right to

9 pursue the affirmative defense of offset against all putative class members in the Move-In 10 Form and the Late Statement Classes. (HNN Resp. at 14-15.) As Plaintiffs again point 11 out, however, HNN failed to plead this affirmative defense (see Def. Answer 12 ¶¶ 8.1-8.15), and offset is an affirmative defense that must be pled or it is waived, see 13 Wapato Heritage LLC v. Evans, 430 F. App’x 557, 559 (9th Cir. 2011) (“[The defendant]

14 waived the affirmative defense of offset . . . by not pleading in her answer the theory she 15 planned to argue at trial.”) (citing Locke v. City of Seattle, 137 P.3d 52, 61 (Wash. Ct. 16 App. 2006) (stating that offset is an affirmative defense to be pled in the answer)). 17 Although the court also does not resolve the validity of HNN’s offset issue in the context 18 of this motion, HNN’s failure to plead offset undermines its argument that this

20 23 See United Steel, Paper & Forestry, Rubber, Mfg. Energy, Allied Indus. & Serv. Workers Int’l Union, AFL-CIO, CLC v. ConocoPhillips Co., 593 F.3d 802, 809 (9th Cir. 2010) (“But a court can never be assured that a plaintiff will prevail on a given legal theory prior to a 21 dispositive ruling on the merits, and a full inquiry into the merits of a putative class’s legal claims is precisely what both the Supreme Court and we have cautioned is not appropriate for a 22 Rule 23 certification inquiry.”). 1 affirmative defense precludes a finding of predominance under Rule 23(b)(3). In any 2 event, offset goes to the calculation of damages, which is not an individual issue that

3 undercuts predominance. Vaquero v. Ashley Furniture Indus., Inc., 824 F.3d 1150, 1155 4 (9th Cir. 2016) (“We have repeatedly confirmed the . . . holding that the need for 5 individualized findings as to the amount of damages does not defeat class certification.”) 6 (citing cases). Accordingly, the court concludes that Plaintiffs have sufficiently 7 demonstrated Rule 23(b)(1) predominance for both the Move-In Form and the Late 8 Statement Classes.

9 d. The Forfeiture Class – Predominance 10 Plaintiffs claim that it was unfair and a violation of the CPA for HNN to forfeit a 11 former tenants’ deposit, while still pursuing full actual damages flowing from its former 12 tenant’s alleged breach of the lease, including future rent, payment for damage to the 13 apartment, any legal fees associated with eviction, and other charges. Plaintiffs argue

14 that their Forfeiture Class meets Rule 23(b)(3)’s predominance requirement because 15 common evidence establishing HNN’s forfeiture practices are found in its form 16 documents and testimony. (See MCC at 21 (citing 4/16/20 Chandler Decl. ¶ 18, Ex. 24 17 (describing scenarios in which HNN employees should “forfeit” a tenant’s deposit on 18 move out); Dean Dep. at 45:15-49:11 (testifying about the forfeiture of Plaintiffs’ deposit

19 and that HNN forfeits deposits for failure to comply with the lease terms).) The court has 20 examined Plaintiffs’ proffer and agrees that Plaintiffs demonstrate Rule 23(b)(3) 21 predominance for the Forfeiture Class. 22 // 1 HNN argues that Plaintiffs’ Forfeiture Class is flawed because Plaintiffs cannot 2 demonstrate “damages” for their CPA claim. (HNN Resp. at 21-22.) HNN argues that

3 no putative Forfeiture Class member is injured because “a class member’s damages is 4 inherently tied to the amounts they owed HNN for damages to their unit, unpaid rent, and 5 other charges.” (Id. at 22.) HNN argues that a member of the Forfeiture Class “could 6 only be damaged, if at all, if the ‘forfeited’ security deposit plus the amounts paid to 7 HNN exceeded the amount of damages incurred by HNN.” (Id.) Plaintiffs respond that, 8 although injury to business or property is one of the five elements of a CPA claim,

9 “damages” is not. (HNN Reply at 11 (citing Panag v. Farmers Ins. Co. of Wash., 204 10 P.3d 885, 899 (Wash. 2009) (“Injury is distinct from damages.”)).) Plaintiffs respond 11 that HNN’s former tenants were injured when HNN demanded the amount it claimed 12 without crediting the former tenants for the deposits they had already paid. (See id.) 13 The court notes that, like HNN’s defense based on RCW 49.18.080, whether the

14 forfeiture of a security deposit constitutes an injury under the CPA is an issue that could 15 be decided on summary judgment on a class-wide basis. As such, the court does not 16 resolve the issue here, see supra n.19, and the issue does not undermine Plaintiffs’ 17 demonstration of predominance, see In re Optical Disk Drive Litig., No. 18 10-md-02143-RS, 2017 WL 6448192, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 18, 2017) (“Those

19 arguments, however, go to whether [the defendants] are entitled to summary 20 judgment . . . . They are not dispositive on the question of whether class certification is 21 appropriate.”). Accordingly, the court concludes that Plaintiffs have demonstrated Rule 22 1 23(b)(3) predominance for the Forfeiture Class.24 See United States ex rel. Terry v. 2 Wasatch Advantage Grp., LLC, 327 F.R.D 395, 415 (E.D. Cal. 2018) (certifying class of

3 former tenants in low-income housing and explaining that common questions about the 4 legality of their uniform lease provisions under the state’s consumer protection law 5 predominate over any individual issues). 6 e. The HNN Classes – Superiority 7 Rule 23(b) lists four factors relevant to determining superiority: (1) “the class 8 members’ interests in individually controlling the prosecution or defense of separate

9 actions”; (2) “the extent and nature of any litigation concerning the controversy already 10 begun by or against class members”; (3) “the desirability or undesirability of 11 concentrating the litigation of the claims in the particular forum”; and (4) “the likely 12 difficulties in managing a class action.” Fed. R. Civ. P 23(b)(3)(A)-(D). 13 Plaintiffs argue that all four factors support a finding of superiority here. (MCC at

14 22-23.) First, Plaintiffs note that the proposed HNN class members consist of more than 15 a thousand former tenants in low-income housing complexes seeking to recover small 16 amounts—such as security deposits of either $400.00 or $700.00 and interest charges on 17 balances that are typically below $10,000.00. See Terry, 327 F.R.D at 418 (finding 18 superiority when the proposed class was hundreds of former low-income housing tenants

20 24 HNN also asserts that it will raise an offset affirmative defense against Forfeiture Class members. (HNN Resp. at 22 (“[E]ven if these class members could claim a CPA violation, they would be subject to offset for claims by HNN for any unpaid balance which inherently involves 21 individualized inquiries.”).) For the same reasons that the court rejected HNN’s offset argument as undermining predominance regarding the Move-In Form and the Late Statement Classes, it 22 also rejects those arguments here. See supra § III.D.1.c. 1 seeking damages of a few thousand dollars each). Concentrating thousands of similar 2 and relatively small value claims in one class action is superior to the adjudication of

3 thousands of individual actions. See Local Joint Exec. Bd. of Culinary/Bartender Tr. 4 Fund v. L.V. Sands, Inc., 244 F.3d 1152, 1163 (9th Cir. 2001) (cases involving “multiple 5 claims for relatively small individual sums” are particularly well suited to class 6 treatment). Further, as described herein, Plaintiffs have identified numerous issues 7 amenable to possible summary judgment in this matter. No party has raised the 8 possibility of other litigations involving HNN’s move-out practices or its collection and

9 retention of security deposits. Finally, Plaintiffs argue that, because all HNN properties 10 are in Washington State, this is a desirable forum for the litigation. 11 HNN challenges only the first and fourth factors relevant to superiority—the class 12 members’ interest in individually controlling the prosecution of their claims and the 13 manageability of a class action. (See HNN Resp. at 23-24.) In doing so, HNN rehashes

14 its arguments concerning predominance. (See id.) For the same reasons that the court 15 rejected HNN’s arguments concerning predominance, it rejects them in the context of 16 analyzing superiority as well. See supra §§ III.D.1.a.-III.D.1.d. In arguing that the court 17 should find that the HNN Classes lack superiority, HNN relies on Wetzel v. CertainTeed 18 Corp., No. C16-1160JLR, 2019 WL 3976204, at *18-21 (W.D. Wash. Mar. 25, 2019).

19 (See HNN Resp. at 23.) However, Wetzel is inapposite. The former low-income housing 20 tenants here are unlike the homeowners in Wetzel with claims of more than $10,000.00 21 each. See Wetzel, 2019 WL 3976204, at *18. “[W]hen the individual damages suffered 22 // 1 by each class member are relatively low,” as they are here, “[t]he first factor [of 2 superiority] weighs in favor of certifying a class.” See id.

3 HNN also relies on Wetzel to argue that the court should deny class certification 4 on manageability grounds. (HNN Resp. at 12.) However, Wetzel is again 5 distinguishable. The manageability concerns the Wetzel court identified involved 6 difficulties in identifying and locating absent class members. 2019 WL 3976204, at 7 *19-20. Here, Plaintiffs have already analyzed HNN’s data and provided a list of 8 members for each proposed class. (4/16/20 Boschen Decl. ¶¶ 3-19, Exs. A-C.) HNN

9 offers no critique of that analysis. (See generally HNN Resp.) The court concludes that 10 Plaintiffs have demonstrated Rule 23(b)(3) superiority for each of the HNN Classes. 11 2. The CDR Class 12 a. Predominance 13 Plaintiffs maintain that whether CDR violated the FDCPA, the CAA, and the CPA

14 by attempting allegedly to collect amounts not legally due are predominant legal 15 questions. The FDCPA is a strict liability statute, Cruz v. Int’l Collection Corp., 660 16 F.3d 991, 997 (9th Cir. 2012), and Congress expressly recognizes the propriety of class 17 actions to enforce the FDCPA by including damages provisions that apply only to 18 certified classes, see 15 U.S.C. §§ 1692k(a)-(b). The FDCPA prohibits a debt collector

19 from making a false representation of the character, amount, or legal status of any debt. 20 15 U.S.C. § 1692e(2)(A). In addition, the FDCPA prohibits collecting any amount not 21 authorized by the agreement creating the debt or permitted by law. 15 U.S.C. § 1692f(1). 22 Similarly, the CAA prohibits a licensed collection agency from collecting or attempting 1 to collect amounts other than “allowable interest.” RCW 19.16.250(21). Further, a 2 licensed collection agency’s commission of a practice prohibited by the CAA is a per se

3 unfair or deceptive act or practice occurring in trade or commerce of the CPA. RCW 4 19.16.440. 5 Defendants admit that CDR is a collection agency. (Def. Answer ¶ 3.6.) Thus, 6 whether CDR violated the FDCPA or the CAA by charging interest on balances before 7 HNN informed Plaintiffs of the amounts due is a question of law that can be answered the 8 same way for the entire CDR Class. Similarly, whether CDR violated the FDCPA or the

9 CAA by collecting amounts HNN assigned to CDR while allegedly knowing that HNN 10 had not credited former tenants the amount of their security deposit is also a common 11 legal question. 12 Finally, whether Mr. Wodjak is a debt collector because he exercised control over 13 the affairs of CDR or was regularly engaged, directly and indirectly, in the collection of

14 debts is a common question that may be determined on a class-wide basis. See Jenkins v. 15 Puckett & Redford PLLC, No. 2:19-CV-01550-BJR, 2020 WL 4517933, at *9 (W.D. 16 Wash. Aug. 3, 2020) (“While the Ninth Circuit has not yet decided whether an individual 17 employee of a debt collecting corporation may be held personally liable as a ‘debt 18 collector’ under the FDCPA, the Sixth Circuit and a majority of District Courts within the

19 Ninth Circuit have concluded that individual employees of a debt collecting corporation 20 can be held personally liable under the FDCPA without piercing the corporate veil, and 21 the Court is persuaded by their holdings.”); see also Moritz v. Daniel N. Gordon, P.C., 22 895 F. Supp. 2d 1097, 1109 (W.D. Wash. 2012) (“[C]ourts have found an individual 1 personally liable [as a debt collector under the FDCPA] if “the individual . . . exercised 2 control over the affairs of the business . . . or . . . was regularly engaged, directly and

3 indirectly, in the collection of debts.”) (internal quotations and citations omitted). Indeed, 4 this last issue is already before the court in the form of Mr. Wodjak’s motion for 5 summary judgment. (See Wodjak MSJ (Dkt. # 51).) Mr. Wodjak of course maintains 6 that the answer to this question is “no” (see generally id.; see also CDR Resp. at 28), but 7 irrespective of the court’s ultimate decision, it remains a class-wide determination.25 8 CDR nevertheless argues that individual questions will predominate concerning

9 Plaintiffs’ CDR Class. (CDR Resp. at 23-28.) Most of CDR’s arguments concerning 10 Rule 23(b)(3) predominance relate to its overly broad interpretation of the CDR Class 11 and raise issues of different types of debt and differences in lease terms that might exist if 12 the Class were as broad as CDR suggests. (See id. at 24, 26-27.) As noted above, the 13 court has already rejected CDR’s interpretation of the CDR Class and adjusted that

14 definition accordingly. See supra §§ III.B.2., III.C.2.a-c. 15 CDR also argues that the court will be required to make individualized inquiries 16 into when each CDR Class member “was made aware of” or “had known of” the debt and 17 accumulated interest charges, as well as individualized inquiries into the circumstances of 18 each CDR Class member’s move out. (CDR Resp. at 25, 27.) However, CDR does not

19 adequately explain why these inquiries would be necessary, and in any event, the court is 20

25 If the court ultimately determines that Mr. Wojdak’s FDCPA liability turns on whether 21 he was involved with individual accounts, the court can reassess the applicability of the CDR Class to him at that time. See ConocoPhillips Co., 593 F.3d at 809 (“[A] district court retains the 22 flexibility to address problems with a certified class as they arise . . . .”). 1 not convinced. Plaintiffs argue that HNN’s move-out charges are not liquidated26 so that 2 Washington’s prejudgment interest statute does not authorize adding interest to those

3 charges. (See CDR Reply at 7.) Plaintiffs also argue that even if interest is authorized, 4 the earliest date on which the amount could be deemed liquidated is the day that HNN 5 sent notice of the charges to CDR Class members because debtors are not required to pay 6 interest until they are able to ascertain the amount owed. (CDR Reply at 7); see also 7 Hansen v. Rothhaus, 730 P.3d 662, 665 (Wash. 1986) (“A defendant should not, 8 however, be required to pay prejudgment interest in cases where he is unable to ascertain

9 the amount he owes to the plaintiff.”). Plaintiffs argue persuasively that this information 10 can be retrieved from HNN’s records and will not require any individualized inquiries. 11 Thus, the court concludes that Plaintiffs have met their burden of demonstrating Rule 12 23(b)(3) predominance with respect to the CDR Class. 13 b. CDR Class – Superiority

14 For all the same reasons that the court found class litigation to be superior with 15 respect to the HNN Classes under Rule 23(b)(3), the court finds class treatment of the 16 CDR Class to be superior as well. See supra § III.D.1.e; see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 17 23(b)(3). In any event, CDR did not challenge the adequacy of Plaintiffs’ assertion of 18 superiority or contend that any other method of litigating the CDR Class is superior to

20 26 Although the court has not yet ruled on this issue, the court denied CDR’s motion for summary judgment on Plaintiffs’ FDCPA and CAA claims in part because the court could not conclude that HNN’s move-out charges were liquidated. (See 6/17/20 Order (Dkt. # 91) at 18.) 21 The inverse of this issue—whether HNN’s move-out charges are not liquidated—has not yet been presented to the court by way of a dispositive motion. Nevertheless, this is an issue that 22 may be capable of class-wide determination. 1 class resolution. (See generally CDR Resp.) Accordingly, the court concludes that 2 Plaintiffs have met their burden of demonstrating Rule 23(b)(3) superiority for the CDR

3 Class. 5 Based on the foregoing analysis, the court concludes that Plaintiffs have 6 demonstrated all the elements required under Rule 23(a) and Rule 23(b)(3) for class 7 certification of the HNN Classes and the CDR Class, as modified by the court. 8 Accordingly, the court GRANTS Plaintiffs’ motion for class certification (Dkt. # 54)

9 subject to the class description modifications described herein. The certified classes are 10 as follows: 11 HNN CLASSES: Former tenants of an HNN managed property in Washington who moved in before February 1, 2019 and: 12 (1) who moved out on or after July 12, 2017, and from whom HNN collected 13 a deposit or security without providing a move-in checklist that stated the condition of the walls, floors, countertops, carpets, and appliances in the unit 14 (the “Move-In Form” Class); or

15 (2) who moved out on or after July 12, 2017, and to whom HNN mailed a statement of HNN’s basis for retaining a deposit more than 21-days after the 16 tenant moved out of an HNN-managed unit (the “Late Statement” Class); or

17 (3) who moved in to an HNN managed property after July 31, 2016, and whose deposit was forfeited by HNN (the “Forfeiture Class”). 18 CDR CLASS: All former tenants of an HNN managed property in 19 Washington whose accounts HNN placed with CDR between February 13, 2017, and January 31, 2019, and to whom CDR sent at least one written 20 collection demand.

21 The certified claims are the First, Second, Third, and Fourth claims for relief set 22 forth in Plaintiffs’ Second Amended Complaint. (See SAC ¶¶ 6.1-6.56.) 1 The Court APPOINTS Plaintiffs Adama Jammeh and Oumie Sallah as 2 representatives of the Classes. The Court appoints the Terrell Marshall Law Group, The

3 Law Office of Paul Arons, and Leonard Law as class counsel. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(g). 4 As discussed above, the court ORDERS the parties to provide briefing on the 5 merits of creating an FDCPA subclass, how such a subclass should be described, whether 6 the subclass independently meets the requirements of Rule 23, whether Plaintiffs must 7 designate an additional named plaintiff for such a subclass, and any other issues that the 8 parties believe merit the court’s attention concerning such a subclass. Plaintiffs shall file

9 an opening memorandum concerning a possible FDCPA subclass no later than September 10 23, 2020, and shall limit the opening memorandum to no more than fifteen (15) pages. 11 Defendants shall file a responsive memorandum no later than October 7, 2020, and shall 12 limit the responsive memorandum to no more than fifteen (15) pages. Plaintiffs shall file 13 a reply memorandum, if any, no later than October 14, 2020, and shall limit it to no more

14 than seven (7) pages. 15 The parties shall confer regarding the form of class notice and Plaintiffs shall 16 submit their proposed notice plan to the court within 20 days of the court’s determination 17 //

18 //

19 //

20 //

21 //

22 // 1 concerning an FDCPA subclass and shall inform the court whether Defendants agree to 2 Plaintiffs’ proposed plan.

3 Dated this 9th day of September, 2020. 4 A 5 United States District Judge 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

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