POSNER, Circuit Judge.
The plaintiff, an inmate at a Wisconsin state prison, filed this suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claiming that prison officials had retaliated against him for speaking up about an assault that he alleged had been made upon him by two prison guards. The retaliation took the form of placing him in segregation and forbidding him to discuss the alleged assault. The defendants moved to dismiss the suit on the ground that he had failed to exhaust his administrative remedies, by not filing a grievance that conformed to the prison’s rules. His response (not his only response, but the only one with sufficient plausibility to be worth discussing) was that he interpreted the prohibition against speaking about the alleged assault to extend to the filing of a grievance, and as a result was afraid to file it.
The duty to exhaust administrative remedies as a precondition to suing under section 1983 is limited to those remedies that .are “available,” 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a), and as we pointed out in
Fletcher v. Menard Correctional Center,
623 F.3d 1171, 1173 (7th Cir.2010), a remedy must, to be “available,” be available in fact and not merely in form. See
Hurst v. Hantke,
634 F.3d 409, 411-12 (7th Cir. 2011);
Dillon v. Rogers,
596 F.3d 260, 267 (5th Cir.2010);
Bryant v. Rich,
530 F.3d 1368, 1373 n. 6 (11th Cir.2008). A remedy is not available, therefore, to a prisoner prevented by threats or other intimidation by prison personnel from seeking an administrative remedy by filing a grievance in the prescribed form and within the prescribed deadline.
Kaba v. Stepp,
458 F.3d 678, 685-86 (7th Cir.2006);
Tuckel v. Grover,
660 F.3d 1249, 1252-53 (10th Cir. 2011);
Turner v. Burnside,
541 F.3d 1077, 1084-85 (11th Cir.2008);
Macias v. Zenk,
495 F.3d 37, 45 (2d Cir.2007). But because the pertinent regulation of the Wisconsin prison system limits the offense of making false statements to prison staff to statements made “outside the complaint review system,” Wis. Admin. Code § DOC 303.271, the plaintiff had no reason to fear that his filing a grievance (the complaint to which the regulation refers) about alleged retaliation for speaking up about the alleged assault would be punished. The grievance route was open to him.
He argues that he was deterred from filing the grievance by “fear of reprisal.” But he has presented no evidence to substantiate the claim, though invited to do so by the district judge before the judge ruled on, and granted, the defendants’ motion for summary judgment. Without some specification of what the plaintiffs fear was based on, the defendants could not prepare a response; and so the grant of summary judgment was proper.
Ricci v. DeStefano,
557 U.S. 557, 586, 129 S.Ct. 2658, 174 L.Ed.2d 490 (2009).
But in the course of our research for this case we discovered that the law governing unavailability of prison remédies on grounds of intimidation is in some disarray. The case law distinguishes between “objective” and “subjective” availability, and although the different standards are reasonably well specified it is unclear whether the prisoner should be required to satisfy both in every case.
The “objective” standard, which predominates in the case law, requires the plaintiff to show that a person of “ordinary firmness” would have been deterred from filing a grievance. E.g.,
Hemphill v. New York,
380 F.3d 680, 688 (2d Cir.2004). The “subjective” standard requires the plaintiff to show that he was in fact deterred. E.g.,
Turner v. Burnside, supra,
541 F.3d at 1085. Cases that embrace the subjective standard add it to the objective one rather than substituting it, e.g.,
id.; Tuckel v. Grover, supra,
660 F.3d at 1254, with the result that the plaintiff must show both that a person of ordinary firmness would be deterred and that he himself was deterred. The additional test catches the person of more than ordinary firmness who, not having in fact been deterred, has no excuse for failing to exhaust administrative remedies;
he
was not a victim of intimidation, but only of an attempt at intimidation that failed.
The objective standard appears to have originated in cases in which the issue was not exhaustion of administrative remedies but whether some wrongful act of prison personnel had inflicted a compensable injury on the prisoner plaintiff. See, e.g.,
Davis v. Goord,
320 F.3d 346, 353 (2d Cir.2003), cited in
Hemphill v. New York, supra,
380 F.3d at 688. In such cases the courts rightly require that the injury be more than
de minimis,
that is, more than trivial; and if a person of “ordinary firmness” would consider the injury trivial, this can be used as a benchmark for whether the particular plaintiff sustained no more than a trivial injury that the law should ignore. See, e.g.,
Bart v. Telford,
677 F.2d 622, 625 (7th Cir.1982);
Hill v. Lappin,
630 F.3d 468, 472-73 (6th Cir.2010);
Morris v. Powell,
449 F.3d 682, 685-86 (5th Cir.2006);
Davis v. Goord, supra,
320 F.3d at 353;
Bennett v. Hendrix,
423 F.3d 1247, 1250-52 (11th Cir.2005). It is a crude benchmark, however, because the plaintiff may be of unusual susceptibility—what in ordinary tort law is called an “eggshell skull” tort victim. The common law allows such a tort victim to recover his full damages even if the average person, which is to say a person of “ordinary firmness,” would have sustained no significant injury from the defendant’s tort. E.g.,
Stoleson v. United States,
708 F.2d 1217, 1221-22 (7th Cir.1983).
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
POSNER, Circuit Judge.
The plaintiff, an inmate at a Wisconsin state prison, filed this suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claiming that prison officials had retaliated against him for speaking up about an assault that he alleged had been made upon him by two prison guards. The retaliation took the form of placing him in segregation and forbidding him to discuss the alleged assault. The defendants moved to dismiss the suit on the ground that he had failed to exhaust his administrative remedies, by not filing a grievance that conformed to the prison’s rules. His response (not his only response, but the only one with sufficient plausibility to be worth discussing) was that he interpreted the prohibition against speaking about the alleged assault to extend to the filing of a grievance, and as a result was afraid to file it.
The duty to exhaust administrative remedies as a precondition to suing under section 1983 is limited to those remedies that .are “available,” 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a), and as we pointed out in
Fletcher v. Menard Correctional Center,
623 F.3d 1171, 1173 (7th Cir.2010), a remedy must, to be “available,” be available in fact and not merely in form. See
Hurst v. Hantke,
634 F.3d 409, 411-12 (7th Cir. 2011);
Dillon v. Rogers,
596 F.3d 260, 267 (5th Cir.2010);
Bryant v. Rich,
530 F.3d 1368, 1373 n. 6 (11th Cir.2008). A remedy is not available, therefore, to a prisoner prevented by threats or other intimidation by prison personnel from seeking an administrative remedy by filing a grievance in the prescribed form and within the prescribed deadline.
Kaba v. Stepp,
458 F.3d 678, 685-86 (7th Cir.2006);
Tuckel v. Grover,
660 F.3d 1249, 1252-53 (10th Cir. 2011);
Turner v. Burnside,
541 F.3d 1077, 1084-85 (11th Cir.2008);
Macias v. Zenk,
495 F.3d 37, 45 (2d Cir.2007). But because the pertinent regulation of the Wisconsin prison system limits the offense of making false statements to prison staff to statements made “outside the complaint review system,” Wis. Admin. Code § DOC 303.271, the plaintiff had no reason to fear that his filing a grievance (the complaint to which the regulation refers) about alleged retaliation for speaking up about the alleged assault would be punished. The grievance route was open to him.
He argues that he was deterred from filing the grievance by “fear of reprisal.” But he has presented no evidence to substantiate the claim, though invited to do so by the district judge before the judge ruled on, and granted, the defendants’ motion for summary judgment. Without some specification of what the plaintiffs fear was based on, the defendants could not prepare a response; and so the grant of summary judgment was proper.
Ricci v. DeStefano,
557 U.S. 557, 586, 129 S.Ct. 2658, 174 L.Ed.2d 490 (2009).
But in the course of our research for this case we discovered that the law governing unavailability of prison remédies on grounds of intimidation is in some disarray. The case law distinguishes between “objective” and “subjective” availability, and although the different standards are reasonably well specified it is unclear whether the prisoner should be required to satisfy both in every case.
The “objective” standard, which predominates in the case law, requires the plaintiff to show that a person of “ordinary firmness” would have been deterred from filing a grievance. E.g.,
Hemphill v. New York,
380 F.3d 680, 688 (2d Cir.2004). The “subjective” standard requires the plaintiff to show that he was in fact deterred. E.g.,
Turner v. Burnside, supra,
541 F.3d at 1085. Cases that embrace the subjective standard add it to the objective one rather than substituting it, e.g.,
id.; Tuckel v. Grover, supra,
660 F.3d at 1254, with the result that the plaintiff must show both that a person of ordinary firmness would be deterred and that he himself was deterred. The additional test catches the person of more than ordinary firmness who, not having in fact been deterred, has no excuse for failing to exhaust administrative remedies;
he
was not a victim of intimidation, but only of an attempt at intimidation that failed.
The objective standard appears to have originated in cases in which the issue was not exhaustion of administrative remedies but whether some wrongful act of prison personnel had inflicted a compensable injury on the prisoner plaintiff. See, e.g.,
Davis v. Goord,
320 F.3d 346, 353 (2d Cir.2003), cited in
Hemphill v. New York, supra,
380 F.3d at 688. In such cases the courts rightly require that the injury be more than
de minimis,
that is, more than trivial; and if a person of “ordinary firmness” would consider the injury trivial, this can be used as a benchmark for whether the particular plaintiff sustained no more than a trivial injury that the law should ignore. See, e.g.,
Bart v. Telford,
677 F.2d 622, 625 (7th Cir.1982);
Hill v. Lappin,
630 F.3d 468, 472-73 (6th Cir.2010);
Morris v. Powell,
449 F.3d 682, 685-86 (5th Cir.2006);
Davis v. Goord, supra,
320 F.3d at 353;
Bennett v. Hendrix,
423 F.3d 1247, 1250-52 (11th Cir.2005). It is a crude benchmark, however, because the plaintiff may be of unusual susceptibility—what in ordinary tort law is called an “eggshell skull” tort victim. The common law allows such a tort victim to recover his full damages even if the average person, which is to say a person of “ordinary firmness,” would have sustained no significant injury from the defendant’s tort. E.g.,
Stoleson v. United States,
708 F.2d 1217, 1221-22 (7th Cir.1983). One imagines there are “eggshell skull” prisoners, and the question arises why they can’t recover their actual damages caused by violations of their federal rights by prison personnel, or, in a case like this, be excused for having failed to file a grievance that the average person would realize was available but that an especially fearful or anxious or mentally limited prisoner would not.
The objection to such an approach is that idiosyncratic claims are difficult to verify unless, as in the most common kind of eggshell-skull case, the claimant has a readily diagnosable physical impairment. A prisoner plaintiff who had failed to file a grievance could always insist that his failure was attributable to a mental problem that had caused him to exaggerate the likelihood that he would be punished if he did file a grievance. And then the issue of exhaustion, meant to be preliminary to the determination of the plaintiffs constitutional tort claim, would require for its resolution significant factfinding even before a trial on the merits—factfinding that would have to be duplicated if the case went to trial and retaliation were the constitutional tort alleged as well as the excuse tendered for failing to file a grievance in advance of suit. Cf.
Pavey v. Conley,
544 F.3d 739, 742 (7th Cir.2008). Expert testimony by psychologists or psychiatrists might be required. That would complicate and extend the evidentiary hearing required whenever there was a genuine factual dispute over
whether the plaintiff had exhausted his prison remedies.
What the cases have not considered, however, is a situation in which prison personnel, sensing atypical cognitive’ or psychological infirmities of the prisoner plaintiff, deliberately exploit these infirmities to deter him from filing a grievance. That would be the kind of misconduct that the doctrine of equitable estoppel makes a defense to a variety of claims and defenses, most commonly a statute of limitations defense. See, e.g.,
Arteaga v. United States,
711 F.3d 828, 833 (7th Cir.2013). In
Kaba v. Stepp, supra,
458 F.3d at 686-87, we left open the possibility that equitable estoppel might be a defense to failure to exhaust prison remedies. We need not decide; the present case is remote from that hypothetical situation.