RENDERED: APRIL 24, 2026; 10:00 A.M. TO BE PUBLISHED
Commonwealth of Kentucky Court of Appeals
NO. 2024-CA-0798-MR
CVS PHARMACY, INC. APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM PERRY CIRCUIT COURT v. HONORABLE ALISON C. WELLS, JUDGE ACTION NO. 15-CI-00115
JAMES DUSTIN CHANEY, D.O. AND RITE AID OF KENTUCKY, INC. APPELLEES
AND
NO. 2024-CA-0962-MR
JAMES DUSTIN CHANEY CROSS-APPELLANT
CROSS-APPEAL FROM PERRY CIRCUIT COURT v. HONORABLE ALISON C. WELLS, JUDGE ACTION NO. 15-CI-00115
CVS PHARMACY, INC. CROSS-APPELLEE OPINION REVERSING AND REMANDING AS TO APPEAL NO. 2024-CA-0798-MR AND DISMISSING AS TO CROSS-APPEAL NO. 2024-CA-0962-MR
** ** ** ** **
BEFORE: CETRULO, L. JONES, AND MCNEILL, JUDGES.
MCNEILL, JUDGE: Following a jury trial in which the jury found in favor of
James Dustin Chaney, D.O. (“Chaney”) on his negligence and false light claims
against CVS Pharmacy, Inc. (“CVS”), the Perry Circuit Court entered a judgment
against CVS in the amount of $7,560,000.00, which was later reduced to
$2,160,000.00. CVS appeals, arguing it was entitled to a directed verdict on
Chaney’s claims. Chaney cross-appeals the reduction of his damage award.
Because we find that the trial court erred in denying CVS’s motion for a directed
verdict, we reverse the circuit court’s judgment and dismiss Chaney’s cross-appeal
as moot.
BACKGROUND
Chaney is a former practicing physician from Eastern Kentucky. In
2011, the Kentucky Board of Medical Licensure (“KBML”) began investigating
Chaney’s prescribing habits for controlled substances. Based upon Chaney’s
-2- KASPER1 data, KBML pharmacy consultant Chris Johnson identified sixteen of
Chaney’s patients based on “age, addictive drug combinations, distance traveled to
the pharmacy, polypharmacy, duplicate refills, and similar last names” and
recommended further investigation by the KBML. A physician consultant
reviewed the sixteen patient charts and found that Chaney’s care fell below the
acceptable standard in eleven charts regarding diagnosis, in ten regarding
treatment, and in four regarding recordkeeping. The consultant also found that
Chaney had demonstrated gross negligence in ten of the patient charts reviewed.
On December 12, 2012, the KBML and Chaney entered into an agreed order,
which found that Chaney had violated KRS2 311.595 and KRS 311.597 and
required, among other things, that Chaney keep a controlled substances log and
complete further training on prescribing controlled substances.
Contemporaneous with the KBML investigation, state and federal law
enforcement were looking into Chaney’s pain management clinic, Clarion. In
2015, Chaney was federally indicted on multiple charges in connection with his
ownership of Clarion, including conspiracy to distribute and dispense controlled
substances unlawfully. Ultimately, Chaney pled guilty to one count of conspiracy
1 The Kentucky All Schedule Prescription Electronic Reporting (“KASPER”) System is an electronic system established by Kentucky Revised Statutes (“KRS”) 218A.202 to monitor prescriptions of controlled substances. 2 Kentucky Revised Statutes.
-3- to commit money laundering and was sentenced to thirty months in federal prison.
Based upon his conviction, Chaney agreed to surrender his medical license in lieu
of revocation.
Amid the federal prosecution, Chaney learned that CVS had filled
prescriptions under his Drug Enforcement Administration (“DEA”) number that he
did not write. Chaney contacted CVS and requested that they perform an audit of
all prescriptions written by Chaney and two other physicians with the same last
name, James “Ace” Chaney (Chaney’s uncle), and George Chaney (apparently
unrelated). As a result of their investigation, CVS identified 101 prescriptions that
had been falsely attributed to Chaney in KASPER.
In March of 2015, Chaney filed a lawsuit against CVS in Perry Circuit
Court, alleging that CVS was negligent in misattributing prescriptions to Chaney
written by other medical providers and then reporting those misattributions to
KASPER.3 The lawsuit further alleged that CVS’s negligence caused Chaney to
be investigated by the KBML and state and federal authorities, to be indicted, and
to lose his license. An amended complaint later added a false light claim. Chaney
sought damages for emotional pain and suffering and impairment of his ability to
earn income.
3 The lawsuit also named Rite Aid, local pharmacy R/X Discount Co., several CVS and Rite Aid pharmacists, and some John Does.
-4- Following a jury trial, the jury found in Chaney’s favor and awarded
$7,560,000.00 in damages, which was later reduced to $2,160,000.00. This appeal
and cross-appeal followed.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
CVS argues the trial court erred in denying their motion for a directed
verdict on Chaney’s negligence and false light claims. “Upon review of the
evidence supporting a judgment entered upon a jury verdict, the role of an
appellate court is limited to determining whether the trial court erred in failing to
grant the motion for directed verdict.” Lewis v. Bledsoe Surface Min. Co., 798
S.W.2d 459, 461 (Ky. 1990). A motion for directed verdict “raises only questions
of law as to whether there is any evidence to support a verdict.” Harris v. Cozatt,
Inc., 427 S.W.2d 574, 575 (Ky. 1968) (emphasis added). “[A] trial judge cannot
enter a directed verdict unless there is a complete absence of proof on a material
issue or if no disputed issues of fact exist upon which reasonable minds could
differ.” Bierman v. Klapheke, 967 S.W.2d 16, 18–19 (Ky. 1998) (citation
omitted).
“All evidence which favors the prevailing party must be taken as true
and . . . [t]he prevailing party is entitled to all reasonable inferences which may be
drawn from the evidence.” Lewis, 798 S.W.2d at 461. “[A] directed verdict is
appropriate where there is no evidence of probative value to support an opposite
-5- result because [t]he jury may not be permitted to reach a verdict upon speculation
or conjecture.” Toler v. Süd–Chemie, Inc., 458 S.W.3d 276, 285 (Ky. 2014), as
corrected (Apr. 7, 2015) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Finally,
“[a]ppellate review of the trial court’s denial of a motion for directed verdict is not
limited to evaluating the reasons proffered by the trial court for its denial.”
Louisville Metro Government v. Ward, 610 S.W.3d 295, 307 (Ky. App. 2020).
“Rather, we must make our own review of the entire record to determine whether
the trial court’s ruling was clearly erroneous.” Brooks v. Lexington-Fayette Urban
Cnty. Housing Auth., 132 S.W.3d 790, 798 (Ky. 2004).
ANALYSIS
As to Chaney’s negligence claim, CVS contends it was entitled to a
directed verdict because Chaney failed to prove that its negligence was the cause of
his injuries. “The elements of a negligence claim are (1) a legally-cognizable duty,
(2) a breach of that duty, (3) causation linking the breach to an injury, and
(4) damages.” Patton v. Bickford, 529 S.W.3d 717, 729 (Ky. 2016) (citation
omitted). “The absence of proof on any one of the required elements is fatal to a
negligence claim.” Keaton v. G.C. Williams Funeral Home, Inc., 436 S.W.3d 538,
542 (Ky. App. 2013) (citing M & T Chemicals, Inc. v. Westrick, 525 S.W.2d 740,
741 (Ky. 1974)).
-6- Traditionally, “causation [has] consist[ed] of two distinct components:
‘but-for’ causation, also referred to as causation in fact, and proximate causation.”
Patton, 529 S.W.3d at 730. “But-for causation requires the existence of a direct,
distinct, and identifiable nexus between the defendant’s breach of duty
(negligence) and the plaintiff’s damages such that the event would not have
occurred ‘but for’ the defendant’s negligent or wrongful conduct in breach of a
duty.” Id. “An act or omission is not regarded as a cause of an event if the
particular event would have occurred without it.” Id. (quoting Gross v. FBL
Financial Services, Inc., 557 U.S. 167, 176–77 (2009)).
“Proximate causation captures the notion that, although conduct in
breach of an established duty may be an actual but-for cause of the plaintiff[’s]
damages, it is nevertheless too attenuated from the damages in time, place, or
foreseeability to reasonably impose liability upon the defendant.” Id. at 731.
“Proximate cause is bottomed on public policy as a limitation on how far society is
willing to extend liability for a defendant’s actions[.]” Id. (quoting Ashley County,
Arkansas v. Pfizer, Inc., 552 F.3d 659, 671 (8th Cir. 2009)).
CVS argues that Chaney’s negligence claim fails as a matter of law
because both components are absent here. We confine our analysis to the “but-for”
or cause-in-fact element of causation because we believe it is dispositive. In
Kentucky, the “but-for” or cause-in-fact component of causation has been
-7- subsumed by the “substantial factor” test in the Restatement (Second) of Torts §
431. Lewis v. B & R Corporation, 56 S.W.3d 432, 437 (Ky. App. 2001). This
section states in pertinent part that an “actor’s negligent conduct is a legal cause of
harm to another if . . . his conduct is a substantial factor in bringing about the
harm[.]” RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 431 (1965). Comment (a) to § 431
explains what is meant by “substantial factor”:
In order to be a legal cause of another’s harm, it is not enough that the harm would not have occurred had the actor not been negligent. . . . [T]his is necessary, but it is not of itself sufficient. The negligence must also be a substantial factor in bringing about the plaintiff’s harm. The word “substantial” is used to denote the fact that the defendant’s conduct has such an effect in producing the harm as to lead reasonable men to regard it as a cause, using that word in the popular sense, in which there always lurks the idea of responsibility, rather than in the so-called “philosophic sense,” which includes every one of the great number of events without which any happening would not have occurred. Each of these events is a cause in the so-called “philosophic sense,” yet the effect of many of them is so insignificant that no ordinary mind would think of them as causes.
As recognized by the comment, under the “substantial factor” test, a
plaintiff must still prove that his injury would not have occurred but for
defendant’s negligence. Thus, the question of whether a defendant’s conduct was
a substantial factor in bringing about the plaintiff’s harm “does not arise if the
testimony clearly proves that the harm is from a cause other than the actor’s
negligence.” RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 431 (1965) cmt. b. “It is only
-8- where the evidence permits a reasonable finding that the defendant’s conduct had
some effect that the question whether the effect was substantial rather than
negligible becomes important.” Id.
It is the court’s duty to determine “whether the evidence as to the facts
makes an issue upon which the jury may reasonably differ as to whether the
conduct of the defendant has been a substantial factor in causing the harm to the
plaintiff.” Pathways, Inc. v. Hammons, 113 S.W.3d 85, 92 (Ky. 2003) (quoting
RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 431(1)(a)) (internal quotation marks omitted).
If the defendant’s conduct is unrelated to plaintiff’s harm, or “when the matter
remains one of pure speculation and conjecture . . . it becomes the duty of the court
to direct a verdict for the defendant.” RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 433B
(1965) cmt. a. On appeal, the question for this Court is whether reasonable minds
could differ as to whether CVS’s misattributing controlled substance prescriptions
to Chaney was a substantial factor in causing his injuries—specifically,
investigation by the KBML and federal law enforcement, and the subsequent loss
of his medical license and imprisonment.
Here, the evidence does not support any reasonable inference that
misattributions by CVS were a substantial factor in causing Chaney’s injuries.
Regarding the KBML investigation, pharmacy consultant Chris Johnson testified
that he reviewed Chaney’s KASPER in 2011 at the KBML’s request. However, he
-9- was unaware of any investigation into Chaney based on misattributed
prescriptions. In fact, the record is silent as to why KBML requested Johnson to
investigate Chaney. Even Chaney admitted on cross-examination that he did not
know why Johnson began his investigation, and he does not know that
misattributions led to any investigation of him by any Kentucky state authority.
KBML representative Leanne Diakov testified that its investigation
was not based on misattributions. In fact, she testified that the KBML did not even
look at Chaney’s KASPER report. Although Johnson identified sixteen patient
names from Chaney’s KASPER and referred them to the KBML for further
investigation, the KBML only looked at the medical records of the sixteen patients
when determining whether Chaney had complied with the standard of care.
While Chaney’s brief claims that he put on “more than enough
evidence for a jury to conclude that CVS harmed Chaney,” the “evidence” he cites
is problematic. He points to the testimony of his pharmacy expert, Dr. Dering-
Anderson, himself, and KBML pharmacy consultant Chris Johnson as establishing
that “CVS’s false data was input into its computer system which was then sent to
KASPER and other repositories; that those repositories flagged Chaney as a ‘top
prescriber’ of opioids based on the false data, and that Chaney was investigated as
a result of this distinction by the [KBML].”
-10- The “other repositories” mentioned, which flagged Chaney as a “top
prescriber of opioids,” were Doximity, ProPublica, and the Center for Medicaid
Services. Chaney testified to an exhibit that he had prepared with data from these
three repositories, which suggested that he had prescribed substantially more
controlled substances than he says he did. The issue with this evidence, however,
is that Chaney failed to link any claimed misattributions from these databases to
CVS.
Further, Chaney was not “investigated as a result of this distinction”
(being a ‘top prescriber of opioids’), as he asserts. In support of this proposition,
he cites the two patients that pharmacy consultant Chris Johnson identified from
his KASPER, which Chaney claims were misattributed to him. One of these
patients, J.S., was misattributed by a different pharmacy and is therefore not
relevant to CVS’s negligence.
Misattribution of the other, H.K., is purely speculative. Chaney’s
argument goes like this: the report issued by KBML’s medical consultant indicates
that Chaney saw H.K. on 11/16/2011 and prescribed her Oxycodone, Gabapentin,
and Tizanidine. However, this is not reflected in Chaney’s KASPER report. Ergo,
the 2011 prescriptions must have been misattributions that have since been
corrected.
-11- This is simply a bridge too far. “Liability must rest on a more solid
basis than speculation and surmise.” Texaco, Inc. v. Standard, 536 S.W.2d 136,
138 (Ky. 1975). Even assuming the H.K. prescription was a misattribution, it was
not a substantial factor in bringing about Chaney’s harm because KBML’s medical
consultant, Dr. Surinder Kad, found that Chaney’s care regarding this patient
complied with minimum standards.
Similarly, no evidence suggests controlled substance prescriptions
misattributed by CVS were a substantial factor in causing Chaney to be
investigated and indicted by federal authorities. John Couch, a retired deputy from
the Perry County Sheriff’s Office, testified that the investigation was initiated
when a concerned citizen made an anonymous complaint about Clarion to the
Kentucky State Police headquarters in Frankfort. Frankfort requested that Perry
County’s Kentucky State Police Drug Enforcement section look into Clarion, so
Couch conducted surveillance on the clinic and observed cars from out of state and
people mingling in the parking lot. He relayed this information to his superior, and
the investigation was ultimately passed to the FBI. Couch testified his
investigation had nothing to do with KASPER data.
Testimony from Assistant U.S. Attorney Roger West confirmed
Couch’s version of events. West testified that the investigation stemmed from
complaints from state and federal law enforcement that had conducted surveillance
-12- at Clarion. West further stated that the Clarion investigation was not based on any
erroneously attributed prescriptions in the KASPER database and that Chaney was
investigated based solely upon his ownership of Clarion.
Chaney claims he was indicted for being a “pill-mill” doctor “[b]ased
on a search warrant which relied entirely upon KASPER,” but again, this is beyond
the evidence. While the affidavit submitted by the FBI in support of its search
warrant references Chaney’s KASPER, it can hardly be said that the search warrant
“relied entirely upon KASPER.” In fact, only one paragraph of the sixty-four-page
affidavit concerns Chaney’s KASPER. The remainder of the affidavit sets forth
the FBI’s detailed investigation into Clarion, including interviews with seven
former patients, a former physician employee, and a former compliance officer, as
well as the results of months of surveillance.
But even if the FBI considered the KASPER data, Chaney bore the
burden of proving that it was more likely than not that CVS misattributions were a
substantial factor in bringing about his harm. See Standard, 536 S.W.2d at 138.
The affidavit states that the FBI reviewed Chaney’s KASPER data from December
2010 to December 2012, which indicated that Chaney was prescribing “very large”
amounts of controlled substances. CVS concedes that it misattributed 23
controlled substance prescriptions to Chaney from 2010 to 2012. However,
Chaney’s KASPER data shows that he wrote close to 14,000 controlled substance
-13- prescriptions during this period. It is unreasonable to infer that the 23
misattributions by CVS proven at trial were a substantial factor in causing the FBI
to indict Chaney. Especially considering the multitude of other evidence outlined
in the affidavit—extended surveillance of Clarion, interviews with its former
patients, and even one of its former physicians—which suggested criminal activity
may be taking place at Clarion. While possible, it is simply not probable. Baylis v.
Lourdes Hosp., Inc., 805 S.W.2d 122, 124 (Ky. 1991) (“[E]vidence of causation
must be in terms of probability rather than mere possibility[.]”).
But even more fundamentally, Chaney failed to prove that his
indictment would not have occurred but for the misattributions by CVS. “An act
or omission is not regarded as a cause of an event if the particular event would
have occurred without it.” Gross, 557 U.S. at 176–77 (quoting W. Keeton, D.
Dobbs, R. Keeton, & D. Owen, Prosser and Keeton on Law of Torts 265 (5th ed.
1984)). Here, there is no evidence, or even a reasonable inference, that Chaney
would not have been investigated or indicted but for any misattributions by CVS.
Such a conclusion could only be reached by speculation. However, “speculation
and supposition are insufficient to justify a submission of a case to the jury, and . . .
the question should be taken from the jury when the evidence is so unsatisfactory
as to require a resort to surmise and speculation.” O’Bryan v. Cave, 202 S.W.3d
585, 588 (Ky. 2006) (citation omitted).
-14- As an extension of the above, Chaney failed to prove that any
misattributions by CVS caused him to lose his medical license, lose his ability to
prescribe controlled substances, or go to prison. The evidence clearly showed that
these results were the direct consequences of Chaney’s conviction for conspiracy
to commit money laundering. Chaney stipulated in the 2016 agreed order of
surrender to pleading guilty to conspiracy to commit money laundering, engaging
in conduct which violates Kentucky law, and that, pursuant to 201 KAR4 9:081, the
facts underlying his conviction relate to controlled substances. Diakov testified
that the KBML was required by law to suspend a practitioner’s ability to prescribe
controlled substances when they have been convicted of a crime involving
controlled substances. She further testified that Chaney’s surrender of his license
was based solely upon his guilty plea. In sum, Chaney failed to prove that any
misattributions by CVS were the legal cause of his harm, and “the jury could not
have reasonably reached its verdict on the basis of the evidence before it.” Belt v.
Cincinnati Insurance Company, 664 S.W.3d 524, 530 (Ky. 2022) (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted). Therefore, the circuit court erred in denying
CVS’s motion for directed verdict on Chaney’s negligence claim.
CVS also argues the trial court should have directed a verdict on
Chaney’s false light claim. In McCall v. Courier–Journal and Louisville Times
4 Kentucky Administrative Regulations.
-15- Co., 623 S.W.2d 882 (Ky. 1981), our Supreme Court adopted the Restatement
(Second) of Torts § 652E (1976), which sets forth the requirements for a false light
claim as follows:
One who gives publicity to a matter concerning another that places the other before the public in a false light is subject to liability to the other for invasion of his privacy, if
(a) the false light in which the other was placed would be highly offensive to a reasonable person, and
(b) the actor had knowledge of or acted in reckless disregard as to the falsity of the publicized matter and the false light in which the other would be placed.
“Publicity” means that “the matter is made public, by communicating
it to the public at large, or to so many persons that the matter must be regarded as
substantially certain to become one of public knowledge.” RESTATEMENT
(SECOND) OF TORTS § 652D cmt. a (1976). Examples of publicity include:
“publication in a newspaper or a magazine, even of small circulation, or in a
handbill distributed to a large number of persons, or any broadcast over the radio,
or statement made in an address to a large audience[.]” Id. However, it is not
enough “to communicate a fact concerning the plaintiff’s private life to a single
person or even to a small group of persons.” Id. “The distinction, in other words,
is one between private and public communication.” Id. “The purpose of
a false light action is to protect the individual in not being made to appear before
-16- the public in an unreasonably objectionable false light and otherwise than as he is.”
McCall, 623 S.W.2d at 888 n.9 (citing RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 652E
cmt. b (1976)).
In his second amended complaint, Chaney alleged that due to
misattributions by CVS, he “appeared falsely to the public as having written large
amounts of controlled substance prescriptions.” CVS contends Chaney’s false
light claim fails as a matter of law because he failed to prove that the
misattributions were communicated to the public at large or placed him in a false
light that would be highly offensive to a reasonable person. We agree.
As for publicity, the evidence at trial was that communication of
individual prescription data (including any prescriptions misattributed to Chaney)
was limited to three recipients: KASPER, third-party payors such as insurance
companies, and the patients themselves. None of these communications satisfies
the publicity requirement of a false light claim. As noted above, publicity means
that the matter is “made public, by communicating it to the public at large, or to so
many persons that the matter must be regarded as substantially certain to become
one of public knowledge.” RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 652D cmt. a
(1976).
KASPER data is not available to the general public and is protected
by statute. See Williams v. Commonwealth, 213 S.W.3d 671, 683 (Ky. 2006); KRS
-17- 218A.202(6)(a) & (b). Similarly, prescription data transferred to insurance
companies is confidential under HIPAA. See 45 C.F.R.5 §§ 160.102, 160.103,
164.502(a). “These restrictions negate the assumption that the matter was
substantially certain to become one of public knowledge.” Moore v. Big Picture
Co., 828 F.2d 270, 274 (5th Cir. 1987) (holding that communications that could
only be accessed in accordance with the Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C.6 §
552(a)(3) (1977), were not public). While Chaney claims that the prescription data
communicated by CVS to KASPER and insurance companies “then flows to
various databases and publicly available sources of information[,]” we are unaware
of any evidence confirming this assertion.7
Finally, a communication to a patient via the label on their
prescription pill bottle is a private communication. See RESTATEMENT (SECOND)
OF TORTS § 652D cmt. a (1976) (“[I]t is not an invasion of the right of privacy . . .
to communicate a fact concerning the plaintiff’s private life to a single person or
even to a small group of persons.”). This is true even though misattributions were
sent to 101 individual patients. See Sherr v. HealthEast Care System, 262 F. Supp.
3d 869, 881 (D. Minn. 2017) (holding that hospital’s disclosure of information to
5 Code of Federal Regulations. 6 United States Code. 7 We have reviewed Chaney’s citation to the video record (VR 03/08/23 at 14:23:50) and find no support for this claim.
-18- 35-40 medical practitioners did not constitute publicity); Cohen v. Beachside Two–
I Homeowners’ Ass’n, No. 05-706, 2005 WL 3088361, at *17 (D. Minn. Nov. 17,
2005) (holding that distribution to “a small community of about fifty households in
a small geographic area” was not to the public at large). As noted by the
Restatement, “[t]he distinction . . . is one between private and public
communication.” RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 652D cmt. a. As examples
of public communication, the Restatement lists “any publication in a newspaper or
a magazine, even of small circulation, or in a handbill distributed to a large number
of persons, or any broadcast over the radio, or statement made in an address to a
large audience[.]” Id.
Information communicated on a patient’s prescription pill bottle is
essentially private. The nature of the communication does not change—from
private to public—simply because of the number of private communications. This
is particularly true here, where there is no evidence that any one patient knew of
any other patient’s misattributed prescription. Again, the relevant question is
whether the communication was “to so many persons that the matter must be
regarded as substantially certain to become one of public knowledge.”
RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 652D cmt. a (1976) (emphasis added). Given
the substance of the communications at issue, we cannot say it was substantially
-19- certain that any prescriptions misattributed to Chaney would become public
knowledge.
Even if Chaney could prove the publicity aspect of his false light
claim, he has failed to show that any misattributions painted him in a false light
that would be highly offensive to a reasonable person. First, Chaney has failed to
show that the 101 misattributions attributed to CVS cast him in a false light, or in
other words, “otherwise than he is.” RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 652E
cmt. b (1976). Chaney’s second amended complaint alleges that the
misattributions made him “appear[] falsely to the public as having written large
amounts of controlled substance prescriptions.” But Chaney’s KASPER data from
the relevant period (2010-2014) shows that he wrote over 21,000 controlled
substance prescriptions. By any standard, Chaney did write a “large amount of
controlled substance prescriptions.” And while Chaney disputes the reliability of
this number, he has not put forth any evidence suggesting it was so much lower
that the 101 misattributions by CVS somehow tipped the balance and made him
appear to the public otherwise than he is.
Additionally, he has not shown that the misattributions would be
“highly offensive” to a reasonable person. This means that Chaney “would be
justified in the eyes of the community in feeling seriously offended and aggrieved
by the publicity.” A reasonable person in Chaney’s position, someone who had
-20- written over 21,000 controlled substance prescriptions, would not be highly
offended by having 101 controlled substance prescriptions misattributed to him.
This comparatively small number would not make a reasonable person in Chaney’s
position worry that people would think that they overprescribed controlled
substances. Especially since here the only members of the public who would have
seen these misattributions were the individual patients who received the
prescriptions, and it is unlikely they would have attributed them to Chaney rather
than to CVS. Further, absent evidence to the contrary, each patient presumably
was aware of only a single misattribution and therefore would not have assumed
that Chaney was an overprescriber simply on that fact. In sum, Chaney failed to
introduce sufficient evidence to convince a reasonable juror that CVS gave
“publicity” to any misattributions and that those misattributions would be “highly
offensive” to a reasonable person, as required for a false light claim.
Here, the jury’s verdict was so palpably against the evidence that we
can only conclude “it was reached as a result of passion or prejudice.” Bierman,
967 S.W.2d at 19. Certainly, Chaney’s story is tragic. He was presented as a
small-town doctor who lost everything. The jury heard how Chaney was
investigated, indicted, and made to sit in prison in solitary confinement. They
heard how he had to give up doing what he loved and now makes pizzas for
meager wages. They heard how large, corporate pharmacies, including CVS,
-21- misattributed controlled substance prescriptions to Chaney. But what they did not
hear was sufficient evidence to satisfy the elements of Chaney’s negligence and
false light claims, as set forth above. We do not take reversing the jury’s verdict
lightly. “Clearly, the sanctity of the jury verdict is fundamental in our judicial
system.” Kentucky Kingdom Amusement Co. v. Belo Kentucky, Inc., 179 S.W.3d
785, 790 (Ky. 2005). However, at the same time, when there is “no evidence of
probative value to support [a] . . . result[,]” a directed verdict is appropriate,
because “[t]he jury may not be permitted to reach a verdict upon speculation or
conjecture.” Toler, 458 S.W.3d at 285 (citation omitted). Here, there was
insufficient evidence for a reasonable juror to conclude that CVS’s negligence
caused Chaney’s injuries or placed him in a false light, and the circuit court should
have directed a verdict in CVS’s favor.
Finally, Chaney cross-appeals the trial court’s reduction of his damage
award. Because we have found the trial court erred in failing to grant a directed
verdict for CVS on Chaney’s claim, this issue is now moot. Therefore, we decline
to address it.
CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, the judgment of the Perry Circuit Court is
reversed, and the case is remanded with instructions to dismiss Chaney’s
complaint. Chaney’s cross-appeal is dismissed as moot.
-22- ALL CONCUR.
BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT/CROSS- BRIEFS FOR APPELLEE/CROSS- APPELLEE CVS PHARMACY, APPELLANT JAMES DUSTIN INC.: CHANEY:
S. Chad Meredith J. Dale Golden G. Luke Burton Laraclay Parker F. Maximilian Czernin Cody P. McIlvoy Cincinnati, Ohio Lexington, Kentucky
Darryl W. Durham Louisville, Kentucky
Randall Scott May Hazard, Kentucky
Jonathan W. Garlough Chicago, Illinois
Anne-Louise T. Mittal Milwaukee, Wisconsin
-23-