Jallow v. The City of New York

• Court: District Court, S.D. New York
• Decided: December 28, 2020
• Docket: 1:20-cv-08871
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK YAYA JALLOW, Plaintiff, -against- 20-CV-8871 (LLS) CITY OF NEW YORK; THE SALVATION ARMY OF GREATER NEW YORK; ORDER TO AMEND GRAND CENTRAL NEIGHBORHOOD SOCIAL SERVICES CORP.; URBAN PATHWAYS, Defendants. LOUIS L. STANTON, United States District Judge: Plaintiff Yaya Jallow, appearing pro se, brings this action alleging that Defendants violated his federally protected rights. By order dated October 30, 2020, the Court granted Plaintiff’s request to proceed without prepayment of fees, that is, in forma pauperis (IFP). For the reasons set forth below, the Court grants Plaintiff leave to file an amended complaint within sixty days of the date of this order. STANDARD OF REVIEW The Court must dismiss an IFP complaint, or any portion of the complaint, that is frivolous or malicious, fails to state a claim on which relief may be granted, or seeks monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B); see Livingston v. Adirondack Beverage Co., 141 F.3d 434, 437 (2d Cir. 1998). The Court must also dismiss a complaint when the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(h)(3). While the law mandates dismissal on any of these grounds, the Court is obliged to construe pro se pleadings liberally, Harris v. Mills, 572 F.3d 66, 72 (2d Cir. 2009), and interpret them to raise the “strongest [claims] that they suggest,” Triestman v. Fed. Bureau of Prisons, 470 F.3d 471, 474 (2d Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted) (emphasis in original). But the “special solicitude” in pro se cases, id. at 475 (citation omitted), has its limits – to state a claim, pro se pleadings still must comply with Rule 8 of the Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure, which requires a complaint to make a short and plain statement showing that the pleader is entitled to relief. The Supreme Court has held that under Rule 8, a complaint must include enough facts to state a claim for relief “that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). A claim is facially plausible if the plaintiff pleads enough factual detail to allow the Court to draw the inference that the defendant is liable for the alleged misconduct. In reviewing the complaint, the Court must accept all well-pleaded factual allegations as true. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678-79 (2009). But it does not have to accept as true “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action,” which are essentially just legal conclusions. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555. After separating legal conclusions from well-pleaded factual allegations, the Court

must determine whether those facts make it plausible – not merely possible – that the pleader is entitled to relief. Id. BACKGROUND The complaint names as defendants the City of New York,1 the Salvation Army of Greater New York, the Grand Central Neighborhood Social Services Corp., and Urban Pathways, and sets forth allegations about Plaintiff’s experience with the network of New York City

1 In the body of the complaint Plaintiff also mentions the New York City Department of Social Services (DSS), the Human Resources Administration (HRA), and the Department of Homeless Services (DHS). agencies and nonprofit organizations that provide shelter and other services to the homeless population. In 2019, Plaintiff was “unjustly transferred to Kingsboro, an under-facilitated & dangerous ‘disciplinary shelter’” in Brooklyn. According to Plaintiff, he was transferred because

of his national origin, race, color, and ancestry, and in retaliation for complaining about the transfer and other events occurring in the shelter system. Defendants refused Plaintiff a bed, stole his property, harassed him, and discriminated against him. Plaintiff asserts claims under 42 U.S.C. 1983, and a number of federal criminal statutes (18 U.S.C. §§ 241, 249, 1028, 1505, 1038). The complaint contains an “exhibit list,” but no exhibits were attached to the complaint. (Id. at 7-8.) On December 7, 2020, Plaintiff filed a 52-page “motion to file exhibit packet.” (ECF 5.) The documents attached to that motion consist largely of photographs of sign in sheets, email and text correspondence, and shelter signage. Plaintiff seeks money damages.2 DISCUSSION A. Section 1983 Plaintiff asserts claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. To state a § 1983 claim, a plaintiff must

allege both that: (1) a right secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States was violated, and (2) the right was violated by a person acting under the color of state law, or a “state actor.” West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48-49 (1988).

2 Since August 2020, Plaintiff has filed seven cases in this Circuit, some of which also address his experiences in the shelter system. See Jallow v. Airbnb, Inc., 20-CV-4089 (E.D.N.Y. Dec. 16, 2020) (dismissing complaint with leave to replead); Jallow v. The Local Mgmt., 20-CV- 4088 (E.D.N.Y. filed Aug. 25, 2020) (pending); Jallow v. City of New York, ECF 1:20-CV-8629, 2 (S.D.N.Y. filed Oct. 15, 2020) (pending); Jallow v. City of New York, ECF 1:20-CV-8001, 6 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 30, 2020) (dismissing complaint without prejudice); Jallow v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., ECF 1:20-CV-6511, 8 (S.D.N.Y. filed Aug. 14, 2020) (pending); Jallow v. City of New York, ECF 1:20-CV-6260, 2 (S.D.N.Y. filed Aug. 7, 2020) (pending). Plaintiff’s allegations about being sent to an undesirable shelter do not state a federal claim because one does not have a due process property right to placement in a particular type of shelter under federal law or New York law. See Lindsey v. Normet, 405 U.S. 56, 74 (1972) (“We are unable to perceive in [the Constitution] any constitutional guarantee of access to dwellings of

a particular quality. . . [a]bsent constitutional mandate, the assurance of adequate housing and the definition of landlord-tenant relationships are legislative, not judicial, functions”); Jenkins v. New York City Dept. of Homeless Services, 643 F. Supp. 2d 507, 512 (S.D.N.Y. 2009) (“The Plaintiff has no claim for deprivation of property without due process because he does not have a property right to placement in a particular type of shelter under New York law.” Plaintiff asserts that Defendants discriminated against him because of his national origin, race, color, and ancestry. Plaintiff does not, however, set forth facts showing any connection between the events giving rise to this complaint and Plaintiff’s protected characteristics. Instead of alleging facts showing that Defendants discriminated against him on the basis of his national origin, race, color, and ancestry, Plaintiff relies exclusively on legal conclusions and “unadorned,

the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation[s],” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009), which are insufficient to state a claim under Rule 8 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The Court grants Plaintiff leave to file an amended complaint in which he alleges facts giving rise to an inference that he was the victim of race discrimination. Claims Against the City of New York When a plaintiff sues a municipality under § 1983, it is not enough for the plaintiff to allege that one of the municipality’s employees or agents engaged in some wrongdoing. The plaintiff must show that the municipality itself caused the violation of the plaintiff’s rights. See Connick v. Thompson, 131 S. Ct. 1350, 1359 (2011) (“A municipality or other local government may be liable under this section [1983] if the governmental body itself ‘subjects’ a person to a deprivation of rights or ‘causes’ a person ‘to be subjected’ to such deprivation.”) (quoting Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. of City of New York, 436 U.S. 658, 692 (1978)); Cash v. Cnty. of Erie, 654 F.3d 324, 333 (2d Cir. 2011).

In other words, to state a § 1983 claim against a municipality, the plaintiff must allege facts showing (1) the existence of a municipal policy, custom, or practice, and (2) that the policy, custom, or practice caused the violation of the plaintiff’s constitutional rights. See Jones v. Town of East Haven, 691 F.3d 72, 80 (2d Cir. 2012); Bd. of Cnty. Comm’rs of Bryan Cnty. v. Brown, 520 U.S. 397, 403 (1997). Plaintiff fails to allege any facts that suggest that a policy, custom, or practice of the City of New York caused a violation of Plaintiff’s federal constitutional rights. The Court grants Plaintiff leave to provide any additional facts that support a municipal liability claim. Claims Against Private Defendants Plaintiff asserts claims the Salvation Army, Grand Central Neighborhood Social Services Corp., and Urban Pathways, all of which are private entities. But the complaint fails to show that

these defendants qualify as state actors who may be held liable under § 1983. “Because the United States Constitution regulates only the Government, not private parties, a litigant claiming that his constitutional rights have been violated must first establish that the challenged conduct constitutes state action.” Flagg v. Yonkers Sav. & Loan Ass’n, 396 F.3d 178, 186 (2d Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Tancredi v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 316 F.3d 308, 312 (2d Cir. 2003) (“A plaintiff pressing a claim of violation of his constitutional rights under § 1983 is thus required to show state action.”). The activity of a private entity can be attributed to the state in three situations: (1) the entity acts using the coercive power of the state or is controlled by the state (the “compulsion test”); (2) the entity willfully participates in joint activity with state or its functions are entwined with state policies (the “joint action” or “close nexus” test); or (3) the state has delegated a public function to the entity (the “public function” test). See Fabrikant v. French, 691 F.3d 193, 207 (2d Cir. 2012). The fundamental question under each test is whether the private entity’s challenged

actions are “fairly attributable” to the state. Id. (citing Rendell-Baker v. Kohn, 457 U.S. 830, 838 (1982)). In analyzing whether a private entity acts under color of state law for purposes of § 1983, the district court begins “by identifying the specific conduct of which the plaintiff complains,” rather than the general characteristics of the entity. Id. Providing housing is not a public function because it is not the exclusive province of the state. See, e.g., George v. Pathways to Housing, Inc., No. 10-CV-9505 (ER), 2012 WL 2512964, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. June 29, 2012) (“It is well established that the provision of low-cost supportive housing is not a ‘public function.’”). The fact that an entity receives public funds does not turn private action into state action. See Rendell-Baker v. Kohn, 457 U.S. 830, 840 (1982).

Plaintiff does not assert facts suggesting that the actions of the private defendants named in the complaint are attributable to the government. Should there be additional facts to support a claim against these defendants, Plaintiff may assert them in an amended complaint. B. Federal Criminal Statutes Plaintiff also purports to bring claims under 18 U.S.C. §§ 241, 249, 1028, 1505, 1038, which are federal criminal statutes. But these criminal provisions cannot be the basis for a civil action because such statutes do not provide private causes of action. See Cent. Bank of Denver v. First Interstate Bank of Denver, 511 U.S. 164, 190 (1994) (refusing to infer a private right of action from a “bare criminal statute”); Sheehy v. Brown, 335 F. App’x 102, 104 (2d Cir. 2009) (“federal criminal statutes do not provide private causes of action). Accordingly, Plaintiff’s claims under those statutes are dismissed. LEAVE TO AMEND Plaintiff is granted leave to amend his complaint to detail his claims. At this stage of the case, Plaintiff need not prove his allegations, provide documentary evidence, or cite case law. Accordingly, supporting documents are not necessary. What the Court requires is a clear and

concise account of the facts and how those facts support his claim that Defendants violated his federally protected rights. In the statement of claim, Plaintiff must provide a short and plain statement of the relevant facts supporting each claim against each defendant named in the amended complaint. Plaintiff is also directed to provide the addresses for any named defendants. To the greatest extent possible, Plaintiff’s amended complaint must: a) give the names and titles of all relevant persons; b) describe all relevant events, stating the facts that support Plaintiff’s case including what each defendant did or failed to do; c) give the dates and times of each relevant event or, if not known, the approximate date and time of each relevant event; d) give the location where each relevant event occurred; e) describe how each defendant’s acts or omissions violated Plaintiff’s rights and describe the injuries Plaintiff suffered; and f) state what relief Plaintiff seeks from the Court, such as money damages, injunctive relief, or declaratory relief. Essentially, the body of Plaintiff’s amended complaint must tell the Court: who violated his federally protected rights; what facts show that his federally protected rights were violated; when such violation occurred; where such violation occurred; and why Plaintiff is entitled to relief. Because Plaintiff’s amended complaint will completely replace, not supplement, the original complaint, any facts or claims that Plaintiff wishes to maintain must be included in the amended complaint. CONCLUSION Plaintiff is granted leave to file an amended complaint that complies with the standards set forth above. Plaintiff must submit the amended complaint to this Court’s Pro Se Intake Unit within sixty days of the date of this order, caption the document as an “Amended Complaint,” and label the document with docket number 20-CV-8871 (LLS). An Amended Complaint form is attached to this order. No summons will issue at this time. If Plaintiff fails to comply within the time allowed, and he cannot show good cause to excuse such failure, the complaint will be dismissed for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. Plaintiff has consented to receive electronic service. (ECF 3.) SO ORDERED. Dated: December 28, 2020 New York, New York Leis L Stent _ Louis L. Stanton US.D.J.

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK

_____CV_______________ (Include case number if one has been Write the full name of each plaintiff. assigned)

AMENDED -against-

COMPLAINT

Do you want a jury trial? ☐ Yes ☐ No

Write the full name of each defendant. If you need more space, please write “see attached” in the space above and attach an additional sheet of paper with the full list of names. The names listed above must be identical to those contained in Section II.

NOTICE The public can access electronic court files. For privacy and security reasons, papers filed with the court should therefore not contain: an individual’s full social security number or full birth date; the full name of a person known to be a minor; or a complete financial account number. A filing may include only: the last four digits of a social security number; the year of an individual’s birth; a minor’s initials; and the last four digits of a financial account number. See Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 5.2. I. BASIS FOR JURISDICTION Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction (limited power). Generally, only two types of cases can be heard in federal court: cases involving a federal question and cases involving diversity of citizenship of the parties. Under 28 U.S.C. § 1331, a case arising under the United States Constitution or federal laws or treaties is a federal question case. Under 28 U.S.C. § 1332, a case in which a citizen of one State sues a citizen of another State or nation, and the amount in controversy is more than $75,000, is a diversity case. In a diversity case, no defendant may be a citizen of the same State as any plaintiff. What is the basis for federal-court jurisdiction in your case? ☐ Federal Question ☐ Diversity of Citizenship A. If you checked Federal Question Which of your federal constitutional or federal statutory rights have been violated?

B. If you checked Diversity of Citizenship 1. Citizenship of the parties Of what State is each party a citizen? The plaintiff , , is a citizen of the State of (Plaintiff’s name)

(State in which the person resides and intends to remain.) or, if not lawfully admitted for permanent residence in the United States, a citizen or subject of the foreign state of . If more than one plaintiff is named in the complaint, attach additional pages providing information for each additional plaintiff. If the defendant is an individual:

The defendant, , is a citizen of the State of (Defendant’s name)

or, if not lawfully admitted for permanent residence in the United States, a citizen or subject of the foreign state of . If the defendant is a corporation: The defendant, , is incorporated under the laws of the State of and has its principal place of business in the State of or is incorporated under the laws of (foreign state) and has its principal place of business in . If more than one defendant is named in the complaint, attach additional pages providing information for each additional defendant.

II. PARTIES A. Plaintiff Information Provide the following information for each plaintiff named in the complaint. Attach additional pages if needed.

First Name Middle Initial Last Name

Street Address

County, City State Zip Code

Telephone Number Email Address (if available) B. Defendant Information To the best of your ability, provide addresses where each defendant may be served. If the correct information is not provided, it could delay or prevent service of the complaint on the defendant. Make sure that the defendants listed below are the same as those listed in the caption. Attach additional pages if needed. Defendant 1: First Name Last Name

Current Job Title (or other identifying information)

Current Work Address (or other address where defendant may be served)

County, City State Zip Code Defendant 2: First Name Last Name

Current Work Address (or other address where defendant may be served)

County, City State Zip Code Defendant 3: First Name Last Name

Current Work Address (or other address where defendant may be served)

County, City State Zip Code Defendant 4: First Name Last Name

Current Work Address (or other address where defendant may be served)

County, City State Zip Code III. STATEMENT OF CLAIM Place(s) of occurrence:

Date(s) of occurrence: FACTS: State here briefly the FACTS that support your case. Describe what happened, how you were harmed, and what each defendant personally did or failed to do that harmed you. Attach additional pages if needed. INJURIES: If you were injured as a result of these actions, describe your injuries and what medical treatment, if any, you required and received.

IV. RELIEF State briefly what money damages or other relief you want the court to order. V. PLAINTIFF’S CERTIFICATION AND WARNINGS By signing below, I certify to the best of my knowledge, information, and belief that: (1) the complaint is not being presented for an improper purpose (such as to harass, cause unnecessary delay, or needlessly increase the cost of litigation); (2) the claims are supported by existing law or by a nonfrivolous argument to change existing law; (3) the factual contentions have evidentiary support or, if specifically so identified, will likely have evidentiary support after a reasonable opportunity for further investigation or discovery; and (4) the complaint otherwise complies with the requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11. I agree to notify the Clerk's Office in writing of any changes to my mailing address. I understand that my failure to keep a current address on file with the Clerk's Office may result in the dismissal of my case. Each Plaintiff must sign and date the complaint. Attach additional pages if necessary. If seeking to proceed without prepayment of fees, each plaintiff must also submit an IFP application.

Dated Plaintiff’s Signature

Telephone Number Email Address (if available)

I have read the Pro Se (Nonprisoner) Consent to Receive Documents Electronically: ☐ Yes ☐ No If you do consent to receive documents electronically, submit the completed form with your complaint. If you do not consent, please do not attach the form.