Jabier Lopez Valvuena v. Christopher Chestnut, et al.

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 JABIER LOPEZ VALVUENA (A- Case No. 1:26-cv-3889-DC-JDP Number: 222-557-145), 12 Petitioner, 13 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS v. 14 CHRISTOPHER CHESTNUT, et al., 15 Respondents. 16 17 Petitioner Jabier Lopez Valvuena entered the United States in 1999 and was detained by 18 ICE in 2026. Petitioner, proceeding with counsel, seeks a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. 19 § 2241, claiming that his detention violates the Immigration and Nationality Act. Respondents 20 have moved to dismiss the petition. For the following reasons, I recommend that respondents’ 21 motion be denied, the petition be granted, and petitioner be immediately released. 22 Background 23 Petitioner entered the United States in 1999. ECF No. 1 ¶ 5. Petitioner alleges that, prior 24 to his present detention, he had no contact with immigration officials. Id. There is no indication 25 that petitioner applied for asylum or lawful permanent residency. Petitioner alleges that his 26 “criminal history consists of a single traffic-related case in 2008 for Failure to Yield and No Valid 27 License.” Id. ¶ 6. 28 1 On April 29, 2026, petitioner was detained by ICE in Utah while driving to work, when he 2 was “stopped by two unmarked ICE vehicles without a warrant, without a traffic citation, and 3 without any articulable suspicion of criminal activity.” Id. ¶ 8. Moreover, “[n]o law enforcement 4 officer issued any citation or identified any traffic violation.” Id. Since his arrest, petitioner has 5 not been afforded a bond hearing. Id. ¶ 20. 6 Legal Standard 7 A federal court may grant habeas relief when a petitioner shows that his custody violates 8 federal law. 28 U.S.C. §§ 2241(a), (c)(3), 2254(a); Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 374-75 9 (2000). “[T]he essence of habeas corpus is an attack by a person in custody upon the legality of 10 that custody, and . . . the traditional function of the writ is to secure release from illegal custody.” 11 Preiser v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 475, 484 (1973). A writ of habeas corpus may be granted to a 12 petitioner who demonstrates that he is in custody in violation of the Constitution or federal law. 13 28 U.S.C. § 2241(c)(3). Historically, “the writ of habeas corpus has served as a means of 14 reviewing the legality of Executive detention, and it is in that context that its protections have 15 been strongest.” I.N.S. v. St. Cyr, 533 U.S. 289, 301 (2001). A district court’s habeas jurisdiction 16 includes challenges to immigration detention. Zadvydas v. Davis, 533 U.S. 678, 687 (2001). 17 Analysis 18 Petitioner claims that his detention violates the Immigration and Nationality Act because 19 he has been denied his statutory right to a bond hearing. ECF No. 1 ¶¶ 97-100. Respondents 20 counter that petitioner is subject to mandatory detention under 8 U.S.C. § 1225(b)(2)(A), as 21 opposed to discretionary detention under 8 U.S.C. § 1226(a).1 ECF No. 7 at 1-2. 22 Under section 1225(b)(2)(A), applicants “seeking admission” to the United States are 23 subject to mandatory detention: “in the case of an alien who is an applicant for admission, if the 24 examining immigration officer determines that an alien seeking admission is not clearly and

25 1 As an initial matter, respondents ask that the court “hold the matter in abeyance pending the Ninth Circuit’s resolution of” Rodriguez v. Bostock, 779 F. Supp. 3d 1239 (W.D. Wash. 26 2025). ECF No. 7 at 2. While the Court of Appeals’ decision may prove relevant, a somewhat 27 unsettled legal landscape does not justify an indefinite stay. Moreover, because respondents have filed a responsive pleading, it does not appear that respondents will suffer any prejudice by the 28 court resolving this action on the merits. Accordingly, respondents’ request is denied. 1 beyond a doubt entitled to be admitted, the alien shall be detained . . . .” 8 U.S.C. 2 § 1225(b)(2)(A). Critically, no bond hearing is provided for a noncitizen detained under this 3 section. Id. By contrast, “[u]nder § 1226(a) and its implementing regulations, a detainee may 4 request a bond hearing before an [immigration judge] at any time before a removal order becomes 5 final.” Rodriguez Diaz v. Garland, 53 F.4th 1189, 1197 (9th Cir. 2022). 6 For decades, the government applied section 1226(a)—and not section 1225(b)(2)(A)—to 7 noncitizens apprehended in the interior of the United States. See id. at 1196 (“The provision at 8 issue in this case, 8 U.S.C. § 1226, provides the general process for arresting and detaining aliens 9 who are present in the United States and eligible for removal.”). In July 2025, however, the 10 Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”) revisited its legal position and now maintains that all 11 applicants for admission within the meaning of section 1225(a) are subject to mandatory 12 detention under section 1225(b). See ECF No. 7 at 2 n.1. Respondents urge the court to follow 13 suit and find that petitioner is subject to mandatory detention under 1225(b)(2). See id. at 1-2. 14 This issue is one of statutory interpretation, and so I begin with the plain text of the 15 Immigration and Nationality Act. See United States v. Lillard, 935 F.3d 827, 833-34 (9th Cir. 16 2019). Section 1225(b)(2)(A) provides that, “in the case of an alien who is an applicant for 17 admission, if the examining immigration officer determines that an alien seeking admission is not 18 clearly and beyond a doubt entitled to be admitted, the alien shall be detained.” 8 U.S.C. 19 § 1225(b)(2)(A). There is only one exception to mandatory detention: a noncitizen may be 20 paroled into the United States “for urgent humanitarian reasons or significant public benefit” 21 under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(d)(5). Jennings v. Rodriguez, 583 U.S. 281, 288 (2018). 22 While the text of section 1225(b)(2)(A) limits its reach to applicants “seeking admission,” 23 section 1226(a) does not include the same qualifying language. Section 1226(a) provides that, for 24 a noncitizen who is arrested and detained “[o]n a warrant issued by the Attorney General,” the 25 Attorney General (1) “may continue to detain” the arrested noncitizen, (2) “may release” the 26 noncitizen on “bond,” or (3) “may release” the noncitizen on “conditional parole.”2 8 U.S.C. 27 2 Section 1226(c) mandates detention of noncitizens falling into “one of several 28 enumerated categories involving criminal offenses and terrorist activities.” Jennings, 583 U.S. at 1 §§ 1226(a)(1)-(2). 2 The government urges the court to read section 1225(b)(2)(A) as using the terms 3 “applicant for admission” and “seeking admission” interchangeably. ECF No. 7 at 1-2. 4 According to the government, all noncitizens who have not been admitted to the United States— 5 i.e., “applicants for admission”—are necessarily “seeking admission” for purposes of section 6 1225(b)(2)(A). Id. Thus, the government contends, section 1225(b)(2)(A) applies to noncitizens 7 who are “applicants for admission.” Id. 8 I find that the government’s interpretation violates the rule against surplusage in three 9 ways. First, for section 1225(b)(2)(A)’s mandatory detention to apply, “a noncitizen must (1) be 10 an applicant for admission, (2) be ‘seeking admission’, and (3) be ‘not clearly and beyond a doubt 11 entitled to be admitted.’” J.S.H.M. v. Wofford, No. 1:25-cv-01309-JLT-SKO, 2025 WL 2938808, 12 *11 (E.D. Cal. Oct. 16, 2025). If, as the government argues, all “applicants for admissions” were 13 also individuals “seeking admission,” the phrase “seeking admission” would be unnecessary. The 14 government’s reading, therefore, runs contrary to the rule against surplusage. See United States, 15 ex rel. Polansky v. Exec. Health Res., Inc., 599 U.S. 419, 432 (2023) (“[E]very clause and word 16 of a statute should have meaning.”); TRW Inc. v. Andrews, 534 U.S. 19, 31 (2001) (“[N]o clause, 17 sentence, or word shall be superfluous, void, or insignificant.”). 18 Second, the government’s reading cannot be squared with the text of section 1226. Were 19 it possible to interpret section 1225(b)(2)(A) in the manner favored by the government, section 20 1226(a)’s requirement that noncitizens be afforded bond hearings—arguably the section’s 21 centerpiece—would serve no purpose because the government would be allowed to detain all 22 “applicants for admission” under section 1225(b)(2)(A). Further, as noted, under section 1226(c), 23 Congress mandated the detention of certain categories of noncitizens. 8 U.S.C. § 1226(c). If, as 24 the government now contends, section 1225(b)(2)(A) can be applied to all noncitizens who are 25 inadmissible, section 1226(c) would also be superfluous. 26 Third, the Laken Riley Act (“LRA”)—passed in January 2025—would also be rendered 27

28 289. There is no argument or evidence suggesting that this section applies to petitioner. 1 superfluous. The LRA amended section 1226(c) to add new categories of mandatory detention. 2 See Garcia v. Noem, No. 25-cv-02180-DMS-MMP, 2025 WL 2549431, at *6 (S.D. Cal. Sept. 3, 3 2025). Under the government’s theory of section 1225(b)(2)(A), the LRA would be unnecessary; 4 if mandatory detention for all unauthorized noncitizens were already permitted—and, in fact, 5 required—by section 1225(b)(2)(A), the amendment would be surplusage. “When Congress acts 6 to amend a statute, [courts] presume it intends its amendment to have real and substantial effect.” 7 Stone v. I.N.S., 514 U.S. 386, 397 (1995). 8 Respondents’ theory, essentially, is that both sections 1226(a) and 1226(c) have been 9 taken out of commission, not by any new law or act of Congress, but by a shift in executive 10 branch policy. This interpretation collides squarely with the rule against surplusage. See Marx v. 11 Gen. Revenue Corp., 568 U.S. 371, 386 (2013) (“[T]he canon against surplusage is strongest 12 when an interpretation would render superfluous another part of the same statutory scheme.”). 13 I also find that the government’s interpretation runs contrary to the DHS’s longstanding 14 practice prior to July 2025. As noted, the government previously interpreted these provisions in 15 the manner argued by petitioner. Prior agency practice, though not dispositive, may inform this 16 court’s determination of law. See Loper Bright Enters. v. Raimondo, 603 U.S. 369, 386 (2024) 17 (“[T]he longstanding practice of the government—like any other interpretive aid—can inform a 18 court’s determination of what the law is.”). Other courts have emphasized the persuasive value of 19 the DHS’s “longstanding agency practice.” See Rodriguez, 779 F. Supp. 3d at 1259 (“Congress 20 enacted the LRA against the backdrop of longstanding agency practice applying Section 1226(a) 21 to inadmissible noncitizens already residing in the country.”). 22 Finally, I note that arguments substantially similar to those made by the government here 23 have been rejected by a large majority of district courts nationwide. See Lepe v. Andrews, 801 F. 24 Supp. 3d 1104, 1112 (E.D. Cal. 2025) (collecting cases). The government’s argument also runs 25 contrary to Jennings, which held that section 1225(b) “applies primarily to aliens seeking entry 26 into the United States,” whereas sections 1226(a) and (c) “authorize[] the Government to detain 27 certain aliens already in the country pending the outcome of removal proceedings . . . .” 583 U.S. 28 at 289, 297. While the government’s interpretation was endorsed by the Board of Immigration 1 Appeals in Matter of Yajure Hurtado, 29 I&N Dec. 216 (BIA 2025), the persuasive power of an 2 agency ruling is limited. See Loper Bright, 603 U.S. at 400. 3 Accordingly, because petitioner was detained in the interior of the United States, I find 4 that his detention is governed by section 1226(a) and not, as respondents argue, by section 5 1225(b). Given this finding, I must determine whether the appropriate relief is release or a bond 6 hearing. Petitioner requests a bond hearing, though he also requests any “further relief that this 7 Court deems just and proper.” ECF No. 1 at 22. Respondents do not address this issue. See ECF 8 No. 7. 9 The Supreme Court has recognized that “[h]abeas is at its core a remedy for unlawful 10 executive detention,” and the “typical remedy for such detention is, of course, release.” Munaf v. 11 Geren, 553 U.S. 674, 693 (2008); see also Dep’t of Homeland Sec. v. Thuraissigiam, 591 U.S. 12 103, 107 (2020) (“Habeas has traditionally been a means to secure release from unlawful 13 detention.”). Moreover, where the government has erroneously applied section 1225(b) to a 14 petitioner, courts have ordered immediate release. See Morillo v. Albarran, No. 1:25-cv-1533- 15 DJC-AC, 2025 WL 3190899, at *5 (E.D. Cal. Nov. 15, 2025). In Feng v. Lyons, the court held 16 that a delay “in providing the statutorily mandated bond hearing violates [a petitioner’s] due 17 process rights” and found that the “[p]rovision of a bond hearing after months of detention 18 without the opportunity to seek release on bond cannot be said to satisfy due process where that 19 bond hearing is a matter of statutory right.” No. 1:26-cv-0235-DJC-SCR, 2026 WL 472635, at *1 20 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 19, 2026) (citations omitted). 21 Here, I find that the “typical remedy” of release is appropriate because the government has 22 not provided a lawful justification for petitioner’s detention. See Munaf, 553 U.S. at 693. 23 Petitioner’s due process rights have been violated such that the provision of a bond hearing is 24 constitutionally insufficient. See Feng, 2026 WL 472635, at *1. Respondents have not provided 25 any evidence or argument suggesting that petitioner is a danger to the community. See ECF No. 7 26 at 1-2. As noted, petitioner was detained by ICE when he was “stopped by two unmarked ICE 27 vehicles without a warrant, without a traffic citation, and without any articulable suspicion of 28 criminal activity.” ECF No. 1 ¶ 8. Moreover, petitioner alleges that his “criminal history consists 1 of a single traffic-related case in 2008 for Failure to Yield and No Valid License.” Id. ¶ 6. Under 2 these circumstances, release is the appropriate relief. 3 Conclusion 4 Accordingly, it is hereby RECOMMENDED that: 5 1. The petition for writ of habeas corpus, ECF No. 1, be GRANTED. 6 2. Respondents be ordered to immediately release petitioner (A-Number: 222-557-145) 7 from their custody. If the government seeks to re-detain petitioner, it must provide no less than 8 seven days’ notice to petitioner and must hold a pre-deprivation bond hearing before a neutral 9 arbiter in accordance with 8 U.S.C. § 1226(a) and its implementing regulations, at which 10 petitioner’s eligibility for bond must be considered. This order does not address the 11 circumstances in which respondents may detain petitioner in the event petitioner becomes subject 12 to an executable final order of removal. 13 3. Respondents’ motion to dismiss, ECF No. 7, be DENIED. 14 4. The Clerk of Court be directed to serve California City Detention Facility with a copy 15 of this order. 16 5. The Clerk of Court be ordered to enter judgment accordingly and close this case. 17 These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District Judge 18 assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(l). Within seven days of 19 service of these findings and recommendations, any party may file written objections with the 20 court and serve a copy on all parties. Any such document should be captioned “Objections to 21 Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendations,” and any response shall be served and filed 22 within seven days of service of the objections. The parties are advised that failure to file 23 objections within the specified time may waive the right to appeal the District Court’s order. See 24 Turner v. Duncan, 158 F.3d 449, 455 (9th Cir. 1998); Martinez v. Ylst, 951 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 25 1991). 26 27 28 1 IT IS SO ORDERED.

Dated: _ June 26, 2026 Q_———— 4 JEREMY D. PETERSON 5 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28