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PUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 24-1898
J. ROBERT VAN FAASSEN, LLM and ELEONORA L. ZETTELER, LLM, in their capacities as insolvency practitioners in the insolvency of Nederlandsche Algemeene Maatschappij van Levensverzekering “CONSERVATRIX” N.V.,
Petitioners – Appellees,
v.
GREG EVAN LINDBERG; TRIER HOLDING B.V.; NETHERLANDS INSURANCE HOLDINGS, INC.; NIH CAPITAL, LLC,
Respondents – Appellants.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina, at Greensboro. Catherine C. Eagles, Chief District Judge. (1:23-cv-00879-CCE-JEP)
Argued: December 10, 2025 Decided: July 14, 2026
Before RUSHING and HEYTENS, Circuit Judges, and FLOYD, Senior Circuit Judge.
Reversed and remanded by published opinion. Judge Rushing wrote the opinion, in which Judge Heytens and Senior Judge Floyd joined.
ARGUED: Michael Gregory Newell, Fayetteville, North Carolina, for Appellants. Jeffrey Edward Oleynik, BROOKS, PIERCE, MCLENDON, HUMPHREY & LEONARD, LLP, Greensboro, North Carolina, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: Monica Langdon Jackson, Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellants. Kate E. Giduz, BROOKS, PIERCE, USCA4 Appeal: 24-1898 Doc: 58 Filed: 07/14/2026 Pg: 2 of 14
MCLENDON, HUMPHREY & LEONARD, LLP, Greensboro, North Carolina, for Appellees.
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RUSHING, Circuit Judge:
In this case, an insolvent Dutch life insurance company seeks to collect on a foreign
arbitration award in federal court. The company pursued two routes to that end. It
petitioned to confirm the arbitration award under the Federal Arbitration Act and the New
York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, and it
also petitioned under the North Carolina Uniform Foreign-Country Money Judgments
Recognition Act to enforce the judgment of a Dutch court confirming the arbitration award.
Although the petition was filed beyond the statute of limitations in the Federal Arbitration
Act, the district court found that the limitations period was merely “permissive” and
confirmed the award under federal law.
Because the three-year statute of limitations in 9 U.S.C. § 207 is mandatory, not
permissive, we reverse confirmation of the arbitration award. Nevertheless, we agree with
the district court that the Dutch court judgment confirming the award constitutes a foreign
court judgment recognizable under the North Carolina Act, so we remand the case to the
district court for further proceedings on the company’s motion to enforce that judgment
under North Carolina law.
I.
Petitioners are the trustees of Nederlandsche Algemeene Maatschappij van
Levensverzekering “Conservatrix” N.V., a Dutch life insurance company. Respondents
own Conservatrix and agreed to maintain its minimum solvency capital ratio at 135% to
ensure that the company could fulfill its obligations to policyholders. When the solvency
capital ratio dropped below the minimum threshold, Conservatrix initiated summary
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arbitral proceedings against Respondents before the Netherlands Arbitration Institute
(NAI). Under the rules applicable to NAI summary proceedings, a party to an arbitration
agreement can request “immediately enforceable provisional relief” in an urgent case,
“regardless of whether arbitral proceedings on the merits are pending.” J.A. 309.
Conservatrix did just that, asking the arbitrator to order Respondents to replenish the
solvency capital ratio as required by the parties’ agreement.
After a hearing, the arbitrator issued an award in Conservatrix’s favor on January
31, 2020. The award ordered Respondents to restore the company’s solvency capital ratio
to “135% with core equity contributions” and imposed a €150,000,000 penalty if they did
not comply within sixty days. J.A. 64–65. The arbitrator also ordered Respondents to pay
Conservatrix specified arbitration costs and legal fees.
On February 17, 2020, the Court of Rotterdam granted Conservatrix’s application
for leave to enforce the arbitration award. The Court of Appeal of the Hague and the
Supreme Court of the Netherlands upheld the lower court’s judgment. Despite these
rulings, Respondents still did not comply with the arbitration award. Without adequate
funding, Conservatrix was placed in liquidation, and Petitioners were appointed its trustees.
Based on Respondent Greg Lindberg’s residency in Durham, North Carolina,
Petitioners filed a petition to confirm the arbitration award in the Middle District of North
Carolina on October 17, 2023. In their subsequent amended petition, Petitioners advanced
two grounds for relief. First, Petitioners sought to confirm the foreign arbitration award
under the New York Convention, as implemented in the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA).
See Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, June 10,
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1958, 21 U.S.T. 2517, 330 U.N.T.S. 3; 9 U.S.C. § 207. Second, Petitioners asked the court
to recognize and enforce the Dutch judgment under the North Carolina Uniform Foreign-
Country Money Judgments Recognition Act. See 2009 N.C. Sess. Laws 525 (codified as
amended at N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1C-1850 et seq.).
Respondents moved to dismiss the petition. Regarding the FAA, they argued that
the arbitral award was not enforceable under the New York Convention and that the
petition was untimely because it was filed beyond the FAA’s three-year statute of
limitations for foreign awards. Regarding the North Carolina law, they argued that the
Dutch judgment did not qualify as an enforceable foreign-country judgment. The district
court denied the motion, finding that the arbitration award is enforceable, the statute of
limitations is not mandatory but permissive, and the Dutch court order constitutes a
foreign-country judgment. See generally Van Andel v. Lindberg, 732 F. Supp. 3d 476
(M.D.N.C. 2024).
Petitioners then moved for confirmation on both grounds. 1 The district court
confirmed the arbitration award under the FAA and entered final judgment against
Respondents in U.S. dollars. See Van Andel v. Lindberg, No. 1:23-cv-879, 2024 WL
3718168, at *4 (M.D.N.C. Aug. 8, 2024); J.A. 425–426. The court did not rule on
Petitioners’ alternative request for enforcement under North Carolina law. Respondents
1 In opposition, Respondents argued that the district court should adjourn enforcement until a later time as authorized under the Convention based on the factors laid out in Europcar Italia v. Maiellano Tours, Inc., 156 F.3d 310, 317–318 (2d Cir. 1998), or otherwise stay enforcement pending the possibility of further arbitral proceedings. The district court denied those requests, and Respondents have not challenged those decisions on appeal. 5 USCA4 Appeal: 24-1898 Doc: 58 Filed: 07/14/2026 Pg: 6 of 14
appealed, and we have jurisdiction. See 9 U.S.C. §§ 16(a)(1)(D), 208; 28 U.S.C. § 1291;
Britt v. DeJoy, 45 F.4th 790, 796 (4th Cir. 2022) (en banc).
II.
Respondents argue that Petitioners’ effort to confirm the Dutch arbitration award
under the New York Convention is barred by the FAA’s three-year statute of limitations.
There is no dispute that Petitioners filed this action to confirm the award in the district
court more than “three years after” the award was “made.” 9 U.S.C. § 207; see Univ. of
Notre Dame (USA) v. TJAC Waterloo, LLC, 49 F.4th 13, 16–17 (1st Cir. 2022);
Seetransport Wiking Trader Schiffarhtsgesellschaft MBH & Co., Kommanditgesellschaft
v. Navimpex Centrala Navala, 989 F.2d 572, 581 (2d Cir. 1993). But Petitioners contend
that the statute of limitations imposes no limit because it is merely permissive, not
mandatory. Reviewing de novo, we disagree. See First Kuwaiti Gen. Trading &
Contracting W.L.L. v. Kellog Brown & Root Int’l, Inc., 141 F.4th 522, 529 (4th Cir. 2025).
A.
Chapter 2 of the FAA implements the New York Convention on the Recognition
and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards. See 9 U.S.C. § 201. As relevant here, it
provides: “Within three years after an arbitral award falling under the Convention is made,
any party to the arbitration may apply to any court having jurisdiction under this chapter
for an order confirming the award as against any other party to the arbitration.” Id. § 207.
Petitioners argue that Section 207 imposes no time limit on filing an application to
the court for a confirmation order because the word “may” in the statute is permissive
rather than mandatory. It is true that the word “may” “connotes discretion.” Bouarfa v.
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Mayorkas, 145 S. Ct. 24, 30 (2024) (internal quotation marks omitted); see United States
v. Rodgers, 461 U.S. 677, 706 (1983) (“The word ‘may,’ when used in a statute, usually
implies some degree of discretion.”). But when Congress grants discretion in a statute, it
may also “prescribe[] how that discretion must be exercised.” Bouarfa, 145 S. Ct. at 30.
In Section 207, Congress imposed a time limit on a party’s discretionary exercise of
its right to seek confirmation of a foreign arbitration award. By stating that any party to
the arbitration “may apply” for an order confirming the award, Section 207 permits parties
to seek confirmation in federal court. No party to an arbitral award is required to apply for
confirmation. See Biden v. Texas, 142 S. Ct. 2528, 2541 (2022) (“The use of the word
‘may’ . . . makes clear that . . . the [individual] has the authority, but not the duty” to act.
(internal quotation marks omitted)). In that sense, “may apply” is permissive. But the
adverbial phrase “[w]ithin three years after an arbitral award falling under the Convention
is made” limits the scope of the discretion granted. 9 U.S.C. § 207. By specifying that a
party may apply for confirmation “[w]ithin three years,” Congress declined to authorize an
application for confirmation beyond three years. The time limit is a mandatory boundary
on the permissive right to petition for confirmation.
Holding otherwise would render the adverbial phrase meaningless. Under
Petitioners’ interpretation, a permissive three-year filing window imposes no limit at all; a
party may file an application for confirmation whenever it likes. Unless the adverbial
phrase creates a time limitation, it lacks any operative significance. Such an
interpretation—which would render a statutory phrase wholly ineffective—should be
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avoided. See Pulsifer v. United States, 144 S. Ct. 718, 731–732 (2024); Antonin Scalia &
Bryan A. Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts 174 (2012).
Petitioners invoke judicial efficiency and Congress’s general purpose to encourage
arbitration. If an FAA petition is time-barred, Petitioners argue, parties will bring claims
to enforce arbitration awards at common law, which are less efficient than the FAA’s
expedited procedures. We do not doubt Congress’s intent in Chapter 2 of the FAA to
implement the New York Convention and create an efficient mechanism for enforcing
foreign arbitral awards in federal court. “But it is quite mistaken to assume that any
interpretation of a law that does more to advance a statute’s putative goal must be the law.”
Stanley v. City of Sanford, 145 S. Ct. 2058, 2067 (2025) (internal quotation marks and
alterations omitted). In Petitioners’ view, Congress’s purposes would be better served by
allowing a party to file an application for confirmation at any time. Yet in Section 207,
Congress imposed a three-year limitations period, after which summary confirmation
proceedings are no longer available. This “textual limitation[] upon [the] law’s scope must
be understood as no less a part of its purpose than its substantive authorizations.” Id.
(internal quotation marks omitted). Petitioners’ policy arguments cannot alter the plain
statutory text.
B.
Our precedent does not dictate otherwise. In Sverdrup Corp. v. WHC Constructors,
Inc., this Court held that the one-year filing period in a different statute—9 U.S.C. § 9—is
a “permissive provision which does not bar the confirmation of an award beyond” that time
period. 989 F.2d 148, 156 (4th Cir. 1993). Section 9 is part of Chapter 1 of the FAA
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governing domestic arbitration and provides that “any party to the arbitration may apply to
the court . . . for an order confirming the award” “at any time within one year after the
award is made.” 9 U.S.C. § 9. Although the Court recognized that its permissive
“interpretation of § 9 leaves the one-year period for summary confirmation without any
real meaning,” it reasoned that this outcome was consistent with a policy favoring
arbitration. 989 F.2d at 151–152. “[R]eading § 9 as a strict statute of limitations,” the
Court explained, would cause “individuals who prevailed in arbitration and failed to
confirm within the one-year time limit” to “resort to filing actions at law” to enforce their
awards, which would “lead to inefficiency, delay and court congestion.” Id. at 155. “Such
consequences,” the Court concluded, “are repugnant to the intent of the FAA.” Id. at 156.
Sverdrup does not control here because it concerned a different statutory provision
about a different set of arbitration awards. Section 9, in Chapter 1 of the FAA, addresses
domestic arbitration, while Section 207, in Chapter 2, implements the New York
Convention and addresses international arbitration. See 9 U.S.C. § 202; First Kuwaiti Gen.
Trading, 141 F.4th at 529. The statutes were enacted by different Congresses decades
apart. See Act of July 30, 1947, Pub. L. 80-392 § 9, 61 Stat. 669, 672; Act of July 31, 1970,
Pub. L. 91-368 § 207, 84 Stat. 692, 693. And in the years since Sverdrup, the Supreme
Court has cautioned that “[t]he answer” to the meaning of the word “may” in the FAA “is
not to be had from comparing phrases” across different provisions. Cortez Byrd Chips,
Inc. v. Harbert Constr. Co., 529 U.S. 193, 199 (2000).
Petitioners suggest that Section 208 requires us to apply Sverdrup’s construction of
Section 9 directly to Section 207. That is incorrect. Section 208 instructs that “Chapter 1
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applies to actions and proceedings brought under [Chapter 2] to the extent that” Chapter 1
“is not in conflict with” Chapter 2 or the New York Convention. 9 U.S.C. § 208; see GE
Energy Power Conversion France SAS, Corp. v. Outokumpu Stainless USA, LLC, 140 S.
Ct. 1639, 1645 (2020) (applying Section 208 and asking whether “the text of the
Convention . . . prohibit[s] the application of [the] domestic” doctrine at issue). That
provision does not operate here because Chapter 2 has its own statute of limitations that is
different from the limitations period in Chapter 1. Section 9’s one-year time period
“conflict[s] with” the three-year limitations period in Section 207; therefore, Section 9 does
not apply to proceedings brought under Chapter 2. 9 U.S.C. § 208.
Even taking Sverdrup on its own terms, the policy rationale that the Court found
dispositive there carries less force in the different context of international arbitration. The
Sverdrup Court reasoned that the alternative to summary confirmation proceedings under
Section 9—actions at law to enforce arbitration awards—would undermine the FAA’s
purposes of efficiency and judicial economy and so parties should be encouraged to use
Section 9’s procedures instead. 989 F.2d at 155. Foreign arbitral awards, however, may
be enforced through additional efficient options. As this case illustrates, for example, a
party may reduce a foreign arbitral award to a foreign court judgment which can be
domesticated in straightforward judgment-recognition proceedings. Moreover, Chapter
2’s purpose “to facilitate international commercial arbitration” is “not undermined—and
frequently will be advanced—through recourse to parallel enforcement mechanisms that
exist independently of the FAA.” Comm’ns Imp. Exp. S.A. v. Republic of the Congo, 757
F.3d 321, 330 (D.C. Cir. 2014); see also New York Convention, art. VII (“The provisions
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of the present Convention shall not . . . deprive any interested party of any right he may
have to avail himself of an arbitral award in the manner and to the extent allowed by the
law . . . of the country where such award is sought to be relied upon.”).
Finally, Petitioners have not identified any court of appeals that has adopted their
reading of Section 207. Other circuits have treated it as a true statute of limitations and
have enforced its three-year end point. See, e.g., Seetransport, 989 F.2d at 580–581. While
Sverdrup is on one side of a circuit split regarding Section 9, no similar disagreement exists
regarding Section 207. We decline to create a new circuit split here.
Because Petitioners filed their petition to confirm the Dutch arbitration award after
the three-year statute of limitations in Section 207 had run, we reverse the district court’s
judgment confirming the award under federal law. 2
III.
Petitioners alternatively moved to enforce the Dutch court judgment under the North
Carolina Uniform Foreign-Country Money Judgments Recognition Act. The district court
did not resolve that motion, given its ruling confirming the arbitration award directly under
the FAA. Respondents, however, urge us not to remand this case for the district court to
consider Petitioners’ alternative request because, Respondents argue, the district court
erred in denying their motion to dismiss this claim. Because the district court correctly
2 We do not address whether Section 207’s statute of limitations is subject to equitable tolling. While Petitioners pleaded some allegations portending an equitable tolling argument, they did not advance that theory to the district court and have expressly declined to raise it on appeal. 11 USCA4 Appeal: 24-1898 Doc: 58 Filed: 07/14/2026 Pg: 12 of 14
denied Respondents’ motion to dismiss, we remand for further proceedings on Petitioners’
motion to enforce the judgment under North Carolina law.
The North Carolina Uniform Foreign-Country Money Judgments Recognition Act
provides that state courts “shall recognize a foreign-country judgment,” N.C. Gen. Stat.
§ 1C-1853(a), “to the extent that the judgment . . . [g]rants or denies recovery of a sum of
money” and “[u]nder the law of the foreign country where rendered, is final, conclusive,
and enforceable,” id. § 1C-1852(a). A foreign-country judgment is “[a] judgment of a court
of a foreign country.” Id. § 1C-1851(2). A “judgment” is “‘the final decision of the court
resolving the dispute and determining the rights and obligations of the parties, and the law’s
last word in a judicial controversy.’” Savage v. Zelent, 777 S.E.2d 801, 805–806 (N.C. Ct.
App. 2015) (ultimately quoting Poole v. Miller, 464 S.E.2d 409, 411 (N.C. 1995)). The
party seeking recognition of the judgment bears the burden of proving that the Act applies,
while the party resisting recognition bears the burden to establish certain defenses. See
N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 1C-1852(c), 1C-1853(b)–(c), (f)–(g).
The district court correctly concluded that the judgment of the Court of Rotterdam
is a foreign-country judgment subject to recognition under the Act. The Dutch court issued
an order that “grants leave for the enforcement of the attached arbitral award,” which
required Respondents to pay a sum of money: €150,000,000 if they did not replenish
Conservatrix’s solvency capital ratio within sixty days, €134,725 for arbitration fees, and
€200,000 for legal fees. J.A. 90. The Court of Appeal of the Hague and the Supreme Court
of the Netherlands affirmed, rejecting Respondents’ effort to nullify the award. The Dutch
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court order confirming the arbitral award is therefore “final, conclusive, and enforceable.”
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1C-1852(a)(2).
Respondents emphasize that the Act does not cover “foreign arbitral awards,” which
are not rendered by “court[s].” Id. § 1C-1851 cmt. 3; see id. § 1C-1851(2). That is true.
But the Act does cover “[a] judgment of a foreign court confirming . . . an arbitral award,”
which is what we have here. Id. § 1C-1851 cmt. 3; see Savage, 777 S.E.2d at 804–806,
808–809 (using the official commentary to construe the Act).
Respondents also argue that the Act does not apply to the Dutch judgment because
the judgment does not “explicitly adopt” the monetary award granted in the arbitral
proceedings. Opening Br. 17. As noted, however, the Dutch judgment “grants leave for
the enforcement of the attached arbitral award.” J.A. 90. While the judgment does not
restate the contents of the arbitral award within its four corners, it identifies and attaches
the award. Respondents cite nothing to support the proposition that a foreign court must
“explicitly adopt” a monetary arbitral award in some other fashion. And an explanatory
comment to the Act states that “[t]he foreign-country judgment need not take a particular
form.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1C-1851 cmt. 3. We therefore find Respondents’ argument
unpersuasive.
Accordingly, we conclude that the district court correctly denied Respondents’
motion to dismiss Petitioners’ state-law claim for enforcement. We remand the case for
the district court to address Petitioners’ motion to enforce the Dutch judgment.
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IV.
We reverse the district court’s order confirming the foreign arbitral award under the
FAA because the petition was untimely filed. However, we conclude that the North
Carolina Uniform Foreign-Country Money Judgments Act applies and so remand the case
for further proceedings on Petitioners’ motion to enforce the Dutch judgment under North
Carolina law.
SO ORDERED