Mr. Justice White
delivered the opinion of the court.
Speaking in a general sense, this case involves determining how much, if anything, is due by the United States to J. M.
Ceballos & Co., the appellánts, for serví rustren deferí in pursuance of oral and written contracts for the repatriation of certain persons from the Philippine Islands to Spain. Before coming to the case as made by the record'it' is necessary to dispose of a preliminary consideration which may throw light upon one of the questions arising for'decision.
Ceballos & Co. — who here assert their rights as arising from contracts made, as'we-have said, concerning transportation of persons from the Philippine Islands to Spain: — after the surrender of the Spanish forces at Santiago, made a contract with the United States for the repatriation from Cuba to Spain. of the prisoners of war resulting from that surrender. That contract was perforined, and it -is conceded that all obligations of the United States under the same were discharged. It is admitted, however, that at the trial below the Cuban contract, as it is termed, was offered and the inode of execution thereof was established by competent evidence, upon the assumption, that such facts were proper to' be taken into view in the elucidation of the particular contracts which are here involved. No finding was made by the lower court on the subject, although one was requested, After the filing of the record in this court .a motion was made praying that the lower court be directed to find whether or not the Cuban contract had been made as stated, and whether or not the wives and children of Spanish officers transported thereunder were also transported under the contract, and, if they were, the rate paid for such transportation. The motion was resisted,- and action thereon was postponed until the hearing on the merits. In the discussion at bar it was conceded by the Government that the Cuban contract had been offered in evidence below, that the contract was correctly printejd in one of the briefs, and that it had been performed.in a particular manner. It was, however, insisted that the Philippine contracts here involved were unambiguous, and therefore the Cuban contract was irrelevant, it was conceded, if it was deemed that there was such ambiguity in the Philippine contracts as -to require construction, and ;that
the construction might be elucidated by the Cuban contract and the mode-of its performance, that contract and the admission as to the manner in which it had béen performed might be treated as part of the record for the purposes of the case before us without the necessity of directing findings on the subject. As we are clearly of opinion that the contracts which are here involved require construction, and that the previous contract between the parties as to the movement of the prisoners of war from Cuba to Spain, and the construction which obtained in the execution thereof, may serve within proper limitations to throw light upon the construction of the contracts here involved we treat the Cuban contract and its mode of performance as embraced in the record, and review .the case in the light thereof.
In the month of July, 1898, and from that time until thé commencement of this litigation, the members of the appellant firm were the American operators and agents of the Compañía Transatlántica, a steamship line .engaged in the transportation of freight and passengers between the ports of Spain and the Philippine Islands. As such agents Ceballos & Co. executed, a contract with the United States, a copy of which is in the margin
to safely transport from’ Cuba to Spain the
troops of Spain surrendered at Santiago de Cuba. Under this contract the wives and children of Spanish officers were carried in the cabins, and without question, the first-class rate was paid for the transportation.
The city of Manila surrendered the thirteenth .of August,
1898," and August 14 the United States and Spanish authorities agreed upon written terms of capitulation, of which articlé 5 is as follows:
"All questions relating to the repatriation of. officers and men of the Spanish forces and of their families, and of the expenses which said'repatriation may occasion, shall be referred' to the Government of .the 'United. States at Washington.”
■ The following statement as to the situation at Manila and the making of an oral contract .and subsequently of a written contract are taken from findings made below.
There was surrendered to the United States forces at Manila on August 13, 1898, a large mjmber of civil, naval, and military. officers and their families, and a touch larger number of enlisted men, together with the wives and children of some of these enlisted men. Many of these were in a pitiable condition physically, exhausted with exposure and .disease — 1,200 being sick at one time — all of them fed, guarded and attended at
the expensé óf the’ United States. Smallpox had been prevalent' and infection was apprehended.. The civil prisoners included Spanish civil officers on duty in the Philippine Islands under the government of Spain. Many' of these had wives and children with them. There were besides a number of civilians, such as nurses, nuns; monks, friars, sisters of charity and lady pensioners. The United States treated all of these classes as prisoners of war, and had supreme control of them after the surrender of Manila until they were delivered aboard plaintiff’s • ships for transportation, at which time the supervision of the United States ceased. . Spanish officers had hr the meantime only such supervision over their troops as the United States permitted.
General Ótis, commanding the United States forces in Manila, considered that an emergency existed requiring imrmediate action, and on October 7 and October 24,1898, cabled the War Department at Washington the request of the Spanish general at Manila for permission to allow sick Spanish officers and soldiers to depart for Spain. Permission being granted, these officers and soldiers were shipped on vessels of the Compañía Transatlántica by the Spanish ¿uthorities' in Manila, acting under the supervision and control of the United States authorities, but under an oral agreement with Ceballos
&
Co., as hereinafter, stated.
In the emergency deemed existing by the commanding general,' and communicated' to the War Department, the Secre.tary of War, in October or November, 1898, entered into an oral agreement with Ceballos & Co., by which the latter agreed to transport such of the Philippine prisoners as the United States desired to return to Spain, the price to be paid for such transportation to be the price fixed after the United States should advertise, for bids for such transportation, under contract expected thereafter to be entered into under the terms of a treaty of'peace between the United States and Spain.
Under this oral agreement, Ceballos & Co. immediately began furnishing vessels, and the transportation of the Phil
ippine' prisoners commenced by a vessel which sailed from Manila, November 7, 1898, and continued until another and a written contract was entered into for the transportation of those prisoners not transported.under the oral agreement.
The shipments under the oral contract were five in number, and the wives and children of officers were carried in the cabin, • as under the Cuban contract!
On'December 10, 1898, by the treaty of peace it was stipulated in paragraph 1, article 5, that—
“The United States, will, upon the signature of the present, treaty, send back to Spain, at its own cost, the Spanish soldiers taken as prisoners of war on the capture of Manila by the American forces.”
And in article 6, that—
“Spain will, upon the signature of the present treaty, release all prisoners of war, and all persons detained or imprisoned for political offenses, in connection with the insurrection in Cuba and the Philippines and the war with the United States.
“Reciprocally, the United• States will release all persons made prisoners of war by the American forces, and will undertake to obtain the release of all Spanish prisoners in the hands of' the insurgents in Cuba and the Philippine^.
“The Government of the United States will, at its own cost, return to Spain, and the Government of Spain will, at its own cost, return to the United States, Cuba, Porto Rico, and the Philippines, according to the • situation of their respective homes, prisoners released or caused to be released by them, respectively under this article.” .
On January 20, 1899, the Quartermaster General, U. S. Army, by direction of the Secretary of War, invited sealed proposals “for the transportation of the Spanish prisoners of war now in the Philippine Islands ... to Cadiz or such other ports of Spain as may hereafter be designated.” Among other things it was stated in the advertisement as follows:
“Their number is estimated as about 10,000 officers and
enlisted men: • Cabin accommodations are to be supplied for the officers and third-class or steerage accommodations, having suitable galley accommodations, conforming to the United States requirements as to space and ventilation, for the enlisted men.
“Proposals will state the price per capita for transporting qfficers and for transporting enlisted men and for their subsistence and delivering them on shore at the Spanish port, or ports to.be designated, and will be accompanied by a guarantee that the prisoners will be. comfortably cared for and ■ subsisted while on the journey.
. * * * *
. “Payment for the service will be made when evidence is furnished that the ship has arrived .with her passengers at point of destination. The number of officers and men counted aboard at place of embarkation by the quartermaster is to determine the number to be paid for.....”
The following bid was submitted:
“Sir: In accordance with the advertisement of Gen. M.. I.. Luddington, quartermaster general, U. S. Army, copy of which is hereto attached, I propose, on behalf of Messrs. J. M. Coballos & Co., agents of the Compañía Transatlántica, de Barcelona, to furnish transportation for the Spanish prisoners now in the Philippine Islands to any port or ports .in Spain. Their number estimated at 16,000 officers and enlisted men. I propose to use in this service the steamers named in the annexed list, which fully sets forth the classification of each, the tonnage capacity of each, their speed, the berth accommodations upon each, and the approximate length of time required by each vessel to make the voyage to Spain. (The length of time is estimated from Manila.) Said list gives the time at which each vessel will arrive in or off the harbor of Manila for orders, the act of God and all dangers of the sea-excepted.
“It is proposed not.to load the steamers beyond two-thirds
of their steerage capacity'. This, is considered not only advisable as an act of humanity, but absolutely necessary, owing to climatic conditions and length of voyage.
“I further propose to call at any port of the Philippine Islands that the U. S. Government may designate, provided the vessels can safely lay afloat.
• “The charge for this service is dependent on the ports of call in the Philippines, and also on the quarantine regulátions in Spain, but I propose and hereby agree to do this service at a price not to exceed iii any case:
For each officer..............................$215 00
For each enlisted man........................ 73 75
? “It is proposed to furnish subsistence equal to the United States garrison rations, or, if preferred, the .usual rations furnished under Spanish regulations.
“ I will furnish a satisfactory bond for the faithful fulfillment of this service.”
This bid was accepted, and on March 4, 1899, a contract was executed between the Secretary of War and Ceballos & Co., by their attorney in fact, which, omitting the- attestation clause and signatures, is as follows:
“Whereas, under the terms of the treaty of peace entered into by1 and between the representatives of the Governments of the United States .and of Spain, signed at Paris on December 10, 1898, it is mutually agreed and stipulated in the first paragraph of Article V that—
“ ‘The United States will, upon the signature of the present treaty, send back to Spain, at its own cost, the Spanish soldiers taken as prisoners of war on the capture of Manila by the American forces.’
“ ‘And in Article VI, which reads as follows:
■“ ‘Spain will, upon the signature of the present treaty, release all prisoners of war, and all persons detained or imprisoned for political offenses, in connection with) the insurrection in Cuba and the Philippines and the war with the United States.
■ “ ‘ Reciprocally, the United States will release all persons made prisoners of war by the American forces, and will undertake to obtain release of all Spanish prisoners in the hands of the insurgents in Cuba and the Philippines.
. “ ‘The Government of the United States will, at its own cost, return to Spain, and the Government of Spain will, at its own cost, return to. the United States, Cuba, Porto Rico and the. Philippines, according to the situation of their respective • homes, prisoners released or caused to be released by them, respectively, under this article/
• “And whereas sealed proposals having been invited for the transportation of the Spanish prisoners from Manila or such other port in the Philippine Islands as may be designated to Cadiz or such other port in Spain as may be designated, and in response thereto the proposal of J. M. Ceballos & Company, of New York, having been duly accepted by the Secretary of War of the United States:
“Therefore this article of agreement is made and entered into' this 4th day of March, 1899, by and between the said J. M. Ceballos & Company for the transportation of the said prisoners of war, from the Philippine Islands to Spain, as are designated in the terms of the treaty of peace, referred to and quoted herein.
“The said J. M. Ceballos & Company hereby agree to furnish good and safe transportation for such number of prisoners of war and persons as may be designated by the Secretary of War, from the Philippine Islands to such port in Spain as may be designated by the Secretary of War, and to furnish to them subsistence' while en route and on board the ships, and to deliver them on shore in Spain.
“The said company further - agrees that for the purpose herein stipulated they will provide’ a sufficient number of steamships for the safe and comfortable transportation of the prisoners of war arid such other persons as may be designated by the Secretary of War, with cabin accommodations for all officers, and third-class or steerage accommodations, space
'and ventilation for the enlisted men and other persons on • board each ship; that the subsistence furnished by the company shall be equal in every respect to the United States . army garrison rations.
“The company further agrees to provide a sufficient number of steamships in the harbor of Manila to perform the entire service as herein stipulated, so that the embarkation of the last of the prisoners 'of war and the other persons may be made not later than May 1st, 1899; that the ships to be used for the purpose are named and described in the list submitted with their proposals, copy of which is hereto attached as a part of' this- agreement, and the company agrees that no troops shall be transported upon any one ■ o'f ’ said ships in excess of two-thirds of the steerage capacity of each ship as shown in the list referred to.
“ In consideration of the faithful performances of the foregoing stipulations and in compensation therefor, the Secretary of War hereby agrees on behalf of the United States to pay to the said J. M. Ceballos & Company, for the transportation, subsistence, and delivery on shore of each commissioned officer, the sum of two hundred and fifteen dollars ($215.00), and for each enlisted man, private soldier, or other person designated by the Secretary of War for transportation the' sum of seventy-three dollars and seventy-five cents ($73.75), the said sums to be due and payable upon evidence that said officers, enlisted men, or persons have been transported, subsisted, and delivered on shore in Spain.
' “It is further agreed that the prisoners of war and all other persons to be transported shall be delivered by the United States on board the ships at such ports in the Philippine' Islands as may be designated by the Secretary of War, within five (5) working days after the vessel or vessels are réady to receive them. Demurrage, if any, earned by any such steamer or steamers to be paid by the United States at the rate fifteen cents (15c.) per gross ton register per day, and for anyv prisoners on board at the rate of $1.50 for each officer per day and
. forty cents for each enlisted man per day. An account of the number of officers, enlisted men, or other persons to be taken at the'time of embarkation by a representative of the Government of the United States and a representative of the said J. M. Ceballos & Company, and payment to the said company shall be made upon the'basis of. the number of officers, enlisted men, and persons counted' on each ship.
“
It is further agreed that all steamers shall call at the port of Manila for orders, and should the.Secretary of War elect to deliver prisoners to any steamer or steamers at any other port in the Philippine Islands, orders to that effect must be given within twenty-four hours, after the steamer or steamers have reported to the commanding, officer at the port of Manila.
■ “ No member or délegate to .Congress, rior any person belonging to, or employed in, the military service of the United States, is or shall be admitted to any share or part, of this contract, or to any- benefit which'may arise therefrom.”
.. The findings show that the-vessels which were supplied to perform this contract, like those which were1 supplied to per-; form the Cuban contract and the subsequent Philippine oral contract^ were furnished with cabin and steerage accommodations, and that the officers, civil and military, .with their respective families, were carried in the cabin, and in the steerage were carried the enlisted "men ahjd their families .and other persons entitled to third-class passage.
For the first twenty-five shipments payment was made by the United States upon certificates of the masters of the respective ships on which skid prisoners of war and other persons were transported, certified to be correct at'the place of landing, showing the different classes of passengers;
The court below also found as follows:
The'obligation of this country to repatriate any other .persons or classes of persons than those who were actually prisoners of • war or political prisoners was ■ questioned by the Secretary pf War.
On December 18, 1899, the Secretary of War addressed an
' official letter to the Attorney General, stating that under the terms of the treaty of peace the obligation of the United States to send to Spain at its own cost the wives and children of officers and soldiers and civil prisoners designated as officials and their wives and children was not clearly'defined, and that the rates of compensation for the transportation of such persons were not set forth in the contract. But in that eonnectiop the Secretary requested an opinion as to the construction of the treaty .of peace in regard to the scope of the description of Spanish prisoners, whether and to what extent the tieaty included the repatriation of non-combatants at the cost of the ' United States. The Secretary further requested a construction of the contract rate of compensation which might' be allowed and paid per captia for each class of persons charged for under the terms of the contract with Ceballos & Co. On January 6, 1900, the.Attorney General answered,this official communication of the Secretary of War and construed the contract substantially as .follows:. That it was questionable whether-- all the persons tendered and transported were not Within the purview of the treaty, but that this was a question for the United Spates authorities and not for the carrier, who would have .been guilty or,might have been guilty'of a breach , of his contract in refusing, to carry persons designated to’ be, carried by the United States. . The Attorney General further ‘informed the Secretary of War that the contract related to the transportation of prisoners; that as between the contracting parties it rested alone with the United States to. say whom it would send back to Spain, and in-doing so to alone determine who were prisoners and who came within the purview of the. treaty or. the contract. That the words “other persons” were included within “enlisted men,” arid that as to.all'enlisted men and all persons other than officers, military and civil, $73.75, and no more, was payable'by the .United Statesunder the contract. ‘
On January. 19, 1900, the Secretary of War notified one.of the firm of Ceballos & Co: that he had, on January 17, cabled
General Otis at Manila that civil officials, • prisoners?' wives, and children were entitled to passage to Spain; and that. the. contract provided’for shipment of ciyil officials'as officers on the basis of. $215 per capita; that wives and children of officers, soldiers, and civil officials were entitled' to transpoitation to Spain on the basis of $73.75 per capita.
As shown on statement, tíopied in the margin,
the United States paid to Ceballos'& Co., under the Philippine oral and written contracts, the sum Of $1,544,595. It will be seen that no payments were made in respect of the transportation of other, persons than officers and ■ enlisted men- untjl after the Attorney General had rendered the opinion above referred to., Of the various classes of persons specified, all but “officers”
were paid for at steerage or third-class rates, and this regardless of whether cabin or steerage accommodations were furnished. Minor children, that is, those under the age of ten years, were paid for at half the adult rate.
On August 15, 1908, Ceballos & Co. commenced this action in the Court of Claims to recover a balance alleged to be due' under the Philippine contracts for the carriage of 3,445 cabin passengers at I2Í5 each; 415 minor children, carried in cabin at half rate, $107.50; 13,647 steerage passengers at $73.75 each, and 20 minor children carried in steerage- at half steerage rate, $36.75 each.- For this service it was averred $1,792,491:25 had been éarned,. and after deducting payments of $1,544,595 there was still due Ceballos & Co. $247,896.25.' Subsequently • an amended, petition was filed, in which full adult cabin and steerage rates were demanded for minor children, increasing the alleged indebtedness of the United States to the sum of $293,246.25.
A counterclaim, contained in three numbered paragraphs, was filed-on behalf of the United States.' In paragraph first it was in substance averred that‘the United States was entitled to recover back from the claimants the sum of $371,988.75, paid for the transportation of persons under the alleged oral contract in November ánd December, 1898, and January, 1899, because the same was paid without authority, of law prior to the execution of any contract, expressed or implied, between the United States and Ceballos & Co., or any one in its'-behalf.In. paragraph second an indebtedness from Ceballos & Co. of $12,788.75 was alleged, because of .moneys paid to the firm for-the transportation of persons who were not actually landed in Spain as required by the contract. In paragraph'third it was avérred that ¿s to two shipments made on November 25; 18.99,' and- December 18; 1899, the claimants by means of a supplemental bill had collected a second time transportation charges ■ for fourteen military officers (at the rate of $215 each) and 91 enlisted men (at the rate of $73.75 each), whereby. $9,721.25 had been overpaid by the United States to Ceballos
&
Có.. .
There was contention then in the court below in regard to the number of persons- carried from the Philippines to Spain and as to the compensation to be paid. For the Government it was urged, that, deducting the overcharge covered by the third counterclaim for the transportation, of 105 persons,- payment in full had been made for all persons legally shown to have been transported, viz., 17,305 persons. On the other hand, the appellants contended that 17,527 persons had been carried, a difference of 222 persons-. As to such -excess the Government alleged it had-.refused-payment as. to. 198 persons, because it had not been shown by the evidence stipulated for in the contract that such persons had embarked .and -been carried to Spain, and that it had refused payment as to the remaining 24, because twice counted.
The dispute as to compensation arose from the contention by Ceballos & Co. that it had carried the wives, and children of Spanish -military officers and civil- officials, in. the ^abin and the cabin rate was properly chargeable, while the GoVerriment insisted that the steerage rate applied and'had been paid. Ceballos
&
Co.'also contended'that for-the. carriage of other noncombatants, who-were entitled to be considered prisoners of war, the eabin-. rate applied,. whereas the Government contended that all non-combatants were embraced: within, the category of "other persons,” who under the contract were to be carried in the steerage and paid- for at the steerage ' rate. „ ' ,
• The cohrt rejected the first and! second counterclaims of the Government apd.allowed the third. It. sustained-the conten-tion of the United States as to the number of persons carried to Spain and' the rate of transportation which governed, ex"cept it was.held .that deballos & Co., instead of being paid half adult steerage rate for the transportation'of minor children,-.should have Been allowed the-full adult rate for each child,-and ¡judgment was .entered on that basis, in favor of. Ceballos & Co., for the.sum of $5,391.25.’ 42 6t. Clms. 318.
Without hereafter reproducing the. findings .verbatim, we
shall state, in a condensed form such of the facts found as we think material to be recited.
• Ceballos & Co. alone have appealed and the argument at bar on their behalf has been confined to two questions. 1, the construction of the contract in respect to the persons entitled .to be carried at cabin rates; 2, the correctness,of the action of the court below in disallowing the claim for the alleged transportation of 198 persons, asserted to have been actually carried finder the'contracts. ■
■ The court below substantially followed the construction of the cofitract adopted by the Attorney General, and decided that the‘‘higher-rate ” specified in the’contract related to one class and the lower raté to another class, and within the second class the contract embraced priests, nuns,' sisters of charity, all women and children and every other person designated within the term “prisoners”' by the United States, and whether carried in the cabin or steerage. Civil officials were held entitled to be classified with military officers and their transportation properly chargeable at the cabin rate.
ín disposing of the questions arising for consideration we will first consider that relating to the 198. persons claimed by the appellants to have been transported to $pain, but for whose transportation the United-States refused to make páyment. As already mentioned, for the-first twenty-five shipments of prisoners of war. from the Philippine Islands to Spain payment was made-by the' Government of the/United States upon the certificates of the masters of the respective ships on which said prisoners’of war and other persons-were transported, showing the different classes of passengers certifiéd to be correct' at the place of landing. •
The method of determining the persons entitled to transportation under the. written contract was, however, changed as to the last , fifteen shipments — running from February 20, 1900) -to July 14, 1901, during which time it is claimed said 198 persons were carriéd to Spain — so that requests for transportation with reference to available' space were required to
be made upon’the appellants. Thereupon the United' States quartermaster at Manila made demand upon the appellants in writing to furnish' transportation “to the following Spanish' prisoners/’ separately enumerating, as the case might be, the number of Commissioned officers, the number of enlisted men, the number of civil officials, the number of wives of officers and officials, the-number of children under three years of age, the number of children between three and ten years Of age, the, number of children over ten' years of age,' etc.
.Pursuant?to the requisition of the Quartermaster General all the men who. were placed .on the-list of passengers for each'' shipment were required .to be at a particular place at a certain time in the morning, and they wére counted by an officer of the Quartermaster’s Départment and taken aboard launches ■ and carried out to the Spanish vessel ready to .sail; and as they went, on board'th,e persons mentioned in the requisitions were counted ,by another United States officer, accompanied with the. officer who represented the steamship company... Occasionally permission was given tó officers of considerable rank to go aboard in their own conveyances,.and these were checked' off when they went aboard by- an officer representing the Government and-an officer, representing Ceballos■& Co., and were' thereby included in-the numbers.called for by the requisitions;
No objections were offered by Ceballos &,Co. at the time of' the change in'the method of computing the number of persons to go aboard. .
The 198 persons in question were not embraced'in the requests sent.by the quartermaster'for transportation nor. were-they 'included in the count at the time arid place of embarkation. .The .accounts presented to the'Treasury'for payment' asked' compensation, for the transportation of such persons, based upon certificates signed by-the American consul at the landing place in Spain,'to the effect “that-the following Spanish prisoners,” classifying the persons substantially ás in'the requisitions above referred to, had beén. “ furnished transportation from Manila, P. Í., tri Spain,” by the appellants on a
named steamship. ' For the reason that the method pre- : scribed by the contract for determining the initial fact that the persons had been taken on board in the Philippine Islánds by the appellants had not been pursued, and further because the evidence did hot establish to the satisfaction of the court that said 198 persons, although certified by the consul to have been landed in Spain, were entitled to transportation under the contract, the Court of' Claims refused to make any allowance-for 'the transportation of-such persons. The passages of the contract relating to this branch of the controversy, are as follows:
“An account, of, the number of officers, enlisted men, or other persons to be taken at the time of embarkation by a representative of the Government of the .United States and a representative of the said J. M. Ceballos & Co., and payment to the said company shall be made upon the basis of the number of--officers; enlisted men, and persons counted on each ship.”
After reciting the compensation to, be paid, the contract recited:.
“The said sum's to "be due and payable upon evidence that said officers,' enlisted men, or persons have been transported,subsisted, and delivered on shore in Spain.”
In refusing to make any allowance for the asserted transportation of these 198 persons, we cannot say, in view of thé findings'of the court below, that error was committed.
■ - We come to, consider the remaining subject of contention, which is thus succinptly stated in the third specification, of error made in the brief of counsel for Ceballos & Co.: “The court erred in holding that the wives and children of Spanish officers, civil and military, and other non-combatant prisoners of war, although transported as first-class passengers and afforded cabin accommodations aboard ship,.were to be paid for at the third-class rate specified in the contract, to wit, $73.75.”
The principal question involved in this assignment is whether .the United States shall pay cabin rates for the transportation of the wives and children- of Spanish officers, and other officials of equal rank, who were in fact returned to
Spain with such officers as cabin passengers. As stated in the findings the oral agreement made in October or November, 1898, between Ceballos & Co, and the Secretary of War was “to transport such of the Philippine prisoners as the United States desired to return .to Spain,”'the compensation therefor to be fixed' by the written contract which was expected to be thereafter entered'into. There was no substantial change in the method of carrying out this oral contract, from that pursued with respect to the Cuban contract. In the Philippines, as in Cuba, the United States tendered with the military officers and civil officials which it desired carried to Spain their wives and children. The. proposals invited as the basis of a written -contract, were couched in similar phraseology to that, employed in the Cuban contract, and called for proposals for the transportation “ of the Spanish prisoners, of war now in the Philippine Islands ... in number estimated as about 16,000-officers and enlisted, men.” When, therefore, Ceballos & Co. submitted a.bid for furnishing such transportation, in reason they held themselves mut as ready if the United States tendered for transportation the wives and children of the officers'arid enlisted men of the Spanish .forcés to regard them as .entitled to the same treatment required by the Government for the head of the family. We cannot impute to the parties to the contract an intention to condemn and refuse to give effect to the practice which had been pursued in carry-mgvout the oral agreement, that is, the treating the wives and children as entitled to transportation and as being for the purpose of the accommodations to be furnished, of .the class to which the Government had in effect" assigned their male relatives. That the classification referred to as “such other' persons-as may be designated by the Secretary of War” was not intended to embrace the wives and children of officers, is, it seems to us, manifest from the entire text. The -Government was concerned not only with the furnishing of safe -but Of comfortable accommodation to. those who were to be carried on the long voyage from Manila to Spain. It exacted from
Ceballos & Co. a stipulation that it should provide “safe and-comfortable transportation” for those to be carried; the officers with “cabin accommodations,” and “third-class or steerage accommodations, space and ventilation to be supplied for the enlisted men and other persons on board each ship.” It is to be presumed that the agents .of the United States in the Philippines saw to it that this stipulation of the contract was observed;' It is inconceivable, however,.that the Government or the appellants intended to commit such an act of in-s humanity, as would necessarily have arisen if the written contract required that the family of an officer should be separated from the • husband- and father on shipboard and be relegated to the discomforts of the steerage and the society of enlisted men and other, persons. Clearly the spirit of the contract is .opposed to any such conception. The wives and children of the officers and enlisted men were associated with them in the written terms of capitulation of the Spanish forces at Manila, signed August 14, 1898, the fifth, article which, again reproduced, is ás follows:
“All questions.relating to the repatriation of officers and men of the Spanish forces and of their families, and of the expenses- which said expatriation may occasion, shall be referred to the-Government of the United States at Washington.”
• Under the Cuban contract the wives and children of -officers were treated as entitled t,o be classed with the head of the family in respect to. the accommodation- to be supplied, and in the performance of the Philippine oral contract a like practice was pursued. In effect, therefore, by a course of conduct the United States had associated the wives and children of the officers and enlisted men with such pfficers and men for the purpose of the transportation to be furnished and the treatment to be accorded them on the homeward voyage. Just as in. the opinion, rendered by the Attorney General, civil officials-of equal grade with military officers Were assimilated. to • such officers in construing the terms of the contract, so we think an enlarged, meaning must.be taken as intended by
the terms officers and enlisted men where employed, in the written contract. As observed by the Attorney General, in the light of the purpose of the contract, which was to carry out the engagements made by this Government with Spain, a liberal construction should be accorded to the terms employed in order to effectuate to the fullest extent the purposes intended by the treaty. Construing the written contract of March 4, 1899, according to its manifest spirit, and looking to the prior conduct of the parties, we are of. opinion that such contract and the oral contract which was dependent upon it, so far as the wives and children of officers and eníistéd men were concerned, should receive the sáme construction as under the Cuban contract, viz., that the wives and' children of Spanish officers tendered by the United States for transportation were to be classed with such, .officers and the wives and children of enlisted men were to receive like accommodations as were given to enlisted'men. -
As it is not’questioned by the United States that civil officials representing the Spanish government in .the Philippines were entitled,, both under the oral and written, contracts, to cabin accommodations,-we have assumed that construction ■to be well founded. It follows from the reasoning heretofore employed that' the wives and children, of such officials were likewise entitled when tendered by ,the agents of the United States for transportation to receive cabin, accommodations, and Ceballos & Co. pn furnishing such accommodations were entitled to compensation at the rate' stipulated for cabin service. In view, however, of the distinction shown to have been made in the requisitions for space- between adults and minor children, the practice shown as to payments made under the contract and the original demand of Ceballos & Co. in the court below, we think it results that the parties in actual practice treated the full rate for children under ten years as but half the adult rate specified in the contract, and we think that' rate ought .to have beén applied by the court below for each minor child, whether carriéd in the cabin or in the steerage.
We are unable to yield our assent to the contention that other non-combatants than the wives and children of' officers,, enlisted men, and officials' of the government of Spain should be-embraced in the class entitled as. of right to cabin accommodations for which appellants were entitled to be compensated at cabin rates. The mere circumstance that a particular person, -although a non-combatant, was a .constructive prisoner, did.not^-at- least in the' absence of evidence that the' United States Tendered such person as a cabin passenger— serve tó. take the person-out of-the cátégtíryof persons, whom the Secretary of War might designate to receive transportation in the steerage at third-class rates.
From- finding. XIV it appears, that' thé wives and -children above the age of ten years of military officers and civil officials aggregated 1,327, and that the appellants were paid for the transportation of each the steerage rate of $73.75, instead of the cabin rate -of $215 ,each. The appellants are, therefore, entitled to a further payment on account of the transportation of such persons of $141.25 each, in all, $187,438.75. It is also shown in such finding that the number-of children of Spanish military officers and civil officials who were carried to Spain, and were under the age of ten,years aggregated. 395, and that Ceballos & -Co. were paid for- their transportation $36.87f each, one-half the adult steerage rate, instead of. $107.50 each, one-half the adult cabin rates. Ceballos & Co. were, therefore, entitled for such service to a further .payment as to each child of $70.62£, ággregating for the 395 children $27,896.87. From the total of these: sums, viz., $215,335.62,. must, however, be deducted the' overpayment recited in the third counterclaim (which counter-claim the court below sustained),- viz., $9,721.25, leaving due to Ceballos & Co. the sum of $205,614.37.
■ It results that the judgment of the. Court-of Claims must be ■reversed, with instructions to enter a judgment in favor of the appellants for the sum of $205,614.37, and
It is so ordered.